夏、冬季黄东海浮游动物群落生态学研究
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摘要
本文利用夏季(2006年6～7月)和冬季(2007年1～2月)在黄、东海进行的两个航次的调查所采集的大中型浮游动物样品,对调查海区浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量以及生物多样性进行了研究;采用多元统计方法分析了调查海区浮游动物的群落结构以及各群落的优势种,并探讨了浮游动物与环境因子之间的关系,以期为黄、东海浮游动物的长期变化研究提供基础资料。
研究结果表明,黄、东海浮游动物种类组成十分丰富,两个航次共鉴定浮游动物种类584个、浮游幼虫28类,合计种类612个。浮游动物分别隶属于原生动物门、刺胞动物门、栉水母动物门、环节动物门、软体动物门、节肢动物门、毛颚动物门和脊索动物门。冬季航次记录水螅水母一新种:中华单肢水母(Nubiella sinica)。
夏季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均丰度为1118.8 ind/m3,丰度高值区位于东海近岸和长江口外海区,东海外海和黄海海区的丰度相对较低。冬季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均丰度仅为178.4ind/m3,远远低于夏季,东海近海丰度降低的幅度尤其大,各海区间丰度分布比较均匀,没有明显的高值区。
夏季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均生物量为485.6mg/m3,黄海的生物量最高,其次是东海近海,东海外海生物量最低。冬季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均生物量仅为94.6 mg/m3,远远低于夏季,黄海的生物量依然是最高的,其次是东海外海和东海近海。东海浮游动物生物量的高低取决于其丰度的大小,而黄海可以在浮游动物丰度较低时仍拥有高生物量。
调查海区浮游动物的生物多样性比较高。夏季浮游动物香农-威纳指数的平均值为2.808;冬季稍高于夏季,为3.536。冬夏两个季节调查海区浮游动物的种类数、丰富度、均匀度以及香农-威纳指数的变化趋势是一致的,都是东海外海>东海近海>黄海。浮游动物多样性随水深的增加和温度、盐度的升高而增加,并通常随丰度和生物量的升高而降低。
夏季,根据站位的聚类结果,将调查海区的浮游动物分为4个群落:黄海群落(Ys),位于黄海,中华哲水蚤是其最主要的优势种,其它优势种还包括近岸低盐种强壮箭虫和黄海冷水团的代表种太平洋磷虾。长江口群落(CJs),受长江冲淡水的影响,盐度低,近岸低盐种背针胸刺水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、双刺唇角水蚤等是其代表种类。东海近岸群落(ECs),位于长江口外海区和东海沿岸,主要受到低盐高温的沿岸径流的影响,暖水性近岸种类肥胖三角溞是其最主要的优势种。东海混合水群落(EMs),位于东海中部混合水区,受沿岸流和东海外海暖水的混合影响,优势种众多,且大多是高温高盐性种类,如普通波水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、中型莹虾等。
冬季,根据站位的聚类结果,将调查海区的浮游动物分为4个群落:黄海群落(Yw),其范围和夏季基本相同,优势种组成也和夏季相差不大,中华哲水蚤的优势度与夏季相比有所下降,其它一些广温广盐性种类如小拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、中华箭虫等也成为该群落的优势种。沿岸群落(Cw),位于黄海和东海沿岸,形状十分狭长,优势种主要是近岸种类如小拟哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、异体住囊虫等。东海混合水群落(EMw),位于东海中部混合水区,温度比夏季大幅降低,其主要优势种是一些广温广盐性种类如中华哲水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、中华箭虫等,一些偏高温高盐性的种类如长刺小厚壳水蚤和百陶箭虫也有较高的优势度。东海外海群落(EOw),位于黑潮水的势力范围内,温度和盐度都比较高,优势种包括广温广盐性种类如中华哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、长尾住囊虫等和高温高盐性种类如弓角基齿哲水蚤和丽隆剑水蚤等。
小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤在调查海区夏、冬两季的数量分布不同于以往的调查结果。羽长腹剑水蚤在调查海区成为重要的优势种还是首次记录。梭形纽鳃樽在黄海中部水域的大量聚集也是历次调查中从未记录过的。造成上述现象的原因有待于进一步研究。
Study of zooplankton was conducted on two cruises of investigation for the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in summer 2006 and the next winter. Zooplankton species composition, abundance, biomass and biodiversity were studied, so was the correlation between zooplankton and environmental factors. Zooplankton community structure and its dominant species were analyzed through multivariate analysis method. The purpose of this research is to provide fundamental information for the long-term monitoring of zooplankton ecology in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.
