东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构及对浮游植物优势种演替的作用研究
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摘要
随着经济的快速发展,我国沿岸水质日益恶化,有害赤潮出现的次数和频率不断增加。其中长江口及其临近海域已成为我国赤潮危害最为严重的海域之一,被称为我国东海有害赤潮高发区。在引发赤潮的众多环境因子中,营养盐结构组成与浮游植物关系十分密切,是影响浮游植物种群演替的重要因子。
本论文从东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构水平及分布情况入手,首先分析了调查海区营养盐结构一年中的月际变化趋势,对调查海区四季大面分布状况进行了分析,并选取2005年春、夏季大规模赤潮过程营养盐结构数据,对该海区赤潮过程中营养盐结构水平及分布状况进行了更进一步分析,以此对该海区营养盐结构时空变化情况有了一定的掌握;之后对该海区营养盐结构在浮游植物优势种演替过程中所起的作用进行了初步分析,并选取2005年东海大规模赤潮生消及演替过程,从更为精细的时间尺度对上述分析进行验证;最后利用甲藻赤潮前后典型断面营养盐、营养盐结构的变化情况,对该海区营养盐补充机制进行了初步探讨。该研究为查明东海赤潮发生机理提供了科学依据,具有一定的理论意义。主要工作及结论如下:
1、利用2002-2007年13个航次重复调查区域航次数据,统计分析了东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构月际变化趋势,研究结果表明:调查海区氮磷比月际变化呈现出明显的“三峰”演变的态势,氮硅比呈现出“先上升,之后回落,再上升”的趋势,而硅磷比月际变化则表现出“单峰”态势。整体来看,4月上旬,调查海区DIN/P、DIN/Si出现高值峰,Si/P处于较低水平;5月中下旬调查海区DIN/P、Si/P皆出现全年较高水平,之后开始迅速回落,DIN/Si继4月上旬的高峰值出现之后至6月中下旬,一直呈现出下降趋势;10月初,调查海区DIN/P、DIN/Si再次呈现出高峰态势,而Si/P对应处于全年低值水平。
2、比较了2002-2003年春、夏、秋、冬四季营养盐结构大面分布特征,结果表明:调查海区四季DIN/P、Si/P等值线基本呈现由近岸向远海逐渐降低的趋势,其中DIN/P等值线分布基本与海岸线平行,而Si/P高值区主要集中于长江口和杭州湾外区域;DIN/Si大面分布四季变化情况较为复杂:春季整体呈现近岸高外海低的分布趋势,夏季呈现出外海高、杭州湾口较低的分布趋势,秋季DIN/Si整体表现为南部海域高于北部海域,冬季表现为北部海域高于南部海域。
3、对调查海区2005年大规模赤潮过程中营养盐结构状况进行了分析:硅藻赤潮爆发前期,调查海区表层、中层DIN/P、DIN/Si、Si/P平均水平差异不大,明显大于底层平均水平;硅藻赤潮消散期/甲藻赤潮爆发前期,表层、中层各项比值差值不大,但与底层平均水平间的差异较硅藻赤潮爆发前期有明显增大的趋势,表中层海域DIN/P、DIN/Si、Si/P波动幅度较硅藻赤潮前期明显加大;甲藻赤潮消散期,DIN/P表层与中底层间差异明显加大,Si/P表中层与底层间差异明显加大,DIN/Si整体水平较前一阶段有所下降,各层间差值变化不明显。
4、利用营养盐相对限制法则并结合限制浮游植物生长的阈值,对调查海区02-03年四季表层水体营养盐限制情况进行了统计分析:春季、冬季表层水体营养盐水平不会对该海域浮游植物的生长产生限制作用;而夏季、秋季硅藻赤潮后期调查海区部分站位出现硅限制。其中夏季调查海区出现硅限制的区域集中在外海侧,秋季出现硅酸盐限制的区域则缩小至调查海区南部外海侧。
5、通过对2002-2007年调查海区叶绿素a和营养盐结构的月际变化比较可知,调查海区氮磷比、氮硅比随硅藻的生长而升高,随甲藻的生长而降低,硅磷比随硅藻的生长而降低,随甲藻的生长而升高。低的氮磷比或较高浓度的磷酸盐将更有利于硅藻的生长,而高的氮磷比或较高浓度的氮盐将更有利于甲藻的生长;硅酸盐对硅藻的生长非常重要,低的氮硅比或较高浓度的硅酸盐将更有利于硅藻在与甲藻竞争中占据优势。上述结论与通过选取2005年赤潮过程中各航次重复调查区域,以天为时间尺度所做营养盐结构变化趋势得出的结论是一致的,这在一定程度上证明了上述分析的正确性。
6、对典型断面2005年甲藻赤潮前后盐度、营养盐及营养盐结构变化情况进行了比较:调查海区表层主要受长江冲淡水等陆源淡水补给作用的影响,外海底层主要受台湾暖流高盐水补给作用的影响,陆源补给作用对调查海区北部的影响强于南部,台湾暖流对调查海区南部的补给作用强于北部。长江冲淡水等陆源对硅酸盐、氮盐补给程度较高,其次是磷酸盐;台湾暖流对调查海区底层磷酸盐补给程度最高,对氮盐和硅酸盐的补给作用不明显;底层沉积物释放作用可能也是该海区硅酸盐补给的重要来源之一。
With the fast development of economy, human factors increasingly do harm to the environment resulting to the water quality deterioration and the frequent red tide which has been increasing in frequency. Changjiang estuary and the adjacent area are the worst endangered area which is called the high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence areas in East China Sea. Content of N、P、Si and their structure are closely related to the phytoplankton among many environment factors causing the red tide, which are the important factors influencing the plankton community and its succession.
