艾丽丝·默多克小说中的后现代伦理道德观研究
摘要
艾丽丝·默多克(1919-1999)是英国当代著名的女小说家和哲学家,享有广泛的国际声誉。她是继查尔斯·狄更斯之后英国文坛少见的多产作家之一,在四十多年的写作生涯中总共创作了26部小说,5部哲学著作,6部剧本及2部诗集。作为二十世纪西方文坛影响较大的作家与哲学家,在从事文学创作的同时,她的道德哲学思想不断地发展和完善。她的小说创作与道德哲学思想的关系一直是评论界争论的话题,本文通过对默多克小说文本的解读以及对其道德哲学思想的发展的分析提出：作为小说家与哲学家,默多克的小说创作很明显受到其道德哲学思想的影响,在小说文本中所体现出来的这种哲学倾向与后现代伦理学理念相符,是一种后现代的伦理道德观念,这充分体现了默多克与同时代作家相比所具有的独特性。
关注他者与引人向善是默多克道德哲学的关键,这与后现代伦理学的指向基本一致。著名社会学家齐格蒙特·鲍曼指出随着后现代非理性主义和多元主义的盛行,伦理学发生了由现代他律伦理向个体道德的转向。这种转向既表现为后现代伦理的危机,也昭示着道德涵义的真正回归：道德不是靠他律的伦理规则实现的,而是在人们在以面孔相遇的原处场景中对“他者”所担负的责任。本论文通过对小说文本中人物的意识形态,道德观点,宗教信仰以及爱的理念等的分析,进一步阐述了默多克的后现代伦理道德观,对这种观点的分析与探讨深化了对默多克小说文本的研究,使读者更好的理解身为作家与哲学家的默多克的小说创作意图以及她处理文学与哲学关系的方式方法。
本文除导论和结论外,共分五章。
导论部分首先对默多克小说的国内外研究现状进行批评性梳理,进而提出存在主义和后现代伦理学批评的内容及其在当代的影响,通过小说文本的细读和文化背景的分析来挖掘默多克文学创作与道德哲学思想之间的关系及意义。
第一章集中讨论了默多克小说中对人类的自我与恶的关注和探索。认识到了当代西方社会宗教没落道德堕落的社会现实以及道德失误给社会的带来的严重负面影响,默多克通过刻画人物意识中的阴暗面,深层次地挖掘恶的本源。通过对一系列恶的表象的深层挖掘,默多克认为自我中心是导致恶的最终根源。同样,后现代伦理学家认为道德原初场景善恶并存。人性本善与人性本恶的伦理学设定都是错的,不存在一种“适合”道德本质状况的逻辑自洽的伦理学法典。在具体的语境中,人更趋于恶而不是善是因为人本身不是“理性的主体”,不会本能的约束对欲望的过度追求,对自我的过度关注以及承担对他人的责任。入围2010年“失落的布克奖”长名单作品《一次相当体面的失败》与《发往行星的消息》是本章重点分析的对象。
第二章通过小说文本分析探讨默多克超越自我、关注他者的道德哲学思想。默多克是英国引进萨特存在主义思想的第一人,但是随着其道德哲学思想的不断成熟,她逐步认识到萨特的“他人即地狱”的观点有很大的缺陷,他人并不是地狱,他人与我并存于世,人们要学会消解自我、关注他人,营造和谐的生存环境。默多克对他者的重新解读具有典型的后现代伦理学特征。后现代伦理学也将他者作为道德哲学中一个至关重要的概念进行重新铸造,指出个人在本质上是道德的存在和责任的主体,人存在的最基本特征就是“与他人共处”,要对“他者”担负无条件的责任。鲍曼提出,一种真正的道德应该是“为了他者”的道德,“他者”不是认识和情感的客体,不是理性算计的对手,仅仅是一个需要承担道德责任的对象。本章将选取默多克自认为最满意的作品《大钟》和《独角兽》为主要研究对象,分析了默多克的道德哲学思想的后现代特征。
第三章讨论了默多克无上帝的宗教神学思想在小说中的体现。自古以来,信仰宗教者认为上帝代表着人的本质归属,将世界与人联系在一起。而到了默多克生活的二十世纪,神已被宣判了死刑,这使人与人联系的纽带断裂,人不仅失去本质的归依,传统的理念和道德价值观也丧失殆尽。面对传统宗教的没落,默多克认为上帝之死不能代表宗教神学的消亡,宗教本是一种信仰模式,上帝是否存在并不重要,重要的是他所代表的精神。善或美德应当置于人生中一个至高的地位,人类对这种永恒的“善”的追求就是最好的信仰,这一点在其詹姆斯·泰特·布莱克纪念奖获奖小说《黑王子》和《修女与士兵》体现得非常明显。后现代伦理学致力于对所有的基础、原理或中心进行解构,包括对上帝的质疑和重新定义。在后现代伦理学者提出的九项原则中最后一项即没有救世主,人们需要的不是上帝存在与否,而是他所代表的至真至善的精神。
第四章进一步探讨了默多克在小说中对其道德哲学的中心概念“善”以及“爱”的理解。1968年,默多克自称是柏拉图主义者,其道德思想深受柏拉图的理念的影响。她认为“善”犹如柏拉图洞喻论中的“太阳”,二者均不可见,但具有经由其光人们可以看见其它物的作用。“善”不可见,但又是真实而又绝对存在的。信教的人会行善,默多克同时强调那些不信教的人也可以有“善”,道德的权威性在于一种感悟,感悟什么是真实,感悟的同时也是对自我的压制。因此,她所理解的“善”既不可见又永远催人向前却永远也没有止境,善是永恒的目标,爱赋予其行动。从这个意义上讲,默多克提出的“善”与“爱”不仅与后现代伦理学所倡导的对他人的关爱与责任一致,尤其应和了温和的后现代西方伦理学者得呼吁,即关注和尊重历史和传统,同时,也向前现代性和前现代西方伦理学传统进行了一定程度的回归。1978年布克奖获奖小说《大海啊,大海》,《布鲁诺的梦》和《一次相当体面的失败》是本章研究的文本基础。
第五章以默多克的小说中对艺术,尤其是图画的关注为基点,进一步探讨她关于艺术审美提升道德修养的观点和看法。默多克认为艺术可以解放自我,使人从对自我的过度关注中挣脱出来转向美,美转而将人带向通往善的大道上。伟大的艺术将带给人幸福的感觉与灵魂的升华。无论是艺术的创作本身还是对艺术的欣赏,都将使人完全远离自私与自我的困扰,转向对他者的关注。艺术与道德的关系在后现代语境中依然是一个重要的话题,大多数后现代哲学家与伦理学家认为艺术审美是道德的基础,关系密切,不可分割,他们试图重新构建艺术对道德的贡献以反驳“为艺术而艺术”的观点,以重新归还艺术的道德魅力。默多克绝大多数的小说中都涉及对艺术和图画的关注,本章选取《黑王子》和《大钟》重点分析探讨。
论文结论部分首先对默多克小说中后现代伦理道德观的构建进行简单的回顾和总结；继而得出以下结论：作为小说家与哲学家,默多克的小说创作很明显受到其道德哲学思想的影响,这种哲学思想与后现代伦理道德不谋而合,实际是一种后现代的伦理道德观；结论最后探讨了在现代语境下研究默多克小说创作及其后现代道德伦理观的价值和意义。
