淮南市土壤重金属污染生态研究
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摘要
本论文着重探讨重金属污染及其在植物中迁移转化的化学过程，以及重金属污染对土壤动物群落的生态影响。
(一)重金属污染及在植物中的迁移转化 通过野外调查和室内环境化学实验分析，对淮南典型煤矿、发电厂和灰场周围的重金属污染及其迁移转化进行调查与分析。结果显示：砷、铅、镉、铬、锌、铜为主要污染元素，污染严重的是灰场及发电厂，其次是煤矿的煤矸石淋溶的有害微量元素。这些污染物在土壤与植物系统中迁移转化，铅和锌在小麦的籽实富集较多，而镉和砷在根部富集较多，铅、镉和锌迁移率较大。四种颗粒物对重金属铜和锌的吸附作用的比较表明：粉煤灰吸附最多，细粉沙吸附最少；粉煤灰在pH为3时，吸附最少，在pH为6时，吸附最多。在新老煤矿的煤矸石对比研究中，老煤矿煤矸石潜在微量有害元素的长期淋溶与富集，污染较大。对土壤重金属可给态含量与小麦根富集量相关分析表明，土壤中的重金属可给态含量直接影响植物可利用性，植物种类和土壤环境因素也影响重金属元素的迁移与富集。重金属铅在玉米和小麦叶、根分布是：小麦根含量高于玉米根，玉米和小麦吸收铅主要集中于根部，而且主要分布在根部的细胞壁与残渣态(F_1)，其比例占70-92％；从重金属形态分级提取来看，主要集中在活性较低的醋酸态、盐酸态和氯化钠态。
(二)重金属污染对土壤动物群落的影响 运用生态学理论和方法对淮南煤矿和发电厂及其灰场污染地的土壤动物群落结构进行分析。结果表明，重金属污染不同程度地对土壤动物构成危害。
在土壤重金属污染8个样地(包括对照点)中，共获取土壤动物26类，隶属于4门9纲，优势类群为弹尾类、螨类和线虫类，常见类群8类，稀有类群15类。土壤动物群落的组成与数量随着污染的加重而减少，土壤动物的密度也有同样的变化趋势；在重污染的土壤中，优势类群与常见类群的种类明显减少。土壤动物距污染源的水平、纵向分布是：距污染源越近，随着污染的加重使土壤动物的种类和数量逐渐减少；土壤动物在土层的垂直分布出现了逆分布现象，使表聚性不明显或消失。重金属污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响是：随着污染的加重，多样性指数、均匀性指数、密度类群指数都有减少的趋势，优势度指数在灰场外围是先增加后减少。在群落指标的相关性中，多样性指数和均匀性指数呈密切正相关，多样性指数与优势性指数呈负相关，有机质含量与土壤动物个体数量关系不密切。通过对污染地群落相似性分析表明，Motyka和Jaccard相似系数都较大，煤矿和灰场受重金属污染影响的土壤动物群落在组成和数量上具有很大的相似性。
The present subject was aimed at dealing with the chemical process of the heavy metal pollution and its migration between soil and plant, and with the ecological effect of soil heavy metal pollution on the distribution and structure of soil animal community.
