台湾海峡及周边海域的海表温度锋研究
摘要
本文提出一种经改进的基于数学形态学的多尺度、多结构元素、自适应加权的边缘检测方法,该方法能够兼顾大尺度锋面及中、小尺度锋面的检测,并具有很强的抗噪性。通过将该方法应用于高分辨率、长时间序列的遥感海表温度资料,并佐以实测海表温度资料进行分析,本文研究了台湾海峡及其周边海域存在的海表温度锋的季节、月及月内短周期变化规律。经分析,本文共得出以下主要结论:
(1)遥感资料分析表明,研究区域内主要存在台湾浅滩锋、浙闽沿岸流锋、彰云海脊锋和东海黑潮锋。
(2)受太阳辐射、季风等因素影响,研究海区内海表温度锋存在明显的季节变化,普遍具有冬、春季节强而夏、秋季节弱的特点,冬、春季节锋面的强度和宽度往往大于夏、秋季节。
(3)研究海域内的海表温度锋也存在明显的月变化。受季风转向及太阳辐射强弱的影响,4月份和10月份往往是海表温度及其锋面的过渡期:4月份海表温度开始升高,由冬半年向夏半年转换,此时的海表温度锋往往开始减弱;10月份海表温度开始下降,为夏半年向冬半年的转换期,温度锋往往加强。
(4)风向的转变对海表温度锋系统的影响十分显著。初步的研究成果表明,风况的改变能够促使浙闽沿岸流、黑潮分支水等表层流系发生变化,进而对研究海区内的海表温度锋产生影响。
(5)走航水文观测资料表明,福建近岸海区受冲淡水、东山及平潭地区的上升流、潮汐、浙闽沿岸流等因素的影响,成为海表温度锋的多发区,且近岸区海表温度锋的变化往往比稍靠外海处剧烈。
A morphology-based edge detection method is used to study the sea surface temperature(SST) fronts around the Taiwan Strait.The method is based on mathematical morphology,using multi-dimension and multi-structure elements.With this strong anti-noise method,we can distinguish the large thermal fronts as well as the smaller ones.Then we used this method as well as routine method in high resolution and long time series remote sensing SST data to study the thermal fronts and their seasonal,monthly and Intra-monthly variations.Hydrologic data observed along Fujian coast are also used in this study.Followings are the major conclusions:
(1) According to analysis of the remote sensing data,there are four major SST fronts in the study area,namely Taiwan Bank Front,Zhe-Min Coastal Front, Zhang-Yun Ridge Front and Kuroshio Front.
(2) Affected by solar radiation and monsoon,the thermal fronts in study area have seasonal variations.The fronts in winter and spring are always stronger than those in summer and autumn,both in the SST gradient magnitude and in the frontal range.
(3) The thermal fronts in this study area also have monthly variations.April or October is the transition period for SST and fronts.April is the period from the winter-half-year to the summer-half-year,when SST starts to increase but the SST fronts begin to decrease.October is the period from the summer-half-year to the winter-half-year,when SST starts to decrease but the SST fronts increase.
(4) Turning of the wind direction has significant effects on SST fronts,and these effects are applied through the sea surface currents such as Zhe-Min Coastal Current and Kuroshio branch.
(5) According to the sea surface temperature measured by underway observation system,Fujian coast is regarded as frequent occurrence area of SST front, because of the diluted water,upwellings in Dongshan and Pingtan,tide,and Zhe-Min Coastal Current.The frontal variations in near shore are much more acute than in the offshore regions.
(1)遥感资料分析表明,研究区域内主要存在台湾浅滩锋、浙闽沿岸流锋、彰云海脊锋和东海黑潮锋。
(2)受太阳辐射、季风等因素影响,研究海区内海表温度锋存在明显的季节变化,普遍具有冬、春季节强而夏、秋季节弱的特点,冬、春季节锋面的强度和宽度往往大于夏、秋季节。
(3)研究海域内的海表温度锋也存在明显的月变化。受季风转向及太阳辐射强弱的影响,4月份和10月份往往是海表温度及其锋面的过渡期:4月份海表温度开始升高,由冬半年向夏半年转换,此时的海表温度锋往往开始减弱;10月份海表温度开始下降,为夏半年向冬半年的转换期,温度锋往往加强。
(4)风向的转变对海表温度锋系统的影响十分显著。初步的研究成果表明,风况的改变能够促使浙闽沿岸流、黑潮分支水等表层流系发生变化,进而对研究海区内的海表温度锋产生影响。
(5)走航水文观测资料表明,福建近岸海区受冲淡水、东山及平潭地区的上升流、潮汐、浙闽沿岸流等因素的影响,成为海表温度锋的多发区,且近岸区海表温度锋的变化往往比稍靠外海处剧烈。
A morphology-based edge detection method is used to study the sea surface temperature(SST) fronts around the Taiwan Strait.The method is based on mathematical morphology,using multi-dimension and multi-structure elements.With this strong anti-noise method,we can distinguish the large thermal fronts as well as the smaller ones.Then we used this method as well as routine method in high resolution and long time series remote sensing SST data to study the thermal fronts and their seasonal,monthly and Intra-monthly variations.Hydrologic data observed along Fujian coast are also used in this study.Followings are the major conclusions:
(1) According to analysis of the remote sensing data,there are four major SST fronts in the study area,namely Taiwan Bank Front,Zhe-Min Coastal Front, Zhang-Yun Ridge Front and Kuroshio Front.