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999), as a contemporary distinguished woman novelist and moral philosopher of the United Kingdom, enjoys an extensive international reputation. She is regarded as one of the few celebrated prolific novelists in Britain after Charles Dickens for her 26 novels,5 philosophical work,6 plays and 2 poetry anthologies. As an influential woman novelist and philosopher of the Western countries in the 20th century, she simultaneously develops her moral philosophical thoughts when she is engaged in her literary writing. Whether her moral thoughts are reflected in her novels is controversial among the western critics. By exploring her novels as well as her moral thoughts, this dissertation maintains that Murdoch's novel creation is influenced by her moral thoughts that actually are in accordance with most of the postmodern moral views. She has constructed a kind of outlook of postmodern morality in her novels that reflects her uniqueness as compared with other contemporary writers in her time.
The pivots of Murdoch's moral philosophy are attention to the others and the sovereignty of Good are, that is basically in accordance with the viewpoints of postmodern ethics. Zygmunt Bauman, the famous sociologist, points out that the ethics are turning its direction from heteronomous ethics to individualism with the prevalence of the postmodern irrationalism and plurality. This turn not only shows the crisis of postmodern ethics but also indicates the genuine return of morality:morality could not be achieved by heteronomous ethics regulation, it is a duty for the other in the primal scene when people encounter as "face". By analyzing the characters' ideology, moral outlook, religious faith, the idea of love and so on, the dissertation discerns that Murdoch actually constructs an outlook of postmodern ethics and morality. With the exploration and analysis of such outlook, the dissertation deepens the study of Murdoch and her novels that make it easier for the readers to understand her creation intention and the methods of her dealing with the relationship between literature and philosophy.
This dissertation consists of five chapters in addition to introduction and conclusion.
The introductory part has a critical review of studies of Murdoch's novels in China and the Western countries, and then draws on the contents and influences of existentialism and postmodern ethics, to make a cultural and textual analysis, with the aim of presenting the relations between Murdoch's literary creation and her moral philosophical thoughts.