(一
)The heavy metal pollution and its migration between soil and plant A field investigation and indoor analysis were carried out to evaluate contamination of soil by heavy metals at some sites in Huainan including two typical coal mining and Luohe power plant and near its coal ash area.The results indicated that As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Zn,Cu were major polluting elements and the level of pollution around coal ash area was higher than the other sites. In soil-plant system, the content of heavy metals leached out from coal-waste rocks and coal ash was detected. It was shown that the concentration of the heavy metal elements Pb and Zn mainly accumulated in wheat seeds while Cd and As mostly in wheat roots .The rate of transportation of Zn,Cd and Pb was higher than that of other elements. The difference of the adsorption of Zn and Cu for four grains was significant. Adsorption of fine coal ash was the highest, while tiny sand was the lowest. The adsorption of fine coal ash under different pH value was most at pH 5 and was l
owest at pH 3. Compared with the newly coal-waste rocks, the old coal-waste rocks had a longer leaching and accumulating time and the content of polluting elements was higher in near soil. The content of heavy metal between exchangeable element in soil and wheat root was detected. It was proved that the content of exchangeable heavy metal directly influences the bio-availability of heavy metal. The kinds of plant and environment factors in soil also affected migration and transportation between soil and plant. The distribution of lead in roots and leaves of wheat and corn was studied by using graded centrifugation and the themical form of lead and using sequential extraction. Not only was the content of lead in wheat roots more than that in com roots and that both more than 91% lead in roots and more than 71% in leaves, but also the lead mainly was located in cell wall and residual state (Fj) ,and over 70% lead in the roots and leaves could be extracted by acetic and HC1 and NaCl.
(二) The influence of soil heavy metal pollution on the structure of soil animal community By the means of ecology, the paper made a analysis of heavy metal pollution on the structure of soil animal in Huainan. The result showed that the heavy metal contamination did harm to the soil animal. Through investigation, 26 kinds of soil animal were collected , which could be classified into 9 classes belonging to 4 phyla. The dominent group taxa of among them were Nematoda, Collembola and Acarina. The rest of 23 genera belong to common species or rare species. As pollution degree went up, the kinds and numbers of soil animals decreased. The density of soil animals also had much to do with the level of heavy metal contamination in soil. The soil animals had not an obvious character of surface aggregation in the contaminated soil, even surface aggregation was disappear. Some important indexes of community structure such as H, E, DG, C showed that the higher the pollution was, the smaller the community indexes were, b
ut C index increased in initial stage and then decreased in coal ash site. H index was positively related with the E index, but negatively with the C index. In addition, the number of individuals of soil animal community did not relate positively with the amount of organic matter. Similarity index showed that there was a high value between the coal mining sites and coal ash sites because of similarity source of heavy metal.
(一)重金属污染及在植物中的迁移转化 通过野外调查和室内环境化学实验分析，对淮南典型煤矿、发电厂和灰场周围的重金属污染及其迁移转化进行调查与分析。结果显示：砷、铅、镉、铬、锌、铜为主要污染元素，污染严重的是灰场及发电厂，其次是煤矿的煤矸石淋溶的有害微量元素。这些污染物在土壤与植物系统中迁移转化，铅和锌在小麦的籽实富集较多，而镉和砷在根部富集较多，铅、镉和锌迁移率较大。四种颗粒物对重金属铜和锌的吸附作用的比较表明：粉煤灰吸附最多，细粉沙吸附最少；粉煤灰在pH为3时，吸附最少，在pH为6时，吸附最多。在新老煤矿的煤矸石对比研究中，老煤矿煤矸石潜在微量有害元素的长期淋溶与富集，污染较大。对土壤重金属可给态含量与小麦根富集量相关分析表明，土壤中的重金属可给态含量直接影响植物可利用性，植物种类和土壤环境因素也影响重金属元素的迁移与富集。重金属铅在玉米和小麦叶、根分布是：小麦根含量高于玉米根，玉米和小麦吸收铅主要集中于根部，而且主要分布在根部的细胞壁与残渣态(F_1)，其比例占70-92％；从重金属形态分级提取来看，主要集中在活性较低的醋酸态、盐酸态和氯化钠态。
(二)重金属污染对土壤动物群落的影响 运用生态学理论和方法对淮南煤矿和发电厂及其灰场污染地的土壤动物群落结构进行分析。结果表明，重金属污染不同程度地对土壤动物构成危害。
在土壤重金属污染8个样地(包括对照点)中，共获取土壤动物26类，隶属于4门9纲，优势类群为弹尾类、螨类和线虫类，常见类群8类，稀有类群15类。土壤动物群落的组成与数量随着污染的加重而减少，土壤动物的密度也有同样的变化趋势；在重污染的土壤中，优势类群与常见类群的种类明显减少。土壤动物距污染源的水平、纵向分布是：距污染源越近，随着污染的加重使土壤动物的种类和数量逐渐减少；土壤动物在土层的垂直分布出现了逆分布现象，使表聚性不明显或消失。重金属污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响是：随着污染的加重，多样性指数、均匀性指数、密度类群指数都有减少的趋势，优势度指数在灰场外围是先增加后减少。在群落指标的相关性中，多样性指数和均匀性指数呈密切正相关，多样性指数与优势性指数呈负相关，有机质含量与土壤动物个体数量关系不密切。通过对污染地群落相似性分析表明，Motyka和Jaccard相似系数都较大，煤矿和灰场受重金属污染影响的土壤动物群落在组成和数量上具有很大的相似性。
The present subject was aimed at dealing with the chemical process of the heavy metal pollution and its migration between soil and plant, and with the ecological effect of soil heavy metal pollution on the distribution and structure of soil animal community.