(2) Affected by solar radiation and monsoon,the thermal fronts in study area have seasonal variations.The fronts in winter and spring are always stronger than those in summer and autumn,both in the SST gradient magnitude and in the frontal range.
(3) The thermal fronts in this study area also have monthly variations.April or October is the transition period for SST and fronts.April is the period from the winter-half-year to the summer-half-year,when SST starts to increase but the SST fronts begin to decrease.October is the period from the summer-half-year to the winter-half-year,when SST starts to decrease but the SST fronts increase.
(4) Turning of the wind direction has significant effects on SST fronts,and these effects are applied through the sea surface currents such as Zhe-Min Coastal Current and Kuroshio branch.
(5) According to the sea surface temperature measured by underway observation system,Fujian coast is regarded as frequent occurrence area of SST front, because of the diluted water,upwellings in Dongshan and Pingtan,tide,and Zhe-Min Coastal Current.The frontal variations in near shore are much more acute than in the offshore regions.
引文
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Hsueh Y The Kuroshio in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2000,24:131～139.
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,et al.A review of research on the upwelling in the Taiwan Strait[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2003,73(3):605～628.
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,et al.Hydrographic and satellite observations of summertime upwelling in the Taiwan Strait:a preliminary description[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,2001,12(2):415～430.
Jan S,Wang J,Chern C S,et al.Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2002,35:249～268.
Jiang H,Tiu W,Yamamoto S,et al.Detection of spicules in mammograms[J].International Conference on Image Processing,1997,3:520～523.
Krishnakumar N,Sitharama S L,Holyer R,et al.Feature labelling in infrared oceanographic images[J].Image and Vision Computing,1990,8(2):142～147.
Liang W D,Tang T Y,Yang Y J,et al.Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2003,50:1085-1105.
Lin C Y,Shyu C Z,Shih W H.The Kuroshio fronts and cold eddies off northeastern Taiwan observed by NOAA-AVHRR imageries[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,1992,3(3):225-242.
Lin J.Divergence measures based on the Shannon Entropy[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1991,37(1):145-150.
Mavor T P,Bisagni J J.Seasonal variability of sea-surface temperature fronts on Geores Bank[J].Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ,2001,48:215-243.
Park S,Chu P C.Thermal and haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas:surface and subsurface seasonality comparison[J].Journal of Oceanography,2006,62:617-638.
Qiu B,Takashi T,Norihisa i.On Kuroshio front fluctuations in the East China Sea using satellite and in situ observational data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1990,95:18191-18204.
Sakaida F,Kudoh J,Kawamura H.A-HIGHERS-The system to produce the high spatial resolution sea surface temperature maps of the western north pacific using the AVHRR/NOAA [J].Journal of Oceanography,2000,56:707-716.
Shimada T,Sakaida F,Kawamura H,et al.Application of an edge detection method to satellite images for distinguishing sea surface temperature fronts near the Japanese coast[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98:21-34.
Vazquez D P,Allah C A.Entropic approach to edge detection for SST images[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1999,16:970-979.
Wang D X,Liu Y,Qi Y Q,et al.Seasonal variability of thermal fronts in the northern South China Sea from satellite data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(20):3963-3966.
Wang J,Chern C S,On the Kuroshio branch in the Taiwan Strait during winter time[J].Progress in Oceanography,1988,21:469-491.
陈金泉,傅子琅,李法西.关于闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流的研究[J].台湾海峡,1982,1(2):5-13.
崔屹.图像处理与分析-数学形态学方法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
冯士筰,李凤岐,李少菁.海洋科学导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
冈萨雷斯.数字图像处理[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
顾玉荷.台湾附近海域黑潮表层流轴位置季节变异的探讨[J].海洋科学集刊,1984,21:233-243.
管秉贤.我国台湾及其附近海底地形对黑潮途径的影响[J].海洋科学集刊,1978,14:1-21.
郭炳火,葛人峰.东海黑潮锋面涡旋在陆架水与黑潮水交换中的作用[J].海洋学报,1997,19(6):1-11.
郭炳火,万邦君,汤毓祥.东海黑潮锋的波动及演变特征[J].黄渤海海洋,1995,13(2):1-10.
洪鹰,李立.台湾海峡南部及附近海域夏季的陆架-陆坡锋[J].台湾海峡,1999,18(2):159-167.
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