Chapter One focuses on the discussion of Murdoch's exploration of human being's ego and evil in her literary works. Realizing that the Western society, with the religion on the decline, is becoming more and more immoral and corrupted than the past, she intends to find out the origin of the evil by describing the dark side of human being's consciousness in the novels. By deep analysis from the different perspectives, she realizes that the original reason of evil is ego. Similarly, postmodern theorists also suggest that the good and the evil stand side by side in the primal scene of the morality. It is not reasonable for anyone to set "man's nature at birth is good" or "evil" from the perspective of ethics. There is not a kind of self-consistent ethics law which is suitable to the nature of the morality. In the specific context, human being tends to be evil than good just because he is not at birth a "rational subject" and can not restrain himself from excessively pursuing of his desire and excessively attending to himself. At the same time, it is impossible for him to instinctively take the responsibility of the others. Two novels are chosen to be analyzed in this chapter, one is A Fairly Honorable Defeat, which has been selected into the long list of "The Lost Man Booker Prize" in 2010, and the other is The Message to the Planet.
Chapter Two, starting from the textual analysis, elaborates Murdoch's proposition of beyond selfishness and attention to the others. As a matter of fact, it is Murdoch who first introduces Sartre's existentialism to Britain. But with her moral philosophy developing, she gradually finds that "the other is hell" strongly supported by Sartre has large limitation. She argues that the other isn't hell at all and both the other and I live together in the world. All the people should learn to be selfless and attend to the others so as to make a harmonious living environment. Murdoch's reinterpretation of the others is of the typical characteristics of postmodern ethics. Postmodern ethicists also take the others as the most significant character to remould and they hold the similar opinions as they suggest that human beings in nature are the subject of morality and responsibility. One essential characteristic of human being's existence is to learn to live together with the others, thus one must take responsibilities of the others without any premise. The real morality, for Bauman, should be a kind of morality which aims to work "for the other", and the other is the most important character who is not one's emotional object as well as enemy, but the object assumed to be afforded moral responsibility. The Bell, regarded by Murdoch as the most satisfied novel, and The Unicorn are chosen in this chapter to explore to present the postmodern characteristics in Murdoch's moral philosophy.
Chapter Three discusses Murdoch's godless theology in her novels. Since immemorial time, religious believers regard God as the essence of the human beings who makes the people connect tightly with the world. While coming to the 20th century Murdoch living in, God is sentenced to be dead, which not only break the bonds between the human beings and make them lose their essence but also mercilessly destroys their traditional rationality and moral value. While for Murdoch, the death of God does not represent the disappearance of theology and religion in itself is a mode of belief. It doesn't matter whether God really exists or not, the spirituality He represents is of the most significant meaning. Good or virtue should be put in the highest place in people's whole life and their pursuing of such "permanent good" is the best religion. This point is obviously reflected in the novels The Black Prince, winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Nuns and Soldiers. Postmodern ethics means to deconstruct the former basis, principle as well as the value center, including the challenge and redefinition of God. The last one of the nine principles they proposed is that there is no Christ and what people need is not whether God really exists or not but the virtue and the Good He represents.
Chapter Four explores the significance of Love and the Good which is the central conception in Murdoch's moral philosophy. In 1968, Murdoch acclaimed that she was actually a Platonist and was deeply influenced by his values and thoughts. The Good, for Murdoch, is like the sun outside Plato's Cave. As the sun is impossible for people to see though many things are visible by its light, so does the Good. The Good is invisible, while it really exists. The people believing in religion could be good, so do the people without religion. The authority of the morality lies in its power of perception which simultaneously is the repression of selfishness. For Murdoch, the Good will attract human beings to chase after while it will never be reached. So the Good is the ultimate goal and love is the energy to make people move forward. From this sense, the Good and the love is consistent with caress (love) put forward by postmodern ethicists. Furthermore, postmodern ethics also suggests respecting and attending to history and tradition, and to some extent, returns back to the premodernity and premodern ethics. The textual basis chosen for this chapter is Bruno s Dream, A Fairly Honorable Defeat and The Sea, The Sea which won the Booker Prize in 1978.
Chapter Five, pivoting on art, especially the paintings that appear in most of Murdoch's novels, explicates Murdoch's viewpoints on art and morality. For Murdoch, art has a liberating effect upon the self, freeing it of its own consciousness and guiding it towards beauty, and beauty in turn becomes the path towards the Good. No matter creating or enjoying the art, both could make human beings far away from selfishness and ego and turn to the others. Within the context of postmodern thought, the discussion of morality and art and aesthetics is widespread and of considerable impact. Aesthetics becomes the foundation of ethics and ethics is closely related to aesthetics. As a result, they become almost indistinguishable. More and more philosophers and ethicists intend to reconstruct the functions of great arts to the morality to fight against the art-for-art's-sake perspective. In most of Murdoch's novels, art and paintings are analyzed in a way to help readers to understand how they lead people to the Good. The novels The Black Prince and The Bell will be explored in a detailed way.
