基于LCA的技术环境影响评价研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的高速发展,科学技术给人类生活及社会发展带来极大的便利,但由此产生的一系列生态环境的负面影响也随之显现,加剧了环境污染、能源危机、资源短缺等公害问题。为了预防和消除由于技术发展而带来的不良影响,尤其是环境影响,对于技术的实施而可产生的各种环境影响的评估显得尤为重要。本文以技术的环境影响评价为切入点,即以现有的生产型技术实施过程中产生的不良的环境影响评价方法为研究对象,通过分析、评价及比较其运行操作过程中所产生的环境影响来为决策者提供依据,此外,还能够为寻求技术进步提供改进机会。
本文以生命周期评价(LCA)作为技术环境影响评价的理论依据,从技术改进和技术政策制定角度的需要,提出了基于简化的LCA的技术环境影响评价体系。该评价体系基于不同决策需求分为两种影响评价方法：技术环境影响评价LCA框架法和技术环境影响评价模糊层次分析法。本文以铅冶炼技术作为案例,分别采用以上两种方法对铅冶炼技术进行了案例研究。
以ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅、富氧顶吹炼铅以及氧气底吹炼铅三种技术为研究对象,采用技术环境影响评价模糊层次分析法的案例研究结果表明：ISP密闭鼓风炉技术的“严重”级别隶属度最大,富氧顶吹熔炼技术的“中度”隶属度最大,氧气底吹熔炼技术的“中度”隶属度最大。以ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅技术为研究对象的技术环境影响评价LCA框架法的案例研究采用Eco-indicator99为影响评价方法,应用LCA软件Gabi4的评价结果表明：ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅在三种影响评价模型下综合环境影响指数分别为：66.9315Pt (HA),63.5442Pt (EE),748.8711Pt(Ⅱ)。最后,本文通过对评价方法学以及案例研究的分析、比较,对基于不同决策需求的两种评价方法特点及应用范围等进行了探讨。
As scientific technology develops rapidly, it brings a lot convenience for human life and social development. Another aspect is that it also brings a series of negative impacts for the eco-environment, and thus aggravates the problem of environmental production, energy crisis, and resource shortage. Considering the prevention and elimination of disadvantages caused by technological development, especially the environmental impact, the variety of environmental impacts by the implementation of technology is obviously important. This article focuses on environmental impacts of technology, with the research objective to understand the disadvantageous environmental impacts during the implementation process of available production technology. It thus provides some supportive information for decision-makers by analysis, assessment and comparison, and also provides an opportunity for improving how technology progresses.
This article uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as its theoretical base for the environmental impact of technology and puts forward a technology environmental impact assessment system which is based on a streamlined LCA designed to improve the progress of technology and policy making. Based on different decision needs, this assessment system can be divided into two impact assessment methods which are the method of Streamlining within the Current LCA Framework and the method of FUZZY AHP. This article uses lead smelting technology as a case study and assesses smelting technology by the methods mentioned above.
The study which uses lead smelting of an ISP smelting furnace, oxygen top-blown smelting and oxygen bottom-blowing smelting as objectives by using the method of FUZZY AHP shows that the biggest membership grade of ISP smelting furnace is " serious," the biggest membership grade of oxygen top-blown smelting is "intermediate," the biggest membership grade of oxygen bottom-blowing smelting is "intermediate." The study which used lead smelting of an ISP smelting furnace as its objective by using the method of Streamlining within the Current LCA Framework and the impact assessment method choose Eco-indicator99. The result which was obtained by LCA software Gabi4 showed that the environmental impact indicators under three models are 66.9315Pt(HA),63.5442Pt (EE),748.8711Pt (Ⅱ).Finally, this article discusses features and the application range of two methods which are based on different decision needs by analysis, comparison of methodologies,and case studies.
本文以生命周期评价(LCA)作为技术环境影响评价的理论依据,从技术改进和技术政策制定角度的需要,提出了基于简化的LCA的技术环境影响评价体系。该评价体系基于不同决策需求分为两种影响评价方法：技术环境影响评价LCA框架法和技术环境影响评价模糊层次分析法。本文以铅冶炼技术作为案例,分别采用以上两种方法对铅冶炼技术进行了案例研究。
以ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅、富氧顶吹炼铅以及氧气底吹炼铅三种技术为研究对象,采用技术环境影响评价模糊层次分析法的案例研究结果表明：ISP密闭鼓风炉技术的“严重”级别隶属度最大,富氧顶吹熔炼技术的“中度”隶属度最大,氧气底吹熔炼技术的“中度”隶属度最大。以ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅技术为研究对象的技术环境影响评价LCA框架法的案例研究采用Eco-indicator99为影响评价方法,应用LCA软件Gabi4的评价结果表明：ISP密闭鼓风炉炼铅在三种影响评价模型下综合环境影响指数分别为：66.9315Pt (HA),63.5442Pt (EE),748.8711Pt(Ⅱ)。最后,本文通过对评价方法学以及案例研究的分析、比较,对基于不同决策需求的两种评价方法特点及应用范围等进行了探讨。
As scientific technology develops rapidly, it brings a lot convenience for human life and social development. Another aspect is that it also brings a series of negative impacts for the eco-environment, and thus aggravates the problem of environmental production, energy crisis, and resource shortage. Considering the prevention and elimination of disadvantages caused by technological development, especially the environmental impact, the variety of environmental impacts by the implementation of technology is obviously important. This article focuses on environmental impacts of technology, with the research objective to understand the disadvantageous environmental impacts during the implementation process of available production technology. It thus provides some supportive information for decision-makers by analysis, assessment and comparison, and also provides an opportunity for improving how technology progresses.
This article uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as its theoretical base for the environmental impact of technology and puts forward a technology environmental impact assessment system which is based on a streamlined LCA designed to improve the progress of technology and policy making. Based on different decision needs, this assessment system can be divided into two impact assessment methods which are the method of Streamlining within the Current LCA Framework and the method of FUZZY AHP. This article uses lead smelting technology as a case study and assesses smelting technology by the methods mentioned above.
The study which uses lead smelting of an ISP smelting furnace, oxygen top-blown smelting and oxygen bottom-blowing smelting as objectives by using the method of FUZZY AHP shows that the biggest membership grade of ISP smelting furnace is " serious," the biggest membership grade of oxygen top-blown smelting is "intermediate," the biggest membership grade of oxygen bottom-blowing smelting is "intermediate." The study which used lead smelting of an ISP smelting furnace as its objective by using the method of Streamlining within the Current LCA Framework and the impact assessment method choose Eco-indicator99. The result which was obtained by LCA software Gabi4 showed that the environmental impact indicators under three models are 66.9315Pt(HA),63.5442Pt (EE),748.8711Pt (Ⅱ).Finally, this article discusses features and the application range of two methods which are based on different decision needs by analysis, comparison of methodologies,and case studies.
引文
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