Beginning with the nutrient structure and distribution in the high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence areas in East China Sea, we analyzed yearly inter-month variation of nutrient structure in this area, then analysis was done to study the distribution during the year, and made further research on nutrient structure level and distribution by using nutrient structure data from large-scale red tide in spring & summer in 2005, meaning to gather information of nutrient structure temporal and spatial variation in this area; and then preliminarily studied the function of nutrient structure on succession of phytoplankton predominant species, which was confirmed by large-scale Red Tide Generation, Succession and Vanishment in East China Sea in 2005, and this analysis was verified in more precise time scale; finally, prelimimary discussion was made on nutrient replenishment mechanism according to the variation of nutrient and nutrient structure in typical transects during the dinoflagellate red tide. It is reasonable to provide Red Tide occurrence mechanism in East China Sea with scientific foundation. Main research work and conclusions are listed:
1. Through analyzing the nutrient structure inter-month variation of 13 cruises from 2002 to 2007, the inter-month variation of DIN/P shows a distinct tendency of“three peaks”, however, DIN/Si tends to rise, then drop, and then rise again, but Si/P has only one peak in its inter-month variation. On the whole, in early April, DIN/P and DIN/Si achieve their peak value, and Si/P is low; then in the middle and late May, both DIN/P and Si/P appear in high level, and then drop deeply, while DIN/Si continue dropping from early April to middle and late June; In the early October, DIN/P and DIN/Si show their high value again, while Si/P is still low at that time.
2、According to distribution of nutrient structure data in 4 cruises in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively between 2002–2003, Isoline of DIN/P at the surface, middle, and bottom indicate a tendency of decline from coast to offshore during the year, and the distribution of isolines parallels with coast line; Isoline of DIN/Si shows a complexity in tendency: it was decreased from coast to ocean in spring which was opposite in summer, DIN/Si is higher in south area than it in north in autumn, which is opposite in winter.
3、According to analysis on nutrient structure during large-scale red tide in 2005, in the early period of Diatom Red Tide, the averages of DIN/P, DIN/Si and Si/P are approximate in the surface and middle layers, but much higher than that of in the bottom; In the early stage of Dinoflagellate Red Tide and Vanishing period of Diatom Red Tide, these three references are approach in the surface and middle layers, the divergence between the two layers and bottom is increasing largely compared with early stage of Diatom Red Tide, and the fluctuation range of these rates is larger in surface and middle water than that in the early Diatom Red Tide; In vanishing stage of Dinoflagellate Red Tide, the difference of DIN/P between surface and middle & bottom layers becomes larger and larger, so does the difference of Si/P between surface & middle and bottom, while DIN/Si is dropping on the whole, and the differences between layers is not significant.