The concluding part first draws a brief discussion on Murdoch's construction of an outlook of postmodern ethics in her fiction world, then the conclusion is made:as novelist as well as philosopher, Murdoch's novel creation is clearly influenced by her moral thoughts. And her outlook of morality is actually in accordance with most of the postmodern moral views, which a kind of postmodern ethics and morality; at last, it explores the ethical value and significance to make the research of Murdoch's novel creation and her outlook of postmodern ethics and morality in the context of current society.
关注他者与引人向善是默多克道德哲学的关键,这与后现代伦理学的指向基本一致。著名社会学家齐格蒙特·鲍曼指出随着后现代非理性主义和多元主义的盛行,伦理学发生了由现代他律伦理向个体道德的转向。这种转向既表现为后现代伦理的危机,也昭示着道德涵义的真正回归：道德不是靠他律的伦理规则实现的,而是在人们在以面孔相遇的原处场景中对“他者”所担负的责任。本论文通过对小说文本中人物的意识形态,道德观点,宗教信仰以及爱的理念等的分析,进一步阐述了默多克的后现代伦理道德观,对这种观点的分析与探讨深化了对默多克小说文本的研究,使读者更好的理解身为作家与哲学家的默多克的小说创作意图以及她处理文学与哲学关系的方式方法。
本文除导论和结论外,共分五章。
导论部分首先对默多克小说的国内外研究现状进行批评性梳理,进而提出存在主义和后现代伦理学批评的内容及其在当代的影响,通过小说文本的细读和文化背景的分析来挖掘默多克文学创作与道德哲学思想之间的关系及意义。
第一章集中讨论了默多克小说中对人类的自我与恶的关注和探索。认识到了当代西方社会宗教没落道德堕落的社会现实以及道德失误给社会的带来的严重负面影响,默多克通过刻画人物意识中的阴暗面,深层次地挖掘恶的本源。通过对一系列恶的表象的深层挖掘,默多克认为自我中心是导致恶的最终根源。同样,后现代伦理学家认为道德原初场景善恶并存。人性本善与人性本恶的伦理学设定都是错的,不存在一种“适合”道德本质状况的逻辑自洽的伦理学法典。在具体的语境中,人更趋于恶而不是善是因为人本身不是“理性的主体”,不会本能的约束对欲望的过度追求,对自我的过度关注以及承担对他人的责任。入围2010年“失落的布克奖”长名单作品《一次相当体面的失败》与《发往行星的消息》是本章重点分析的对象。
第二章通过小说文本分析探讨默多克超越自我、关注他者的道德哲学思想。默多克是英国引进萨特存在主义思想的第一人,但是随着其道德哲学思想的不断成熟,她逐步认识到萨特的“他人即地狱”的观点有很大的缺陷,他人并不是地狱,他人与我并存于世,人们要学会消解自我、关注他人,营造和谐的生存环境。默多克对他者的重新解读具有典型的后现代伦理学特征。后现代伦理学也将他者作为道德哲学中一个至关重要的概念进行重新铸造,指出个人在本质上是道德的存在和责任的主体,人存在的最基本特征就是“与他人共处”,要对“他者”担负无条件的责任。鲍曼提出,一种真正的道德应该是“为了他者”的道德,“他者”不是认识和情感的客体,不是理性算计的对手,仅仅是一个需要承担道德责任的对象。本章将选取默多克自认为最满意的作品《大钟》和《独角兽》为主要研究对象,分析了默多克的道德哲学思想的后现代特征。
第三章讨论了默多克无上帝的宗教神学思想在小说中的体现。自古以来,信仰宗教者认为上帝代表着人的本质归属,将世界与人联系在一起。而到了默多克生活的二十世纪,神已被宣判了死刑,这使人与人联系的纽带断裂,人不仅失去本质的归依,传统的理念和道德价值观也丧失殆尽。面对传统宗教的没落,默多克认为上帝之死不能代表宗教神学的消亡,宗教本是一种信仰模式,上帝是否存在并不重要,重要的是他所代表的精神。善或美德应当置于人生中一个至高的地位,人类对这种永恒的“善”的追求就是最好的信仰,这一点在其詹姆斯·泰特·布莱克纪念奖获奖小说《黑王子》和《修女与士兵》体现得非常明显。后现代伦理学致力于对所有的基础、原理或中心进行解构,包括对上帝的质疑和重新定义。在后现代伦理学者提出的九项原则中最后一项即没有救世主,人们需要的不是上帝存在与否,而是他所代表的至真至善的精神。
第四章进一步探讨了默多克在小说中对其道德哲学的中心概念“善”以及“爱”的理解。1968年,默多克自称是柏拉图主义者,其道德思想深受柏拉图的理念的影响。她认为“善”犹如柏拉图洞喻论中的“太阳”,二者均不可见,但具有经由其光人们可以看见其它物的作用。“善”不可见,但又是真实而又绝对存在的。信教的人会行善,默多克同时强调那些不信教的人也可以有“善”,道德的权威性在于一种感悟,感悟什么是真实,感悟的同时也是对自我的压制。因此,她所理解的“善”既不可见又永远催人向前却永远也没有止境,善是永恒的目标,爱赋予其行动。从这个意义上讲,默多克提出的“善”与“爱”不仅与后现代伦理学所倡导的对他人的关爱与责任一致,尤其应和了温和的后现代西方伦理学者得呼吁,即关注和尊重历史和传统,同时,也向前现代性和前现代西方伦理学传统进行了一定程度的回归。1978年布克奖获奖小说《大海啊,大海》,《布鲁诺的梦》和《一次相当体面的失败》是本章研究的文本基础。
第五章以默多克的小说中对艺术,尤其是图画的关注为基点,进一步探讨她关于艺术审美提升道德修养的观点和看法。默多克认为艺术可以解放自我,使人从对自我的过度关注中挣脱出来转向美,美转而将人带向通往善的大道上。伟大的艺术将带给人幸福的感觉与灵魂的升华。无论是艺术的创作本身还是对艺术的欣赏,都将使人完全远离自私与自我的困扰,转向对他者的关注。艺术与道德的关系在后现代语境中依然是一个重要的话题,大多数后现代哲学家与伦理学家认为艺术审美是道德的基础,关系密切,不可分割,他们试图重新构建艺术对道德的贡献以反驳“为艺术而艺术”的观点,以重新归还艺术的道德魅力。默多克绝大多数的小说中都涉及对艺术和图画的关注,本章选取《黑王子》和《大钟》重点分析探讨。