A total of 584 zooplankton taxa (not including 28 pelagic larvae) were identified during two surveys. The adult zooplankton species belong to Protozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha and Urochordata, respectively. A new species of Cnidaria was record in winter, which is Nubiella sinica.
During summer, the mean abundance value of zooplankton in surveyed waters was 1118.8 ind/m3. The peak value was located in the adjacent sea waters of Changjiang River Estuary and the coastal region of East China Sea. The offshore area of East China Sea and the Yellow Sea had relatively low zooplankton abundance. Zooplankton abundance decreased sharply during winter, the mean value of which was 178.4 ind/m3 only. Distribution of zooplankton abundance in the investigated area was relatively uniform in winter.
During summer, the mean biomass of zooplankton in surveyed area was 485.6 mg/m3. The highest zooplankton biomass appeared in the Yellow Sea, while the offshore area of East China Sea had the lowest zooplankton biomass. During winter, the mean biomass of zooplankton in surveyed area was only 94.6 mg/m3. The Yellow Sea also had the highest zooplankton biomass, while the coastal region of East China Sea had the lowest zooplankton biomass. Variation of zooplankton biomass was consistent with abundance in the East China Sea, while the Yellow Sea could have high biomass accompanying with low abundance.
Biodiversity of zooplankton in the investigated area was quite high. The mean Shannon-Weaner index value was 2.808 in summer, and 3.536 in winter. The species number, Margalef richness, Pielou’s evenness and Shannon-Weaner index of zooplankton were highly correlated with depth, temperature and salinity.
During summer, according to the zooplankton species composition and abundance at each station, four groups were distinguished by using the method of cluster analysis.ⅰ) Yellow Sea Community (Ys). It was influenced by the Yellow Sea warm water, the Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Cold Water, and was dominated with Calunus sinicus, Sagitta crassa and Euphausia pacifica.ⅱ) Changjiang Estuary Community (CJs). The freshwater inflow resulted in low salinity, so mesohaline species such as Centropages dorsispinatus and Labidocera euchaeta were more abundance in this community.ⅲ) East China Sea Coastal Community (ECs). This community located in the coastal region of the East China Sea and the adjacent areas of the Changjiang estuary, and was mainly controlled by the Coastal Current which was characterized with relatively low salinity and high temperature. Neritic species Evadne tergestina was its main dominant species.ⅳ) East China Sea Mixed-water Community (EMs). It located in the middle part of the East China Sea where the Kuroshio Branch Current mixed with the Coastal Current, resulting in the formation of a hydrographically complex area. Species adapted to high temperature and high salinity such as Undinula vulgaris, Eucalanus subcrassus, Temora tubinata and Lucifer intermudius were in dominance.
During winter, zooplankton was also differentiated into four groups.ⅰ) Yellow Sea Community (Yw). The location and dominant species of Yw had few differences with Ys.ⅱ) Coastal Community (Cw). This community located in a threadlike coastal region of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, and neritic species such as Paracalanus parvus, Oithona similis, Corycaeus affinis and Oikopleura dioica were its dominant species.ⅲ) East China Sea Mixed-water Community (EMw). Accompanying with the decreasing of temperature and salinity, widely-distributed species including Calunus sinicus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Paracalanus parvus, Oithona plumifera and Sagitta sinica instead of the warm-water species dominated this community in winter.ⅳ) East China Sea Offshore Community (EOw). This community located in the offshore area of the East China Sea which was mainly influenced by the Krushio. Its dominant species included both widely-distributed species such as Calunus sinicus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Oithona plumifera, Oikopleura longicauda and warm-water species such as Clausocalanus arcuicornis and Oncaea venusta.
