云参数法干旱遥感监测模型研究
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摘要
干旱是全球重大自然灾害之一,也是最严重的气象灾害。干旱给国家经济、社会发展以及人民生产生活带来了严重的威胁和危害。由于遥感技术具有时效性高、监测范围广、客观准确以及成本低等特点,随着卫星遥感技术的飞速发展其应用于干旱监测已成为趋势与热点。目前为止,国内外出现了基于可见光、近红外、远红外以及微波等类型的干旱遥感监测模型,虽然每种方法都有其优势,但仍存在一定的问题：(1)由可见光、红外数据发展的植被指数和地表温度类方法对地表覆盖类型具有很强的依赖性,时空适应性差；微波遥感干旱监测到目前还没有一个成熟的算法,也没有真-正建立干旱指数；(2)缺乏『正演型干旱遥感监测模型,目前的所有干旱遥感监测模型基本都属于反演型模型,即从干旱导致的各种地表现象及地物反应中获取信息建立干旱监测模型,这类模型监测效果具有滞后性；(3)缺乏以序列数据为基础的时间域和频率域干旱遥感监测方法,目前所存在的方法基本属于空间域监测方法,主要针对单幅遥感影像进行干旱监测,并没有充分发挥遥感数据高时间分辨率的优势；(4)缺乏大空间时间尺度适应性的干旱遥感监测方法,目前的干旱监测研究都是针对小区域进行的,各类方法都具有区域适应性,即需建立区域影响系数库等,实际应用价值较小,难以大面积推广应用。针对以上问题,以时序遥感数据为基础建立一种大空间时间尺度适应性的正演型干旱遥感监测方法,对于防灾减灾、国民经济和社会的可持续发展有着重要的现实意义。
本文主要研究内容和工作包括：(1)对国内外干旱遥感监测现状进行了较全面的总结,分析了该领域目前存在的问题和不足；(2)对干旱进行了详细的界定,总结了干旱的形成与特征,并结合我国干旱情况分析了干旱的影响与危害；(3)对目前存在的干旱遥感监测方法进行详细的分类,同时系统地归纳了干旱遥感监测方法,并分类别地对比分析了各种方法的优势和劣势；(4)在分析太阳辐射模型影响参数的基础上,结合遥感影像光谱信息,提取晴空亮度温度和反射率的影响因素,并具体分析各因素的影响函数,针对各因素的影响关系构建了晴空亮度温度和反射率的计算方法,同时确立其正常动态范围,以此构建自适应云检测方法,并进行了相关的实验分析和精度评定；(5)针对MODIS干旱遥感监测模型的不足,进行了云参数法干旱遥感监测模型研究,并结合实测数据进行了方法间与方法内的定量精度评定,同时针对国内近两年的较大型干旱事件进行了监测效果定性分析；(6)在对长时间序列云参数法监测结果分析的基础上,进行云参数背景值指标选择,对感兴趣区进行了云参数背景构建研究,结合实测数据进行了相关的实验分析。
本文的创新之处体现在：
(1)根据晴空地物的辐射光谱曲线,建立了晴空亮度温度及反射率计算公式,同时结合地表覆盖类型,确定了晴空亮度温度及反射率动态变化范围,提出了自适应云检测方法；
(2)针对MODIS干旱遥感监测模型的不足,建立了连续模型,并对云参数进行时间、空间尺度修『正,构建了云参数干旱遥感监测模型,实验及业务证明该模型能够有效的进行干旱遥感监测；
(3)在对长时间序列云参数法监测结果进行分析的基础上,分析了该模型在中国地区的监测效果,通过指标选择,提出了基于序列监测结果的云参数背景场构建方法,实验证明云参数背景场构建有利于提高模型的监测精度。
通过本文的研究,可以得到以下结论：
(1)干旱的危害与国民生产生活、社会经济发展、国家粮食安全乃至国家政局稳定都有直接的关系,因此利用高科技技术进行干旱防灾减灾是和谐社会的重要组成部分；相比传统基于地面观测气象干旱监测方法,基于遥感技术的干旱监测研究具有不可比拟的优势；
(2)云参数干旱遥感监测模型的核心是三个云参数,因此云检测的精度直接影响着干旱监测结果的好坏。鉴于研究区域较大、持续时间较长,传统的固定阈值云检测方法难以满足精度要求,本文构建的自适应云检测方法分析了晴空亮度温度及反射率的变化规律,依据云在遥感影像中高反射率、低亮度温度的特性进行自适应云检测,实验结果表明该方法检测效果较好,可以作为云参数干旱遥感监测模型的信息源；
(3)干旱是一个持续的过程,成灾范围一般呈片状,且干旱的发生不受时间和空间的限制。因此,实现大空间、长时间的干旱遥感监测一直是干旱监测领域的一个难点。本文针对这些问题建立的云参数法干旱遥感监测模型,是通过分析云与干旱的相关关系,构建相互独立的三个云参数,并从时间和空间尺度上进行了修正,提高了模型在空间、时间尺度上的适应性,同时利用具有高时间分辨率的国产静止气象卫星FY-2系列数据作为实验数据,实验结果表明该模型可以获取较高的干旱监测精度；
(4)通过分析多年的干旱监测结果发现部分地区为监测盲区,为此本文结合多年监测结果和实测数据进行了云参数背景场构建研究,实验结果表明云参数背景场的构建有助于提高监测盲区的监测精度。但本文仅针对部分地区进行相关实验,云参数背景场的推广构建还有待于进一步研究。
Drought is the major natural disaster as well as one of the most severe meteorological disasters throughout the world. Aridity seriously threatens to do harm to national economic, social development and national production and life. With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, which has the characteristics of high timeliness, wide space range, objectivity, accuracy, low-cost and so on, its application to drought monitoring becomes trends and hot spots. So far, many drought monitoring models based on the visible, near infrared, far infrared and microwave remote sensing technology have been presented at home and abroad. Although each method has its advantages, some problems still exist:(1) Firstly, as the methods, using vegetation index and surface temperature, which are supported by the data of visible, infrared data, have a strong dependence on land cover type, they are poor in temporal-spatial adaptability. In addition, for drought monitoring based on microwave remote sensing, no mature algorithm is available and no drought index has been built yet. (2) Another problem is the lack of forward-based drought monitoring model using remote sensing technology. The current models are basically inversion-type ones, which have the effect of latency, because they are built by the various drought-induced land surface phenomena and natural features objects responses. (3) In addition, it is the lack of time sequence data-based drought