弥合裂痕
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摘要
信息技术给学校教育带来的影响是不可估量的。它不仅使教育在技术层面上发生教育手段的变革,也使教育在制度层面上处于一种震荡和波动的状态。在信息技术发展对学校提出变革要求的同时,由于学校自身的特殊性,对信息技术的吸收也产生一定“张力”,因此出现教育领域内信息技术应用的困境。
本文以学校这个教育领域中的中观层次为研究对象,以学校组织对信息技术吸收应用的过程为切入点,通过大量文献分析和适当的质性研究,对信息技术在学校教育中应用的过去与现状进行了初步的探讨。指出信息技术在学校教育中的应用困境是由学校中存在的信息技术吸收裂痕造成。
本文认为学校对信息技术的吸收过程可以划分为采纳和应用两个阶段,并可以进一步细分为启动、购买、调适、接受、惯例化和内化六个层次。由于两阶段各层次中受到的推动力和阻碍力的不同,从而造成信息技术吸收裂痕的产生。
在此基础上,本文对学校内外影响信息技术有效吸收的各因素进行了深入分析,有针对性地提出解决问题的建议。并指出信息技术吸收裂痕的存在是暂时的,我们应该充分认识学校组织中存在的信息技术采纳和应用的现实问题,加快弥合裂痕,从而实现信息技术在学校教育中的价值。
Information technology has bringing important influences for school education. It not only causes changes of educational technology methods, but also makes educational system imbalance. While information technology requests changes of school, school also brings counteractive for assimilation of information technology. Then, the educational use of information technology faces a difficult dilemma.
The dissertation takes school as research object, adopts the information technology assimilation process as research perspective, and uses literature analysis method and other qualitative research methods. Then discusses the past and present of the educational use of information technology, points out that assimilation gap causes the dilemma of the applying information technology in school.
The dissertation proposals that the information technology assimilation process can divided into two stages: adoption and use, and includes six levels: initiation, purchase, adaptation, acceptance, routinization and infusion. Different stages or levels suffering different driving forces and restraining forces. This causes the information technology assimilation gap.
Then, the dissertation analyses the factors that influence the information technology assimilation in school, advocates some advices for breaking through the dilemma. Then points out that the existence of information technology assimilation gap is temporary, we should address the problems, bridges the gap, achieves the maximal value of information technology in school.
本文以学校这个教育领域中的中观层次为研究对象,以学校组织对信息技术吸收应用的过程为切入点,通过大量文献分析和适当的质性研究,对信息技术在学校教育中应用的过去与现状进行了初步的探讨。指出信息技术在学校教育中的应用困境是由学校中存在的信息技术吸收裂痕造成。
本文认为学校对信息技术的吸收过程可以划分为采纳和应用两个阶段,并可以进一步细分为启动、购买、调适、接受、惯例化和内化六个层次。由于两阶段各层次中受到的推动力和阻碍力的不同,从而造成信息技术吸收裂痕的产生。
在此基础上,本文对学校内外影响信息技术有效吸收的各因素进行了深入分析,有针对性地提出解决问题的建议。并指出信息技术吸收裂痕的存在是暂时的,我们应该充分认识学校组织中存在的信息技术采纳和应用的现实问题,加快弥合裂痕,从而实现信息技术在学校教育中的价值。
Information technology has bringing important influences for school education. It not only causes changes of educational technology methods, but also makes educational system imbalance. While information technology requests changes of school, school also brings counteractive for assimilation of information technology. Then, the educational use of information technology faces a difficult dilemma.
The dissertation takes school as research object, adopts the information technology assimilation process as research perspective, and uses literature analysis method and other qualitative research methods. Then discusses the past and present of the educational use of information technology, points out that assimilation gap causes the dilemma of the applying information technology in school.
The dissertation proposals that the information technology assimilation process can divided into two stages: adoption and use, and includes six levels: initiation, purchase, adaptation, acceptance, routinization and infusion. Different stages or levels suffering different driving forces and restraining forces. This causes the information technology assimilation gap.
Then, the dissertation analyses the factors that influence the information technology assimilation in school, advocates some advices for breaking through the dilemma. Then points out that the existence of information technology assimilation gap is temporary, we should address the problems, bridges the gap, achieves the maximal value of information technology in school.