4、By principle of nutrient relative limiting, statistic analysis of nutrient structure in 2002-2003 suggests that, besides spring, DIN wouldn’t be the potential limiting factor generally; and phosphate is the potential limiting factor mainly deviating from the middle of research zone to coast, so is Silicate in outsea. Associated with Threshold Values that limiting the growth of phytoplankton, the analysis shows that nutrient level in surface water does not play a negative role in the growth of phytoplankton in spring & winter; and it is Si that becoming the limiting factor after Diatom Red Tide in some sites. In summer, Si limiting zone is in outsea, whereas it only happens in southern part of outsea in autumn.
5、Through statistic analysis of the nutrient structure and Chl-a inter-monthly variations of 13 cruises from 2002 to 2007, DIN/P and DIN/Si increased with the growth of diatom and decreased with the growth of dinoflagellate,Si/P decreased with the growth of diatom, on the contrary, it increased with the growth of dinoflagellate.Low DIN/P and high phosphate would do good to the growth of the dinoflagellate,moreover,high DIN/P and high DIN are favor to the growth of dinoflagellate.Low DIN/Si and high silicate would be propitious to the growth of diatom for that silicate is important to diatom. The conclusion listed was confirmed with the day variation of nutrient structure in repeat investigation area in 2005 during the red tide, which proved validity of conclusion listed in a certain extent.
6、According to the comparison of salinity, nutrient and nutrient structure in typical sections around onset of Dinoflagellates Red Tide in 2005, the surface water is mainly suffered by replenishment of land-based fresh water, such as Changjiang diluted water, and land-based replenishment is stronger in the north than in the south, the diluted water has more replenishment of Silicate and Nitrate, then Phosphate. However, in the bottom high-salty water from Taiwan warm current takes mainly effect, and the south part of research area is suffering more replenishment from Taiwan warm current, which bringing far more Phosphate than Nitrate and Silicate, and sediment release might be one of important sources of Silicate.