monitoring methods in the time and frequency domain. As the methods that currently exist are basically spatial monitoring methods and mainly for drought monitoring that is based on single remote sensing images. They do not give full play to the advantages of high temporal resolution remote sensing data. (4) Finally, there is a problem of the lack of large-scale space-time adaptive method for drought monitoring based on remote sensing, as the current drought monitoring studies are conducted for small areas, various methods are deficient in regional adaptability, coefficients of regional influence need to be established. Accordingly, their value of practical application and development are limited. For the above-mentioned problems, the proposition of a large-scale space-time adaptive forward-based drought monitoring method based on time-sequence remote sensing data has an important practical significance for drought disaster prevention and mitigation, sustainable development of national economy and society. This dissertation focus on the following content and work:(1) The status of domestic and foreign remote sensing drought monitoring were comprehensively summarized, followed by the analysis for the existing problems and deficiencies in the field. (2) A detailed and exact definition of drought was presented, following on which is a summary of formation and characteristics of drought and a analysis of the impact of drought, taken the drought condition in China into consideration. (3) Existing methods of remote sensing drought monitoring were classified in detail. Then following on a systematical summary of the drought monitoring methods is a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method in sub-categories. (4) Based on the analysis of parameters which affect solar radiation model, after the factors of reflectivity and brightness temperature in clear sky been extracted, with the combination of remote sensing spectral information, the two functions affected by these factors were specifically analyzed and the clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity calculation formula with normal dynamic range was constructed in consideration of the impact of each factor. Consequently adaptive cloud detection method was built with correlate experimental analysis and accuracy evaluation. (5) Directing to the deficiency of MODIS remote sensing drought monitoring model, the research of remote sensing drought monitoring model of cloud parameter method was done intergrated with site data. In addition, the quantitative accuracy assessment was conducted among and within the methods, following on which was a qualitative analysis of monitoring results of nearly two-year comparative large domestic drought events. (6) Relying on the analysis of the monitoring results of cloud parameters method in the long time series and the selection of the indicators for background values of cloud parameter, the research on the construction of the ambient field of cloud parameters in monitoring blind area was done and related expereiments were conducted combined with the site data.
This dissertation made innovations in the following there aspects:
(1)Accorded to the radiation spectrum curve of surface features under clear sky, a clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity formulas were established and the dynamic range of the clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity was proposed with the consideration of land cover types. Accordingly, an adaptive method of cloud detection was presented.
