现代多功能农业的价值及其评估研究
摘要
多功能农业作为一种农业发展理念,反映了现代农业发展的客观实际,现已成为各国制定农业政策的重要依据。现代农业不仅具有经济功能,亦有关乎其持续发展的生态功能、社会功能、能源功能、旅游休闲功能与文化功能,与之相应地具有经济、生态、社会、能源、旅游休闲与文化价值。目前农业价值被严重低估,加强对现代多功能农业价值问题的研究可以彰显农业的重要地位和为农业摆脱弱质低效开辟现实途径。
本研究的主要目的在于构建现代多功能农业价值评估的方法体系与指标体系,并利用它为区域多功能农业价值的定量评估提供基本分析工具与框架；本研究所要阐明的基本观点是：农业价值被严重低估的根源在于没有全面考虑到或有效评估出除农业经济功能价值外的其它功能价值；本研究的贡献主要表现在：试图对难以市场化的多功能农业价值进行了评估。
本研究从三大部分展开全文逻辑架构：首先,本研究界定了现代多功能农业价值的内涵,它包括可用货币直接度量(直接价值)和较难用货币度量的价值(间接价值),并从哲学、效用与劳动价值论三元视角对农业价值进行了阐释与评价。然而,目前一些国家利用多功能农业巨大的潜在价值和正外部性加大对农业的补贴与保护,引发了对多功能价值的政策论争,焦点在于其到底是提供社会正外部性还是为农业贸易保护寻求理论依据,通过论争,现代多功能农业理念与政策在逐渐被接受,其价值在争论中不断提升。
其次,研究了多功能农业价值评估的方法体系与指标体系。难以市场化的农业价值评估是一个重大的时代课题,为此,这部分先对用来评估农业价值的直接市场评估法、揭示偏好法和陈述偏好法等进行了分析与评价；构建合理指标体系是科学评估农业价值的前提,经与专家研讨后,从6个准则层、22个指标层和近百个要素层设计了评估指标体系的框架,并运用层次分析法对指标层的权重进行了单排序和层次总排序,结果显示生态价值最大,经济价值其次,而农业的旅游休闲及文化价值的权重相对较少,这为农业价值的定量评估提供了参考。
最后,对湖南农业六大功能进行了定量评估,得出2009年湖南农业总价值高达13 480亿元,略高于湖南当年GDP,其中农业生态功能价值最大,为人类提供了巨大间接价值,经济功能价值其次,实证评估结果与层次分析法得出的指标权重具有一致性；现代农业价值被严重低估,其根源在于没有全面考虑到或有效评估出多功能农业的价值。本研究还得出：农业经济功能中的产品贡献价值最大,外汇贡献价值已日渐式微；农业生态功能林地生态价值最大,正外部性最强,而农田生态具有负外部性；农业具有巨大的社会保障价值；林木、畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆蕴含巨大的生物质能源。
Multifunctional Agriculture, as a concept in agriculture development, reflects the reality of modern agriculture's development, and it becomes one of the fundamental basis of establishing an agriculture policy for each country. Modern agriculture is not only an economic function, but it also has ecological, cultural, energy, tourism function, corresponding to an economic value, ecological value, social value, energy value, tourism value and cultural value. Currently, agriculture's value is seriously underestimated, therefore the study of multifunctional agriculture value can highlight the important role of agriculture, and open up a realistic way to get rid of weak inefficient agriculture.
The goal of this paper is to construct a method system and an index system of modern multi-function agriculture's value evaluation, and use it to provide basic analytical tools and a framework for quantitative assessment of multifunctional agriculture's value; The basic point is:the reason why agriculture's value is being underestimated badly is agriculture is not considered thoroughly or evaluated effectively for all functions except for its economic function; The basic contribution is: this paper evaluated multifunctional agriculture value which is hard to market.
This paper will be discussed from three aspects. First of all, this study defines the concept of modern multi-function agricultural value and it includes direct measures (direct value) and the difficulty of the quantity value (indirect value). This paper explains and evaluates the value of agriculture from philosophy, utility and labor value theory. At present, however, some countries increase agricultural subsidies and protection by using the potential value of multi-functional agriculture and positive externalities. They triggered controversy on the value of multifunctional agriculture. The key of the argument is about whether the multi-function agriculture provided a positive externality for society or seeked a theoretical basis for agricultural trade protection. Through the debate, the concept and policy of modern multifunctional agriculture is gradually being accepted and its value has been increasing.
Secondly, this paper studies the method system and index system of value evaluation on multi-functional agriculture. Evaluation of agricultural value which is bard to market is a major project of the time. For this reason, we analyze and evaluate the direct market evaluation method, revealed preference method and stated preference method. Constructing the rational index system is the premise of evaluating the agriculture's value more scientifically. After the discussion with the experts, this paper designed the framework of evaluation index from six criteria layer, 22 indexes layer and nearly elements layer, and we gain the weight of single order and the hierarchy total sorting of index layer by AHP. The results show that the ecological value is the biggest, the economic value is next, and the agriculture's of tourism leisure and cultural value is less. This provides the reference for the quantitative evaluation of agricultural value.
At last, this paper evaluated the six functions of agriculture in Hunan. In 2009, it shows that agricultural total value is 1.348 trillion yuan, slightly higher than in GDP in Hunan. Agricultural ecological function value is the largest, providing a huge indirect value for Hunan. The economic function value is next, the empirical assessment results and analytic hierarchy process that the index weight has consistency. The reason why agricultural value is being underestimated badly is not considered thoroughly or evaluated effectively for the value of multi-function agriculture. The study also concludes that the product value is the biggest contribution and foreign exchange's contribution value is fading in the economic function of agriculture; Forest's ecological value is the biggest because of the strongest positive externality, and farmland's ecological system has a negative externality in ecological function of agriculture; Agriculture has great social security value; Forest, poultry and animal feces and crops straw contains huge biomass energy sources.