The abundance and distribution of Paracalanus parvus and Paracalanus aculeatus in our survey were different from the historical investigations. It was the first time to record Oithona plumifera to be the important dominant species in surveyed area. It was also the first time to record a large number of Salpa fusiformis in the middle part of the Yellow Sea. Causing of these changes need more and further studies to explain.
研究结果表明,黄、东海浮游动物种类组成十分丰富,两个航次共鉴定浮游动物种类584个、浮游幼虫28类,合计种类612个。浮游动物分别隶属于原生动物门、刺胞动物门、栉水母动物门、环节动物门、软体动物门、节肢动物门、毛颚动物门和脊索动物门。冬季航次记录水螅水母一新种:中华单肢水母(Nubiella sinica)。
夏季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均丰度为1118.8 ind/m3,丰度高值区位于东海近岸和长江口外海区,东海外海和黄海海区的丰度相对较低。冬季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均丰度仅为178.4ind/m3,远远低于夏季,东海近海丰度降低的幅度尤其大,各海区间丰度分布比较均匀,没有明显的高值区。
夏季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均生物量为485.6mg/m3,黄海的生物量最高,其次是东海近海,东海外海生物量最低。冬季航次调查海区浮游动物的平均生物量仅为94.6 mg/m3,远远低于夏季,黄海的生物量依然是最高的,其次是东海外海和东海近海。东海浮游动物生物量的高低取决于其丰度的大小,而黄海可以在浮游动物丰度较低时仍拥有高生物量。
调查海区浮游动物的生物多样性比较高。夏季浮游动物香农-威纳指数的平均值为2.808;冬季稍高于夏季,为3.536。冬夏两个季节调查海区浮游动物的种类数、丰富度、均匀度以及香农-威纳指数的变化趋势是一致的,都是东海外海>东海近海>黄海。浮游动物多样性随水深的增加和温度、盐度的升高而增加,并通常随丰度和生物量的升高而降低。
夏季,根据站位的聚类结果,将调查海区的浮游动物分为4个群落:黄海群落(Ys),位于黄海,中华哲水蚤是其最主要的优势种,其它优势种还包括近岸低盐种强壮箭虫和黄海冷水团的代表种太平洋磷虾。长江口群落(CJs),受长江冲淡水的影响,盐度低,近岸低盐种背针胸刺水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、双刺唇角水蚤等是其代表种类。东海近岸群落(ECs),位于长江口外海区和东海沿岸,主要受到低盐高温的沿岸径流的影响,暖水性近岸种类肥胖三角溞是其最主要的优势种。东海混合水群落(EMs),位于东海中部混合水区,受沿岸流和东海外海暖水的混合影响,优势种众多,且大多是高温高盐性种类,如普通波水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、中型莹虾等。
冬季,根据站位的聚类结果,将调查海区的浮游动物分为4个群落:黄海群落(Yw),其范围和夏季基本相同,优势种组成也和夏季相差不大,中华哲水蚤的优势度与夏季相比有所下降,其它一些广温广盐性种类如小拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、中华箭虫等也成为该群落的优势种。沿岸群落(Cw),位于黄海和东海沿岸,形状十分狭长,优势种主要是近岸种类如小拟哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、异体住囊虫等。东海混合水群落(EMw),位于东海中部混合水区,温度比夏季大幅降低,其主要优势种是一些广温广盐性种类如中华哲水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、中华箭虫等,一些偏高温高盐性的种类如长刺小厚壳水蚤和百陶箭虫也有较高的优势度。东海外海群落(EOw),位于黑潮水的势力范围内,温度和盐度都比较高,优势种包括广温广盐性种类如中华哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、羽长腹剑水蚤、长尾住囊虫等和高温高盐性种类如弓角基齿哲水蚤和丽隆剑水蚤等。
小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤在调查海区夏、冬两季的数量分布不同于以往的调查结果。羽长腹剑水蚤在调查海区成为重要的优势种还是首次记录。梭形纽鳃樽在黄海中部水域的大量聚集也是历次调查中从未记录过的。造成上述现象的原因有待于进一步研究。
Study of zooplankton was conducted on two cruises of investigation for the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in summer 2006 and the next winter. Zooplankton species composition, abundance, biomass and biodiversity were studied, so was the correlation between zooplankton and environmental factors. Zooplankton community structure and its dominant species were analyzed through multivariate analysis method. The purpose of this research is to provide fundamental information for the long-term monitoring of zooplankton ecology in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.