(2) Aiming at the deficiency of MODIS remote sensing drought monitoring model, a successive model was constructed, which was modified in time and space scales to build cloud parameters drought monitoring model that was effectively varified by the
experiments and practical operation in remote sensing drought monitoring.
(3) Based on the analysis of monitoring results of cloud parameters model in long
time series, the method of establishment of ambient field of cloud parameters, using a
selected indictor, was promoted in the interesting area which extracted from this
model in China area. The experimental results demonstrate that the construction of
background field for cloud parameters contributed to improve monitoring accuracy in
monitoring blind area.
According to the research of this dissertation, conclusions could be derived as
follows:
(1) There is a direct relationship between the damage of drought and the conditions
such as national produce and life activity, social economic development, national food
security and even national political stability, so drought disaster prevention and
mitigation using high technology is an indispensable component of a harmonious
society. Compared to traditional ground-based observation of the meteorological
drought monitoring method, drought monitoring based on remote sensing technology
has unparalleled advantages.
(2) The results of cloud detection directly affects the accuracy of fruits from drought
monitoring of cloud parameter model whose core is three cloud parameters. As for the
large study area and long duration, the traditional cloud detection methods with fixed
threshold could hardly meet the accuracy requirements. Howerver, an adaptive
method of cloud detection included the analysis of the variation of brightness
temperature and reflectance under clear sky and the consideration of clouds'
characteristics of high reflectivity and low brightness temperature. And related
experiment results demonstrated that this method was better, so that it could serve as a
source of information for the cloud parameters drought monitoring model.
(3) Drought, as a continuous process, whose occurrence is free from time and space
constraints and whose general scope is flaky, is diffucult to be monitored using remote
sensing technology in a large-space and long-running scale. In this paper, aiming at
these problems, remote sensing drought monitoring model based on cloud parameter
was built by analyzing the correlation between clouds and drought, structuring the
three cloud parameters which are independent of each other and modifying the model
from time and space scales to enhance its adaptability in time and spatial scales. The
results of experiment which based on FY-2 series of data, high time resolution of the
domestic geostationary meteorological satellite, showed that this model could get
comparative high precision in drought monitoring.
(4) For the interseting area that abtained from the analysis of years of drought
monitoring of cloud parameter model in some region, the studies on the construction
of ambient field of cloud parameters were done combined with real data and the fruits
of years of drought monitoring. The experimental results demonstrated that the
construction of background field for cloud parameters contributed to improve
monitoring accuracy in monitoring blind area. However, in this paper, related
experiments were only carried out in subregion, so that the promotion of background
cloud parameters remains to be further studied.
Keywords:drought monitoring, FY-2C/D/E, dynamic threshold, cloud detecting,
cloud parameter, temporal and spatial modification, background field
本文主要研究内容和工作包括：(1)对国内外干旱遥感监测现状进行了较全面的总结,分析了该领域目前存在的问题和不足；(2)对干旱进行了详细的界定,总结了干旱的形成与特征,并结合我国干旱情况分析了干旱的影响与危害；(3)对目前存在的干旱遥感监测方法进行详细的分类,同时系统地归纳了干旱遥感监测方法,并分类别地对比分析了各种方法的优势和劣势；(4)在分析太阳辐射模型影响参数的基础上,结合遥感影像光谱信息,提取晴空亮度温度和反射率的影响因素,并具体分析各因素的影响函数,针对各因素的影响关系构建了晴空亮度温度和反射率的计算方法,同时确立其正常动态范围,以此构建自适应云检测方法,并进行了相关的实验分析和精度评定；(5)针对MODIS干旱遥感监测模型的不足,进行了云参数法干旱遥感监测模型研究,并结合实测数据进行了方法间与方法内的定量精度评定,同时针对国内近两年的较大型干旱事件进行了监测效果定性分析；(6)在对长时间序列云参数法监测结果分析的基础上,进行云参数背景值指标选择,对感兴趣区进行了云参数背景构建研究,结合实测数据进行了相关的实验分析。
本文的创新之处体现在：
(1)根据晴空地物的辐射光谱曲线,建立了晴空亮度温度及反射率计算公式,同时结合地表覆盖类型,确定了晴空亮度温度及反射率动态变化范围,提出了自适应云检测方法；
(2)针对MODIS干旱遥感监测模型的不足,建立了连续模型,并对云参数进行时间、空间尺度修『正,构建了云参数干旱遥感监测模型,实验及业务证明该模型能够有效的进行干旱遥感监测；
(3)在对长时间序列云参数法监测结果进行分析的基础上,分析了该模型在中国地区的监测效果,通过指标选择,提出了基于序列监测结果的云参数背景场构建方法,实验证明云参数背景场构建有利于提高模型的监测精度。
通过本文的研究,可以得到以下结论：
(1)干旱的危害与国民生产生活、社会经济发展、国家粮食安全乃至国家政局稳定都有直接的关系,因此利用高科技技术进行干旱防灾减灾是和谐社会的重要组成部分；相比传统基于地面观测气象干旱监测方法,基于遥感技术的干旱监测研究具有不可比拟的优势；
(2)云参数干旱遥感监测模型的核心是三个云参数,因此云检测的精度直接影响着干旱监测结果的好坏。鉴于研究区域较大、持续时间较长,传统的固定阈值云检测方法难以满足精度要求,本文构建的自适应云检测方法分析了晴空亮度温度及反射率的变化规律,依据云在遥感影像中高反射率、低亮度温度的特性进行自适应云检测,实验结果表明该方法检测效果较好,可以作为云参数干旱遥感监测模型的信息源；
