单位环境犯罪的经济分析
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摘要
单位是市场经济运行的主体,在社会主义市场经济发展过程中发挥着日益重要的作用。作为理性经济人,单位以追求私利的最大化为目标。在逐利的过程中,单位为节约成本获取最大利润所实施的环境犯罪行为产生了严重的环境污染和资源破坏后果。对此,我国97刑法典设专章专节集中对各种破坏环境资源保护犯罪作了系统而科学的规定。然而近年来,各地污染事件频发,资源环境及人身财产受到严重损害,刑法在应对单位环境犯罪活动上陷入了低效困境,主要体现在：环境犯罪多,移送起诉少,案件审结更少；环境破坏多,损害赔偿少,案件执行更少。面对这种局面,各地开展的“环保风暴”和“环评风暴”犹如隔靴搔痒,治标不治本。
由于环境与经济发展特有的对立统一关系,环境自身天然的非排他性和共有性,环境治理出现市场失灵。然而,受长期以经济发展为中心的发展思路和以“政府主导”和“国家行政管理权力”为核心的环境保护模式制约,环境保护工作在很大程度上陷入了“政府失灵”,为此,运用法律特别是刑法保护环境成为刑法学界研究的核心内容。但综观学界已有研究成果,缺乏以单位这一环境犯罪主体为对象的针对性研究,研究方法多局限于传统的规则分析及逻辑分析。近年来,以数学工具和重要经济概念为依据的经济分析法学为法学界的研究注入了活力。单位因其经济人性质和其环境犯罪活动的经济相关性具备了经济分析的前提条件,通过对单位环境犯罪的经济分析,可以分析其选择环境犯罪的合理性,可以探讨环境的共有性,可以分析单位环境犯罪行为的成本与收益关系,可以研究刑罚的效率实现,从而得出单位环境犯罪发生的原因。只有这样,以效率价值为目标从加强环境执法、完善环境立法、改进环境司法等方面构建单位环境犯罪预防机制才具备了合理性和可行性。
Enterprise as the principal economic part plays a more and more important role during the transition to market economy. As the homo economicus, enterprise runs with pursuit of maximum private interests. At the same time, the results of environment pollution and resource damage become badly serious than before with their environmental crimes. Therefore, Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China which revised at the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 14,1997, with a specialized chapter to regulate various resource and environmental crimes. However, the serious environmental pollution incidents appeared frequently in recent years, personal health and property are damaged seriously by their criminal activities, but the criminal behaviors can't prevent and control effectively by our criminal law. Most of environmental crime cases are accused rarely; even the sentenced cases are enforced much less. The storms of environmental protection and environmental impact assessment just effect as temporary measure instead of permanent cure.
Because of the paradoxical relationship between economic development and environmental protection, the environment and its natural non-exclusive & common characteristics, the'market failure' occurred on environment protection. Simultaneously, constrained by the centre for economic development in the long term and the model of environment protection with the governmental administrative power, the'government failure' had happened. Therefore, protecting environment by law especially criminal law becomes the focus of society attention. But after review the current research results of environment crime, we know that the current research lack of specific research for enterprise environment crimes, and research methods are confined to traditional rules analysis and logic analysis. In recent years, economic analysis method with mathematical tools and important economic conception infused fresh blood for law research. Enterprise as homo economicus and the economic correlation of its activities, it offered basic precondition for economic analysis. Through economic analysis of enterprise environmental crime, we can analyze their reasonable choice of crime, the common nature of environment, the costs and benefits relationship of enterprise environment crime, the efficiency of criminal penalty, and finally conclude the causes of enterprise environment crime. Thus, it is reasonable and feasible to build the prevent mechanism of enterprise environmental crime through strengthen the enforcement of environment law, integrate the legislation of environment law and improve the justice of environment law.