(一
)The heavy metal pollution and its migration between soil and plant A field investigation and indoor analysis were carried out to evaluate contamination of soil by heavy metals at some sites in Huainan including two typical coal mining and Luohe power plant and near its coal ash area.The results indicated that As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Zn,Cu were major polluting elements and the level of pollution around coal ash area was higher than the other sites. In soil-plant system, the content of heavy metals leached out from coal-waste rocks and coal ash was detected. It was shown that the concentration of the heavy metal elements Pb and Zn mainly accumulated in wheat seeds while Cd and As mostly in wheat roots .The rate of transportation of Zn,Cd and Pb was higher than that of other elements. The difference of the adsorption of Zn and Cu for four grains was significant. Adsorption of fine coal ash was the highest, while tiny sand was the lowest. The adsorption of fine coal ash under different pH value was most at pH 5 and was l
owest at pH 3. Compared with the newly coal-waste rocks, the old coal-waste rocks had a longer leaching and accumulating time and the content of polluting elements was higher in near soil. The content of heavy metal between exchangeable element in soil and wheat root was detected. It was proved that the content of exchangeable heavy metal directly influences the bio-availability of heavy metal. The kinds of plant and environment factors in soil also affected migration and transportation between soil and plant. The distribution of lead in roots and leaves of wheat and corn was studied by using graded centrifugation and the themical form of lead and using sequential extraction. Not only was the content of lead in wheat roots more than that in com roots and that both more than 91% lead in roots and more than 71% in leaves, but also the lead mainly was located in cell wall and residual state (Fj) ,and over 70% lead in the roots and leaves could be extracted by acetic and HC1 and NaCl.
(二) The influence of soil heavy metal pollution on the structure of soil animal community By the means of ecology, the paper made a analysis of heavy metal pollution on the structure of soil animal in Huainan. The result showed that the heavy metal contamination did harm to the soil animal. Through investigation, 26 kinds of soil animal were collected , which could be classified into 9 classes belonging to 4 phyla. The dominent group taxa of among them were Nematoda, Collembola and Acarina. The rest of 23 genera belong to common species or rare species. As pollution degree went up, the kinds and numbers of soil animals decreased. The density of soil animals also had much to do with the level of heavy metal contamination in soil. The soil animals had not an obvious character of surface aggregation in the contaminated soil, even surface aggregation was disappear. Some important indexes of community structure such as H, E, DG, C showed that the higher the pollution was, the smaller the community indexes were, b
ut C index increased in initial stage and then decreased in coal ash site. H index was positively related with the E index, but negatively with the C index. In addition, the number of individuals of soil animal community did not relate positively with the amount of organic matter. Similarity index showed that there was a high value between the coal mining sites and coal ash sites because of similarity source of heavy metal.
引文
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