论文结论部分首先对默多克小说中后现代伦理道德观的构建进行简单的回顾和总结；继而得出以下结论：作为小说家与哲学家,默多克的小说创作很明显受到其道德哲学思想的影响,这种哲学思想与后现代伦理道德不谋而合,实际是一种后现代的伦理道德观；结论最后探讨了在现代语境下研究默多克小说创作及其后现代道德伦理观的价值和意义。
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999), as a contemporary distinguished woman novelist and moral philosopher of the United Kingdom, enjoys an extensive international reputation. She is regarded as one of the few celebrated prolific novelists in Britain after Charles Dickens for her 26 novels,5 philosophical work,6 plays and 2 poetry anthologies. As an influential woman novelist and philosopher of the Western countries in the 20th century, she simultaneously develops her moral philosophical thoughts when she is engaged in her literary writing. Whether her moral thoughts are reflected in her novels is controversial among the western critics. By exploring her novels as well as her moral thoughts, this dissertation maintains that Murdoch's novel creation is influenced by her moral thoughts that actually are in accordance with most of the postmodern moral views. She has constructed a kind of outlook of postmodern morality in her novels that reflects her uniqueness as compared with other contemporary writers in her time.
The pivots of Murdoch's moral philosophy are attention to the others and the sovereignty of Good are, that is basically in accordance with the viewpoints of postmodern ethics. Zygmunt Bauman, the famous sociologist, points out that the ethics are turning its direction from heteronomous ethics to individualism with the prevalence of the postmodern irrationalism and plurality. This turn not only shows the crisis of postmodern ethics but also indicates the genuine return of morality:morality could not be achieved by heteronomous ethics regulation, it is a duty for the other in the primal scene when people encounter as "face". By analyzing the characters' ideology, moral outlook, religious faith, the idea of love and so on, the dissertation discerns that Murdoch actually constructs an outlook of postmodern ethics and morality. With the exploration and analysis of such outlook, the dissertation deepens the study of Murdoch and her novels that make it easier for the readers to understand her creation intention and the methods of her dealing with the relationship between literature and philosophy.
This dissertation consists of five chapters in addition to introduction and conclusion.
The introductory part has a critical review of studies of Murdoch's novels in China and the Western countries, and then draws on the contents and influences of existentialism and postmodern ethics, to make a cultural and textual analysis, with the aim of presenting the relations between Murdoch's literary creation and her moral philosophical thoughts.