本研究的主要目的在于构建现代多功能农业价值评估的方法体系与指标体系,并利用它为区域多功能农业价值的定量评估提供基本分析工具与框架；本研究所要阐明的基本观点是：农业价值被严重低估的根源在于没有全面考虑到或有效评估出除农业经济功能价值外的其它功能价值；本研究的贡献主要表现在：试图对难以市场化的多功能农业价值进行了评估。
本研究从三大部分展开全文逻辑架构：首先,本研究界定了现代多功能农业价值的内涵,它包括可用货币直接度量(直接价值)和较难用货币度量的价值(间接价值),并从哲学、效用与劳动价值论三元视角对农业价值进行了阐释与评价。然而,目前一些国家利用多功能农业巨大的潜在价值和正外部性加大对农业的补贴与保护,引发了对多功能价值的政策论争,焦点在于其到底是提供社会正外部性还是为农业贸易保护寻求理论依据,通过论争,现代多功能农业理念与政策在逐渐被接受,其价值在争论中不断提升。
其次,研究了多功能农业价值评估的方法体系与指标体系。难以市场化的农业价值评估是一个重大的时代课题,为此,这部分先对用来评估农业价值的直接市场评估法、揭示偏好法和陈述偏好法等进行了分析与评价；构建合理指标体系是科学评估农业价值的前提,经与专家研讨后,从6个准则层、22个指标层和近百个要素层设计了评估指标体系的框架,并运用层次分析法对指标层的权重进行了单排序和层次总排序,结果显示生态价值最大,经济价值其次,而农业的旅游休闲及文化价值的权重相对较少,这为农业价值的定量评估提供了参考。
最后,对湖南农业六大功能进行了定量评估,得出2009年湖南农业总价值高达13 480亿元,略高于湖南当年GDP,其中农业生态功能价值最大,为人类提供了巨大间接价值,经济功能价值其次,实证评估结果与层次分析法得出的指标权重具有一致性；现代农业价值被严重低估,其根源在于没有全面考虑到或有效评估出多功能农业的价值。本研究还得出：农业经济功能中的产品贡献价值最大,外汇贡献价值已日渐式微；农业生态功能林地生态价值最大,正外部性最强,而农田生态具有负外部性；农业具有巨大的社会保障价值；林木、畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆蕴含巨大的生物质能源。
Multifunctional Agriculture, as a concept in agriculture development, reflects the reality of modern agriculture's development, and it becomes one of the fundamental basis of establishing an agriculture policy for each country. Modern agriculture is not only an economic function, but it also has ecological, cultural, energy, tourism function, corresponding to an economic value, ecological value, social value, energy value, tourism value and cultural value. Currently, agriculture's value is seriously underestimated, therefore the study of multifunctional agriculture value can highlight the important role of agriculture, and open up a realistic way to get rid of weak inefficient agriculture.
The goal of this paper is to construct a method system and an index system of modern multi-function agriculture's value evaluation, and use it to provide basic analytical tools and a framework for quantitative assessment of multifunctional agriculture's value; The basic point is:the reason why agriculture's value is being underestimated badly is agriculture is not considered thoroughly or evaluated effectively for all functions except for its economic function; The basic contribution is: this paper evaluated multifunctional agriculture value which is hard to market.
This paper will be discussed from three aspects. First of all, this study defines the concept of modern multi-function agricultural value and it includes direct measures (direct value) and the difficulty of the quantity value (indirect value). This paper explains and evaluates the value of agriculture from philosophy, utility and labor value theory. At present, however, some countries increase agricultural subsidies and protection by using the potential value of multi-functional agriculture and positive externalities. They triggered controversy on the value of multifunctional agriculture. The key of the argument is about whether the multi-function agriculture provided a positive externality for society or seeked a theoretical basis for agricultural trade protection. Through the debate, the concept and policy of modern multifunctional agriculture is gradually being accepted and its value has been increasing.
Secondly, this paper studies the method system and index system of value evaluation on multi-functional agriculture. Evaluation of agricultural value which is bard to market is a major project of the time. For this reason, we analyze and evaluate the direct market evaluation method, revealed preference method and stated preference method. Constructing the rational index system is the premise of evaluating the agriculture's value more scientifically. After the discussion with the experts, this paper designed the framework of evaluation index from six criteria layer, 22 indexes layer and nearly elements layer, and we gain the weight of single order and the hierarchy total sorting of index layer by AHP. The results show that the ecological value is the biggest, the economic value is next, and the agriculture's of tourism leisure and cultural value is less. This provides the reference for the quantitative evaluation of agricultural value.
At last, this paper evaluated the six functions of agriculture in Hunan. In 2009, it shows that agricultural total value is 1.348 trillion yuan, slightly higher than in GDP in Hunan. Agricultural ecological function value is the largest, providing a huge indirect value for Hunan. The economic function value is next, the empirical assessment results and analytic hierarchy process that the index weight has consistency. The reason why agricultural value is being underestimated badly is not considered thoroughly or evaluated effectively for the value of multi-function agriculture. The study also concludes that the product value is the biggest contribution and foreign exchange's contribution value is fading in the economic function of agriculture; Forest's ecological value is the biggest because of the strongest positive externality, and farmland's ecological system has a negative externality in ecological function of agriculture; Agriculture has great social security value; Forest, poultry and animal feces and crops straw contains huge biomass energy sources.
引文
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