由于环境与经济发展特有的对立统一关系,环境自身天然的非排他性和共有性,环境治理出现市场失灵。然而,受长期以经济发展为中心的发展思路和以“政府主导”和“国家行政管理权力”为核心的环境保护模式制约,环境保护工作在很大程度上陷入了“政府失灵”,为此,运用法律特别是刑法保护环境成为刑法学界研究的核心内容。但综观学界已有研究成果,缺乏以单位这一环境犯罪主体为对象的针对性研究,研究方法多局限于传统的规则分析及逻辑分析。近年来,以数学工具和重要经济概念为依据的经济分析法学为法学界的研究注入了活力。单位因其经济人性质和其环境犯罪活动的经济相关性具备了经济分析的前提条件,通过对单位环境犯罪的经济分析,可以分析其选择环境犯罪的合理性,可以探讨环境的共有性,可以分析单位环境犯罪行为的成本与收益关系,可以研究刑罚的效率实现,从而得出单位环境犯罪发生的原因。只有这样,以效率价值为目标从加强环境执法、完善环境立法、改进环境司法等方面构建单位环境犯罪预防机制才具备了合理性和可行性。
Enterprise as the principal economic part plays a more and more important role during the transition to market economy. As the homo economicus, enterprise runs with pursuit of maximum private interests. At the same time, the results of environment pollution and resource damage become badly serious than before with their environmental crimes. Therefore, Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China which revised at the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 14,1997, with a specialized chapter to regulate various resource and environmental crimes. However, the serious environmental pollution incidents appeared frequently in recent years, personal health and property are damaged seriously by their criminal activities, but the criminal behaviors can't prevent and control effectively by our criminal law. Most of environmental crime cases are accused rarely; even the sentenced cases are enforced much less. The storms of environmental protection and environmental impact assessment just effect as temporary measure instead of permanent cure.
Because of the paradoxical relationship between economic development and environmental protection, the environment and its natural non-exclusive & common characteristics, the'market failure' occurred on environment protection. Simultaneously, constrained by the centre for economic development in the long term and the model of environment protection with the governmental administrative power, the'government failure' had happened. Therefore, protecting environment by law especially criminal law becomes the focus of society attention. But after review the current research results of environment crime, we know that the current research lack of specific research for enterprise environment crimes, and research methods are confined to traditional rules analysis and logic analysis. In recent years, economic analysis method with mathematical tools and important economic conception infused fresh blood for law research. Enterprise as homo economicus and the economic correlation of its activities, it offered basic precondition for economic analysis. Through economic analysis of enterprise environmental crime, we can analyze their reasonable choice of crime, the common nature of environment, the costs and benefits relationship of enterprise environment crime, the efficiency of criminal penalty, and finally conclude the causes of enterprise environment crime. Thus, it is reasonable and feasible to build the prevent mechanism of enterprise environmental crime through strengthen the enforcement of environment law, integrate the legislation of environment law and improve the justice of environment law.
引文
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[19]吴英.单位犯罪研究[D].兰州：兰州大学研究生处,2002.7-8.
[20]邓文莉.环境犯罪的成因及其控制对策的经济分析[J].法学评论(双月刊),2007,(6)：110-]15.
[21]蒋兰香.环境刑法[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004.84.
[22]钱弘道.经济分析法学[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.143
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[25]高铭暄,马克昌.刑法学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2005.61.
[26]王威,王伟.侵犯环境犯罪研究[M].天津：天津人民出版社,2003.3-4.
[27]陈泉生.环境法学基本理论[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2004.5.
[28]沈满洪.论环境问题的制度根源[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版).2000,06(3)：57-65.
[29]黄少安.产权经济学导论[M].济南：山东人民出版社,1995.68.
[30]Erling Eide,2000:Economics of Criminal Behavior, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Vol.I,360.
[31]Becker, G. S,1968:"Crime and Punishment:An Economic Approach", Journal of Political Economy, Vol.76, p.169-217.
[32]Brown, W. W. and Reynolds, M.0.,1973:Crime and Punishment:Risk Plication, Journal of Economic Theory, Vol.6, p.508-514.
[33]Erling Eide,2000:Economics of Criminal Behavior, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Vol. I,368.
[34]黄冀军.法人环境犯罪浅析[N].中国环境报,199704-05.
[35]王清坤.犯罪经济学初探[J].江西公安专科学校学报,1999,(3)：18-20
[36]曲振涛,杨恺钧,法经济学教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.169
[37][英]边沁.立法理论-刑法典原理[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,1993.68
[38]沈宗灵.法理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001.320.
[39]陈赛.对环境犯罪对策的经济分析[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000,11(4)：10-13.
[40]钱弘道.经济分析法学[M].北京：法律出版社,2003.476.
[41]曹飞,潘艳平.环境违法犯罪的法经济学分析[J].环境科学与技术,2007,04(4)：61-66.
[42]张明楷.行政刑法辨析[J].中国社会科学.1995,(3)：96-97.
[43]许宗力.行政法对民刑法的规范效应[A].见：行政法实务与理论(一)[C].台湾：元照图书出版公司,2003,40-41.
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