Chapter One focuses on the discussion of Murdoch's exploration of human being's ego and evil in her literary works. Realizing that the Western society, with the religion on the decline, is becoming more and more immoral and corrupted than the past, she intends to find out the origin of the evil by describing the dark side of human being's consciousness in the novels. By deep analysis from the different perspectives, she realizes that the original reason of evil is ego. Similarly, postmodern theorists also suggest that the good and the evil stand side by side in the primal scene of the morality. It is not reasonable for anyone to set "man's nature at birth is good" or "evil" from the perspective of ethics. There is not a kind of self-consistent ethics law which is suitable to the nature of the morality. In the specific context, human being tends to be evil than good just because he is not at birth a "rational subject" and can not restrain himself from excessively pursuing of his desire and excessively attending to himself. At the same time, it is impossible for him to instinctively take the responsibility of the others. Two novels are chosen to be analyzed in this chapter, one is A Fairly Honorable Defeat, which has been selected into the long list of "The Lost Man Booker Prize" in 2010, and the other is The Message to the Planet.
Chapter Two, starting from the textual analysis, elaborates Murdoch's proposition of beyond selfishness and attention to the others. As a matter of fact, it is Murdoch who first introduces Sartre's existentialism to Britain. But with her moral philosophy developing, she gradually finds that "the other is hell" strongly supported by Sartre has large limitation. She argues that the other isn't hell at all and both the other and I live together in the world. All the people should learn to be selfless and attend to the others so as to make a harmonious living environment. Murdoch's reinterpretation of the others is of the typical characteristics of postmodern ethics. Postmodern ethicists also take the others as the most significant character to remould and they hold the similar opinions as they suggest that human beings in nature are the subject of morality and responsibility. One essential characteristic of human being's existence is to learn to live together with the others, thus one must take responsibilities of the others without any premise. The real morality, for Bauman, should be a kind of morality which aims to work "for the other", and the other is the most important character who is not one's emotional object as well as enemy, but the object assumed to be afforded moral responsibility. The Bell, regarded by Murdoch as the most satisfied novel, and The Unicorn are chosen in this chapter to explore to present the postmodern characteristics in Murdoch's moral philosophy.
Chapter Three discusses Murdoch's godless theology in her novels. Since immemorial time, religious believers regard God as the essence of the human beings who makes the people connect tightly with the world. While coming to the 20th century Murdoch living in, God is sentenced to be dead, which not only break the bonds between the human beings and make them lose their essence but also mercilessly destroys their traditional rationality and moral value. While for Murdoch, the death of God does not represent the disappearance of theology and religion in itself is a mode of belief. It doesn't matter whether God really exists or not, the spirituality He represents is of the most significant meaning. Good or virtue should be put in the highest place in people's whole life and their pursuing of such "permanent good" is the best religion. This point is obviously reflected in the novels The Black Prince, winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Nuns and Soldiers. Postmodern ethics means to deconstruct the former basis, principle as well as the value center, including the challenge and redefinition of God. The last one of the nine principles they proposed is that there is no Christ and what people need is not whether God really exists or not but the virtue and the Good He represents.
Chapter Four explores the significance of Love and the Good which is the central conception in Murdoch's moral philosophy. In 1968, Murdoch acclaimed that she was actually a Platonist and was deeply influenced by his values and thoughts. The Good, for Murdoch, is like the sun outside Plato's Cave. As the sun is impossible for people to see though many things are visible by its light, so does the Good. The Good is invisible, while it really exists. The people believing in religion could be good, so do the people without religion. The authority of the morality lies in its power of perception which simultaneously is the repression of selfishness. For Murdoch, the Good will attract human beings to chase after while it will never be reached. So the Good is the ultimate goal and love is the energy to make people move forward. From this sense, the Good and the love is consistent with caress (love) put forward by postmodern ethicists. Furthermore, postmodern ethics also suggests respecting and attending to history and tradition, and to some extent, returns back to the premodernity and premodern ethics. The textual basis chosen for this chapter is Bruno s Dream, A Fairly Honorable Defeat and The Sea, The Sea which won the Booker Prize in 1978.
Chapter Five, pivoting on art, especially the paintings that appear in most of Murdoch's novels, explicates Murdoch's viewpoints on art and morality. For Murdoch, art has a liberating effect upon the self, freeing it of its own consciousness and guiding it towards beauty, and beauty in turn becomes the path towards the Good. No matter creating or enjoying the art, both could make human beings far away from selfishness and ego and turn to the others. Within the context of postmodern thought, the discussion of morality and art and aesthetics is widespread and of considerable impact. Aesthetics becomes the foundation of ethics and ethics is closely related to aesthetics. As a result, they become almost indistinguishable. More and more philosophers and ethicists intend to reconstruct the functions of great arts to the morality to fight against the art-for-art's-sake perspective. In most of Murdoch's novels, art and paintings are analyzed in a way to help readers to understand how they lead people to the Good. The novels The Black Prince and The Bell will be explored in a detailed way.