本论文从东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构水平及分布情况入手,首先分析了调查海区营养盐结构一年中的月际变化趋势,对调查海区四季大面分布状况进行了分析,并选取2005年春、夏季大规模赤潮过程营养盐结构数据,对该海区赤潮过程中营养盐结构水平及分布状况进行了更进一步分析,以此对该海区营养盐结构时空变化情况有了一定的掌握;之后对该海区营养盐结构在浮游植物优势种演替过程中所起的作用进行了初步分析,并选取2005年东海大规模赤潮生消及演替过程,从更为精细的时间尺度对上述分析进行验证;最后利用甲藻赤潮前后典型断面营养盐、营养盐结构的变化情况,对该海区营养盐补充机制进行了初步探讨。该研究为查明东海赤潮发生机理提供了科学依据,具有一定的理论意义。主要工作及结论如下:
1、利用2002-2007年13个航次重复调查区域航次数据,统计分析了东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构月际变化趋势,研究结果表明:调查海区氮磷比月际变化呈现出明显的“三峰”演变的态势,氮硅比呈现出“先上升,之后回落,再上升”的趋势,而硅磷比月际变化则表现出“单峰”态势。整体来看,4月上旬,调查海区DIN/P、DIN/Si出现高值峰,Si/P处于较低水平;5月中下旬调查海区DIN/P、Si/P皆出现全年较高水平,之后开始迅速回落,DIN/Si继4月上旬的高峰值出现之后至6月中下旬,一直呈现出下降趋势;10月初,调查海区DIN/P、DIN/Si再次呈现出高峰态势,而Si/P对应处于全年低值水平。
2、比较了2002-2003年春、夏、秋、冬四季营养盐结构大面分布特征,结果表明:调查海区四季DIN/P、Si/P等值线基本呈现由近岸向远海逐渐降低的趋势,其中DIN/P等值线分布基本与海岸线平行,而Si/P高值区主要集中于长江口和杭州湾外区域;DIN/Si大面分布四季变化情况较为复杂:春季整体呈现近岸高外海低的分布趋势,夏季呈现出外海高、杭州湾口较低的分布趋势,秋季DIN/Si整体表现为南部海域高于北部海域,冬季表现为北部海域高于南部海域。
3、对调查海区2005年大规模赤潮过程中营养盐结构状况进行了分析:硅藻赤潮爆发前期,调查海区表层、中层DIN/P、DIN/Si、Si/P平均水平差异不大,明显大于底层平均水平;硅藻赤潮消散期/甲藻赤潮爆发前期,表层、中层各项比值差值不大,但与底层平均水平间的差异较硅藻赤潮爆发前期有明显增大的趋势,表中层海域DIN/P、DIN/Si、Si/P波动幅度较硅藻赤潮前期明显加大;甲藻赤潮消散期,DIN/P表层与中底层间差异明显加大,Si/P表中层与底层间差异明显加大,DIN/Si整体水平较前一阶段有所下降,各层间差值变化不明显。
4、利用营养盐相对限制法则并结合限制浮游植物生长的阈值,对调查海区02-03年四季表层水体营养盐限制情况进行了统计分析:春季、冬季表层水体营养盐水平不会对该海域浮游植物的生长产生限制作用;而夏季、秋季硅藻赤潮后期调查海区部分站位出现硅限制。其中夏季调查海区出现硅限制的区域集中在外海侧,秋季出现硅酸盐限制的区域则缩小至调查海区南部外海侧。
5、通过对2002-2007年调查海区叶绿素a和营养盐结构的月际变化比较可知,调查海区氮磷比、氮硅比随硅藻的生长而升高,随甲藻的生长而降低,硅磷比随硅藻的生长而降低,随甲藻的生长而升高。低的氮磷比或较高浓度的磷酸盐将更有利于硅藻的生长,而高的氮磷比或较高浓度的氮盐将更有利于甲藻的生长;硅酸盐对硅藻的生长非常重要,低的氮硅比或较高浓度的硅酸盐将更有利于硅藻在与甲藻竞争中占据优势。上述结论与通过选取2005年赤潮过程中各航次重复调查区域,以天为时间尺度所做营养盐结构变化趋势得出的结论是一致的,这在一定程度上证明了上述分析的正确性。
6、对典型断面2005年甲藻赤潮前后盐度、营养盐及营养盐结构变化情况进行了比较:调查海区表层主要受长江冲淡水等陆源淡水补给作用的影响,外海底层主要受台湾暖流高盐水补给作用的影响,陆源补给作用对调查海区北部的影响强于南部,台湾暖流对调查海区南部的补给作用强于北部。长江冲淡水等陆源对硅酸盐、氮盐补给程度较高,其次是磷酸盐;台湾暖流对调查海区底层磷酸盐补给程度最高,对氮盐和硅酸盐的补给作用不明显;底层沉积物释放作用可能也是该海区硅酸盐补给的重要来源之一。
With the fast development of economy, human factors increasingly do harm to the environment resulting to the water quality deterioration and the frequent red tide which has been increasing in frequency. Changjiang estuary and the adjacent area are the worst endangered area which is called the high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence areas in East China Sea. Content of N、P、Si and their structure are closely related to the phytoplankton among many environment factors causing the red tide, which are the important factors influencing the plankton community and its succession.