(3)干旱是一个持续的过程,成灾范围一般呈片状,且干旱的发生不受时间和空间的限制。因此,实现大空间、长时间的干旱遥感监测一直是干旱监测领域的一个难点。本文针对这些问题建立的云参数法干旱遥感监测模型,是通过分析云与干旱的相关关系,构建相互独立的三个云参数,并从时间和空间尺度上进行了修正,提高了模型在空间、时间尺度上的适应性,同时利用具有高时间分辨率的国产静止气象卫星FY-2系列数据作为实验数据,实验结果表明该模型可以获取较高的干旱监测精度；
(4)通过分析多年的干旱监测结果发现部分地区为监测盲区,为此本文结合多年监测结果和实测数据进行了云参数背景场构建研究,实验结果表明云参数背景场的构建有助于提高监测盲区的监测精度。但本文仅针对部分地区进行相关实验,云参数背景场的推广构建还有待于进一步研究。
Drought is the major natural disaster as well as one of the most severe meteorological disasters throughout the world. Aridity seriously threatens to do harm to national economic, social development and national production and life. With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, which has the characteristics of high timeliness, wide space range, objectivity, accuracy, low-cost and so on, its application to drought monitoring becomes trends and hot spots. So far, many drought monitoring models based on the visible, near infrared, far infrared and microwave remote sensing technology have been presented at home and abroad. Although each method has its advantages, some problems still exist:(1) Firstly, as the methods, using vegetation index and surface temperature, which are supported by the data of visible, infrared data, have a strong dependence on land cover type, they are poor in temporal-spatial adaptability. In addition, for drought monitoring based on microwave remote sensing, no mature algorithm is available and no drought index has been built yet. (2) Another problem is the lack of forward-based drought monitoring model using remote sensing technology. The current models are basically inversion-type ones, which have the effect of latency, because they are built by the various drought-induced land surface phenomena and natural features objects responses. (3) In addition, it is the lack of time sequence data-based drought monitoring methods in the time and frequency domain. As the methods that currently exist are basically spatial monitoring methods and mainly for drought monitoring that is based on single remote sensing images. They do not give full play to the advantages of high temporal resolution remote sensing data. (4) Finally, there is a problem of the lack of large-scale space-time adaptive method for drought monitoring based on remote sensing, as the current drought monitoring studies are conducted for small areas, various methods are deficient in regional adaptability, coefficients of regional influence need to be established. Accordingly, their value of practical application and development are limited. For the above-mentioned problems, the proposition of a large-scale space-time adaptive forward-based drought monitoring method based on time-sequence remote sensing data has an important practical significance for drought disaster prevention and mitigation, sustainable development of national economy and society. This dissertation focus on the following content and work:(1) The status of domestic and foreign remote sensing drought monitoring were comprehensively summarized, followed by the analysis for the existing problems and deficiencies in the field. (2) A detailed and exact definition of drought was presented, following on which is a summary of formation and characteristics of drought and a analysis of the impact of drought, taken the drought condition in China into consideration. (3) Existing methods of remote sensing drought monitoring were classified in detail. Then following on a systematical summary of the drought monitoring methods is a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method in sub-categories. (4) Based on the analysis of parameters which affect solar radiation model, after the factors of reflectivity and brightness temperature in clear sky been extracted, with the combination of remote sensing spectral information, the two functions affected by these factors were specifically analyzed and the clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity calculation formula with normal dynamic range was constructed in consideration of the impact of each factor. Consequently adaptive cloud detection method was built with correlate experimental analysis and accuracy evaluation. (5) Directing to the deficiency of MODIS remote sensing drought monitoring model, the research of remote sensing drought monitoring model of cloud parameter method was done intergrated with site data. In addition, the quantitative accuracy assessment was conducted among and within the methods, following on which was a qualitative analysis of monitoring results of nearly two-year comparative large domestic drought events. (6) Relying on the analysis of the monitoring results of cloud parameters method in the long time series and the selection of the indicators for background values of cloud parameter, the research on the construction of the ambient field of cloud parameters in monitoring blind area was done and related expereiments were conducted combined with the site data.