The concluding part first draws a brief discussion on Murdoch's construction of an outlook of postmodern ethics in her fiction world, then the conclusion is made:as novelist as well as philosopher, Murdoch's novel creation is clearly influenced by her moral thoughts. And her outlook of morality is actually in accordance with most of the postmodern moral views, which a kind of postmodern ethics and morality; at last, it explores the ethical value and significance to make the research of Murdoch's novel creation and her outlook of postmodern ethics and morality in the context of current society.
引文
1 In his book Degrees of Freedom, Byatt remarks:"Reviewers have talked a great deal about whether Miss Murdoch is or is not a'philosophical novelist', those who say she is not tend to describe her as a compulsive storyteller, which is not of course incompatible with being a philosophical novelist" (207).
1 Compare for example the following two quotations from The Black Prince and "On'God'and "Good"'respectively: "What does he fear? is usually the key to the Artis's mind"(BP 85) and "It is always a significant question to ask about any philosopher:what is he afraid of?" (EM:359).
1 This concept of morality is explored in the essay "Ethics Without Principles",72-88.
1 A moral agent is "a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong". Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary,1913.
1 "Lost Man Booker Prize" is a one-off prize to honor the books which missed out on the opportunity to win the Booker Prize in 1970.
1 His name suggest Julius Caesar, or the biblical "king of this world.'In the narrative Julius mentions that his surname was originally Kahn, but his parents changed it to King when they converted from Judaism to Christianity, at which point he broke off communication with them (429-30).
2 Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as the prisoner of war camp Stalag XI-C, in 1943 it became a concentration camp on the orders of Heinrich Himmler, where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas The camp was liberated on April 15,1945 by the British 11th Armoured Division 60,000 prisoners were found inside, most of them seriously ill,-and another 13,000 corpses lay around the camp unburied. www.en.wikipedia.org.
1 Iris Murdoch, "Against Dryness", in Conradi (ed), Existentialist and Mystics,294.
1 Quotes from Murdoch's essay "The Sublime and the Good", in Conradi (ed), Existentialists and Mystics, p.215.
1 See "Above:A Dialogue about Religion" in Acatos:Two Platonic Dialogues. London:Penguin Books,1987. p.79. Socrates actually poses a version of the same question at two other points in the dialogue as well:'Can there be religion without gods or a personal god?'(75); and'Can there be religion without mythology, without stories and pictures?'(91).
1 Murdoch makes this comment, reminding her audience that Leonard Browne constantly makes the remark, "It all went wrong from the start." In the dame discussion she explains that Julius King represents the devil, and that Tallis Browne is not exactly a Christ figure but a spiritual being that "in the East would be called a "high incarnation"'(96).
1Again this is an understanding of love taken directly form Plato, most notably from the Symposium in which Socrates describes how the recognition of beauty in one instance—that of the particular—can lead to recognition of beauty in all instances, and "having passion for the one into due proportion "(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p.562). Eventually the lover will recognize not only the outer beauty, but beauty as seen by the mind, and "find in contemplation the seed of the most fruitful discourse and the lofty thought, and reap a golden harvest of philosophy"'(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p. 562). The final stage is the perception of beauty itself which is "an everlasting loveliness which neither comes nor goes, which neither flowers nor fades, for such beauty is the same on every hand, the same then s now, here as there, this way as that way, the same to every worshiper as it is to every other"(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p.562).
1 This idea could be found in MGM, p.125.
1 Murdoch says frequently that it is important to measure and compare things to see how good they are. The idea of perfection works within a field of study, producing an increasing sense of direction. The paintings provide a standard; although not perfection, they keep us looking in the right direction. Paintings have something of the authority of the good and "it is in the work of artists that we see this in operation most clearly, the true artist is obedient to a conception of perfection to which his work is constantly related and re-related" (SG,62).
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch Talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4,22 April 1984.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch Talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4,22 April 1984.
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4, 22 April 1984.