Beginning with the nutrient structure and distribution in the high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence areas in East China Sea, we analyzed yearly inter-month variation of nutrient structure in this area, then analysis was done to study the distribution during the year, and made further research on nutrient structure level and distribution by using nutrient structure data from large-scale red tide in spring & summer in 2005, meaning to gather information of nutrient structure temporal and spatial variation in this area; and then preliminarily studied the function of nutrient structure on succession of phytoplankton predominant species, which was confirmed by large-scale Red Tide Generation, Succession and Vanishment in East China Sea in 2005, and this analysis was verified in more precise time scale; finally, prelimimary discussion was made on nutrient replenishment mechanism according to the variation of nutrient and nutrient structure in typical transects during the dinoflagellate red tide. It is reasonable to provide Red Tide occurrence mechanism in East China Sea with scientific foundation. Main research work and conclusions are listed:
1. Through analyzing the nutrient structure inter-month variation of 13 cruises from 2002 to 2007, the inter-month variation of DIN/P shows a distinct tendency of“three peaks”, however, DIN/Si tends to rise, then drop, and then rise again, but Si/P has only one peak in its inter-month variation. On the whole, in early April, DIN/P and DIN/Si achieve their peak value, and Si/P is low; then in the middle and late May, both DIN/P and Si/P appear in high level, and then drop deeply, while DIN/Si continue dropping from early April to middle and late June; In the early October, DIN/P and DIN/Si show their high value again, while Si/P is still low at that time.
2、According to distribution of nutrient structure data in 4 cruises in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively between 2002–2003, Isoline of DIN/P at the surface, middle, and bottom indicate a tendency of decline from coast to offshore during the year, and the distribution of isolines parallels with coast line; Isoline of DIN/Si shows a complexity in tendency: it was decreased from coast to ocean in spring which was opposite in summer, DIN/Si is higher in south area than it in north in autumn, which is opposite in winter.
3、According to analysis on nutrient structure during large-scale red tide in 2005, in the early period of Diatom Red Tide, the averages of DIN/P, DIN/Si and Si/P are approximate in the surface and middle layers, but much higher than that of in the bottom; In the early stage of Dinoflagellate Red Tide and Vanishing period of Diatom Red Tide, these three references are approach in the surface and middle layers, the divergence between the two layers and bottom is increasing largely compared with early stage of Diatom Red Tide, and the fluctuation range of these rates is larger in surface and middle water than that in the early Diatom Red Tide; In vanishing stage of Dinoflagellate Red Tide, the difference of DIN/P between surface and middle & bottom layers becomes larger and larger, so does the difference of Si/P between surface & middle and bottom, while DIN/Si is dropping on the whole, and the differences between layers is not significant.
4、By principle of nutrient relative limiting, statistic analysis of nutrient structure in 2002-2003 suggests that, besides spring, DIN wouldn’t be the potential limiting factor generally; and phosphate is the potential limiting factor mainly deviating from the middle of research zone to coast, so is Silicate in outsea. Associated with Threshold Values that limiting the growth of phytoplankton, the analysis shows that nutrient level in surface water does not play a negative role in the growth of phytoplankton in spring & winter; and it is Si that becoming the limiting factor after Diatom Red Tide in some sites. In summer, Si limiting zone is in outsea, whereas it only happens in southern part of outsea in autumn.
5、Through statistic analysis of the nutrient structure and Chl-a inter-monthly variations of 13 cruises from 2002 to 2007, DIN/P and DIN/Si increased with the growth of diatom and decreased with the growth of dinoflagellate,Si/P decreased with the growth of diatom, on the contrary, it increased with the growth of dinoflagellate.Low DIN/P and high phosphate would do good to the growth of the dinoflagellate,moreover,high DIN/P and high DIN are favor to the growth of dinoflagellate.Low DIN/Si and high silicate would be propitious to the growth of diatom for that silicate is important to diatom. The conclusion listed was confirmed with the day variation of nutrient structure in repeat investigation area in 2005 during the red tide, which proved validity of conclusion listed in a certain extent.
6、According to the comparison of salinity, nutrient and nutrient structure in typical sections around onset of Dinoflagellates Red Tide in 2005, the surface water is mainly suffered by replenishment of land-based fresh water, such as Changjiang diluted water, and land-based replenishment is stronger in the north than in the south, the diluted water has more replenishment of Silicate and Nitrate, then Phosphate. However, in the bottom high-salty water from Taiwan warm current takes mainly effect, and the south part of research area is suffering more replenishment from Taiwan warm current, which bringing far more Phosphate than Nitrate and Silicate, and sediment release might be one of important sources of Silicate.
引文
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