A total of 584 zooplankton taxa (not including 28 pelagic larvae) were identified during two surveys. The adult zooplankton species belong to Protozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha and Urochordata, respectively. A new species of Cnidaria was record in winter, which is Nubiella sinica.
During summer, the mean abundance value of zooplankton in surveyed waters was 1118.8 ind/m3. The peak value was located in the adjacent sea waters of Changjiang River Estuary and the coastal region of East China Sea. The offshore area of East China Sea and the Yellow Sea had relatively low zooplankton abundance. Zooplankton abundance decreased sharply during winter, the mean value of which was 178.4 ind/m3 only. Distribution of zooplankton abundance in the investigated area was relatively uniform in winter.
During summer, the mean biomass of zooplankton in surveyed area was 485.6 mg/m3. The highest zooplankton biomass appeared in the Yellow Sea, while the offshore area of East China Sea had the lowest zooplankton biomass. During winter, the mean biomass of zooplankton in surveyed area was only 94.6 mg/m3. The Yellow Sea also had the highest zooplankton biomass, while the coastal region of East China Sea had the lowest zooplankton biomass. Variation of zooplankton biomass was consistent with abundance in the East China Sea, while the Yellow Sea could have high biomass accompanying with low abundance.
Biodiversity of zooplankton in the investigated area was quite high. The mean Shannon-Weaner index value was 2.808 in summer, and 3.536 in winter. The species number, Margalef richness, Pielou’s evenness and Shannon-Weaner index of zooplankton were highly correlated with depth, temperature and salinity.
During summer, according to the zooplankton species composition and abundance at each station, four groups were distinguished by using the method of cluster analysis.ⅰ) Yellow Sea Community (Ys). It was influenced by the Yellow Sea warm water, the Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Cold Water, and was dominated with Calunus sinicus, Sagitta crassa and Euphausia pacifica.ⅱ) Changjiang Estuary Community (CJs). The freshwater inflow resulted in low salinity, so mesohaline species such as Centropages dorsispinatus and Labidocera euchaeta were more abundance in this community.ⅲ) East China Sea Coastal Community (ECs). This community located in the coastal region of the East China Sea and the adjacent areas of the Changjiang estuary, and was mainly controlled by the Coastal Current which was characterized with relatively low salinity and high temperature. Neritic species Evadne tergestina was its main dominant species.ⅳ) East China Sea Mixed-water Community (EMs). It located in the middle part of the East China Sea where the Kuroshio Branch Current mixed with the Coastal Current, resulting in the formation of a hydrographically complex area. Species adapted to high temperature and high salinity such as Undinula vulgaris, Eucalanus subcrassus, Temora tubinata and Lucifer intermudius were in dominance.
During winter, zooplankton was also differentiated into four groups.ⅰ) Yellow Sea Community (Yw). The location and dominant species of Yw had few differences with Ys.ⅱ) Coastal Community (Cw). This community located in a threadlike coastal region of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, and neritic species such as Paracalanus parvus, Oithona similis, Corycaeus affinis and Oikopleura dioica were its dominant species.ⅲ) East China Sea Mixed-water Community (EMw). Accompanying with the decreasing of temperature and salinity, widely-distributed species including Calunus sinicus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Paracalanus parvus, Oithona plumifera and Sagitta sinica instead of the warm-water species dominated this community in winter.ⅳ) East China Sea Offshore Community (EOw). This community located in the offshore area of the East China Sea which was mainly influenced by the Krushio. Its dominant species included both widely-distributed species such as Calunus sinicus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Oithona plumifera, Oikopleura longicauda and warm-water species such as Clausocalanus arcuicornis and Oncaea venusta.
The abundance and distribution of Paracalanus parvus and Paracalanus aculeatus in our survey were different from the historical investigations. It was the first time to record Oithona plumifera to be the important dominant species in surveyed area. It was also the first time to record a large number of Salpa fusiformis in the middle part of the Yellow Sea. Causing of these changes need more and further studies to explain.
引文
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