1 Negative capability is a theory of the poet John Keats describing the capacity for accepting uncertainty and the unresolved. Keats' theory of "negative capability" was expressed in his letter to his brother dated Sunday,21 December 1817. He says: 1 had not a dispute but a disquisition with Dilke, on various subjects; several things dovetailed in my mind, & at once it struck me, what quality went to form a Man of Achievement especially in literature & which Shakespeare possessed so
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岳国法著：“论艾丽丝·默多克的道德哲学和类型修辞《以天使的时光》为例”,《世界文学评论》,2008年第1期。
岳国法著：“论艾丽丝·默多克文学类型化创作的动因”,《河南工业大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
岳国法,李自新著：“艾丽丝·默多克小说的类型化叙事模式初探”,《中山大学学报》,2007年第4期。
瞿世镜等著：《当代英国小说》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1998年。
张鹏著：“康德道德法则及其实践意义”,《重庆社会科学》,2008年第2期。
张蕾著：《神话的张力：艾丽丝·默多克艺术与道德世界的原型解读》,硕士论文,2006年。
朱刚著：《二十世纪西方文论》,北京：北京大学出版社,2006年。
赵敦华著：《现代西方哲学新编》,北京：北京大学出版社,2000年。
左金梅等著：《西方女性主义文学批评》,青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2007年。
1 Compare for example the following two quotations from The Black Prince and "On'God'and "Good"'respectively: "What does he fear? is usually the key to the Artis's mind"(BP 85) and "It is always a significant question to ask about any philosopher:what is he afraid of?" (EM:359).
1 This concept of morality is explored in the essay "Ethics Without Principles",72-88.
1 A moral agent is "a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong". Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary,1913.
1 "Lost Man Booker Prize" is a one-off prize to honor the books which missed out on the opportunity to win the Booker Prize in 1970.
1 His name suggest Julius Caesar, or the biblical "king of this world.'In the narrative Julius mentions that his surname was originally Kahn, but his parents changed it to King when they converted from Judaism to Christianity, at which point he broke off communication with them (429-30).
2 Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as the prisoner of war camp Stalag XI-C, in 1943 it became a concentration camp on the orders of Heinrich Himmler, where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas The camp was liberated on April 15,1945 by the British 11th Armoured Division 60,000 prisoners were found inside, most of them seriously ill,-and another 13,000 corpses lay around the camp unburied. www.en.wikipedia.org.
1 Iris Murdoch, "Against Dryness", in Conradi (ed), Existentialist and Mystics,294.
1 Quotes from Murdoch's essay "The Sublime and the Good", in Conradi (ed), Existentialists and Mystics, p.215.
1 See "Above:A Dialogue about Religion" in Acatos:Two Platonic Dialogues. London:Penguin Books,1987. p.79. Socrates actually poses a version of the same question at two other points in the dialogue as well:'Can there be religion without gods or a personal god?'(75); and'Can there be religion without mythology, without stories and pictures?'(91).
1 Murdoch makes this comment, reminding her audience that Leonard Browne constantly makes the remark, "It all went wrong from the start." In the dame discussion she explains that Julius King represents the devil, and that Tallis Browne is not exactly a Christ figure but a spiritual being that "in the East would be called a "high incarnation"'(96).
1Again this is an understanding of love taken directly form Plato, most notably from the Symposium in which Socrates describes how the recognition of beauty in one instance—that of the particular—can lead to recognition of beauty in all instances, and "having passion for the one into due proportion "(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p.562). Eventually the lover will recognize not only the outer beauty, but beauty as seen by the mind, and "find in contemplation the seed of the most fruitful discourse and the lofty thought, and reap a golden harvest of philosophy"'(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p. 562). The final stage is the perception of beauty itself which is "an everlasting loveliness which neither comes nor goes, which neither flowers nor fades, for such beauty is the same on every hand, the same then s now, here as there, this way as that way, the same to every worshiper as it is to every other"(Symposium,210b, Plato,1989, p.562).
1 This idea could be found in MGM, p.125.
1 Murdoch says frequently that it is important to measure and compare things to see how good they are. The idea of perfection works within a field of study, producing an increasing sense of direction. The paintings provide a standard; although not perfection, they keep us looking in the right direction. Paintings have something of the authority of the good and "it is in the work of artists that we see this in operation most clearly, the true artist is obedient to a conception of perfection to which his work is constantly related and re-related" (SG,62).
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch Talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4,22 April 1984.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch Talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4,22 April 1984.
1 Robson, Eric. "Iris Murdoch talks with Eric Robson." Revelations. Border Television Broadcast on Channel 4, 22 April 1984.
1 Negative capability is a theory of the poet John Keats describing the capacity for accepting uncertainty and the unresolved. Keats' theory of "negative capability" was expressed in his letter to his brother dated Sunday,21 December 1817. He says: 1 had not a dispute but a disquisition with Dilke, on various subjects; several things dovetailed in my mind, & at once it struck me, what quality went to form a Man of Achievement especially in literature & which Shakespeare possessed so
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