This dissertation made innovations in the following there aspects:
(1)Accorded to the radiation spectrum curve of surface features under clear sky, a clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity formulas were established and the dynamic range of the clear sky brightness temperature and reflectivity was proposed with the consideration of land cover types. Accordingly, an adaptive method of cloud detection was presented.
(2) Aiming at the deficiency of MODIS remote sensing drought monitoring model, a successive model was constructed, which was modified in time and space scales to build cloud parameters drought monitoring model that was effectively varified by the
experiments and practical operation in remote sensing drought monitoring.
(3) Based on the analysis of monitoring results of cloud parameters model in long
time series, the method of establishment of ambient field of cloud parameters, using a
selected indictor, was promoted in the interesting area which extracted from this
model in China area. The experimental results demonstrate that the construction of
background field for cloud parameters contributed to improve monitoring accuracy in
monitoring blind area.
According to the research of this dissertation, conclusions could be derived as
follows:
(1) There is a direct relationship between the damage of drought and the conditions
such as national produce and life activity, social economic development, national food
security and even national political stability, so drought disaster prevention and
mitigation using high technology is an indispensable component of a harmonious
society. Compared to traditional ground-based observation of the meteorological
drought monitoring method, drought monitoring based on remote sensing technology
has unparalleled advantages.
(2) The results of cloud detection directly affects the accuracy of fruits from drought
monitoring of cloud parameter model whose core is three cloud parameters. As for the
large study area and long duration, the traditional cloud detection methods with fixed
threshold could hardly meet the accuracy requirements. Howerver, an adaptive
method of cloud detection included the analysis of the variation of brightness
temperature and reflectance under clear sky and the consideration of clouds'
characteristics of high reflectivity and low brightness temperature. And related
experiment results demonstrated that this method was better, so that it could serve as a
source of information for the cloud parameters drought monitoring model.
(3) Drought, as a continuous process, whose occurrence is free from time and space
constraints and whose general scope is flaky, is diffucult to be monitored using remote
sensing technology in a large-space and long-running scale. In this paper, aiming at
these problems, remote sensing drought monitoring model based on cloud parameter
was built by analyzing the correlation between clouds and drought, structuring the
three cloud parameters which are independent of each other and modifying the model
from time and space scales to enhance its adaptability in time and spatial scales. The
results of experiment which based on FY-2 series of data, high time resolution of the
domestic geostationary meteorological satellite, showed that this model could get
comparative high precision in drought monitoring.
(4) For the interseting area that abtained from the analysis of years of drought
monitoring of cloud parameter model in some region, the studies on the construction
of ambient field of cloud parameters were done combined with real data and the fruits
of years of drought monitoring. The experimental results demonstrated that the
construction of background field for cloud parameters contributed to improve
monitoring accuracy in monitoring blind area. However, in this paper, related
experiments were only carried out in subregion, so that the promotion of background
cloud parameters remains to be further studied.
Keywords:drought monitoring, FY-2C/D/E, dynamic threshold, cloud detecting,
cloud parameter, temporal and spatial modification, background field
引文
Anderson L. O., Malhi Y., Aragao L. E. O. C., Ladle R., Arai E., Barbier N., Phillips O. Remote sensing detection of droughts in Amazonian forest canopies. NEW PHYTOLOGIST,2010, 187(3):733-750.
Andrews M. D., Ardanuy P. E. Ageneralized scenario for cloud detection using MODIS. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,1990,1487-1489.
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