引文
1 李文光,杨开城.信息技术环境下的现代教育技术观念[J].中国电化教育,2001(2):9-12.
2 祝智庭.信息技术改变教育[J].教育与职业,2006(7):104-106.
3 李克东.数字化学习--信息技术与课程整合的核心[J].电化教育研究,2001(9):18-22.
4 何克抗.信息技术与课程整合的目标与意义[J].教育研究,2002(4):39-43.
5 Papert,S.Technology Works Enterprises Proposal[DB/OL].http://www.papert.org/works.html,2008-2-4.
6 Cuban,L.Computers Meet Classroom:Classroom Wins[J].Teachers College Record,1993,95(2):185-210.
7 转引咎胡晓.新技术如何加盟教育?[J].科学咨询,2003(10):13-15.
8 Pflaum,D.W.The Technology Fix:The Promise and Reality of Computers in Our Schools[M].Alexandria,VA:Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,2004.
9 Cooper,R.B.& Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:A Technological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
10 McFarlan,F.W.& McKenncy,J.L.The Information Archipelago-Gaps and Bridges[J].Harvard Business Review,1982,60(5):109-119.
11 Meyer,A.D.& Goes,J.B.Organizational Assimilation of Innovations:A Multilevel Contextual Analysis[J].Academy of Management Journal,1988,31(4):897-923.
12 Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations |M].New York:The Free Press,1983:35-36.
13[美]加涅主编,张杰夫译.教育技术学基础[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1992,14.
14 祝智庭.现代教育技术[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002,56
15 Bennahum,D.S.School's out ? A Conservation with Seymour Papert[DB/OL].http://memex.org/meme2-13.html,2008-1-14.
16 转引自朱广艳.信息技术与课程融合热的冷思考--访美国密西根州立大学赵勇教授[J].中国电化教育,2004(1):5-8.
17 Papert,S.Technology Works Enterprises Proposal[DB/OL].http://www.papert.org/works.html,2008-2-4.
18 Cuban,L.Teachers and Machines:The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920[M].New York:Teachers College Press,1986.
15 Cuban,L.Computers Meet Classroom:Classroom Wins[J].Teachers College Record,1993,95(2):185-210.
20 Pflaum,W.D.The Technology Fix:The Promise and Reality of Computers in Our Schools[M].Alexandria,VA:Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,2004.
21 Forde,J.Edutech just isn't what it used to be[DB/OL].http://www.edtechnot.com/notarticle803.html,2008-1-12.
22 转引自胡晓.新技术如何加盟教育?[J].科学咨询,2003(10):13-15.
23 Warlick,D.The Problem of Integrating Technology[DB/OL].http://davidwarlick.com/2cents/2005/07/18/the-problem-of-integrating-technology.2008-2-14.
24 孔凡士,段宝霞,王宗敏,叶孟韬.河南省高等教育信息化调查报告[J.教育信息化,2006(6):21-36.
25 赵国栋.信息化改变教育的容颜--对教育信息化发展状况的调查[N].中国教育报,2005-02-28(5).
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28 焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[N].中国教育报,2005-06-13(5).
29 孔凡士,段宝霞,王宗敏,叶孟韬.河南省高等教育信息化调查报告[J].教育信息化,2006(6):21-36.
30 焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[N].中国教育报,2005-06-13(5).
31 焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[N].中国教育报,2005-06-13(5).
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33 焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[N].中国教育报,2005-06.13(5).
34 祝智庭.中国基础教育信息化进展报告[J].中国电化教育,2003(9):6-12.
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37 赵国栋.信息化改变教育的容颜--对教育信息化发展状况的调查[N].中国教育报,2005-02-28(5).
38 刘成新.整合与重构:技术与课程教学的互动解析[M].北京:电子工业出版社2006.
39[加]迈克·富兰著,中央教育科学研究所译.变革的力量:透视教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000
40 转引自 Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations[M].New York:The Free Press,1983,35-36.
41 Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations[M].New York:The Free Press,1983,242.
42 Fichman,R.G & Kemerer,C.F.The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation:An Examination of Assimilation Gaps[J].Information Systems Research,1999,10(3):255-257.
43 Nolan,R.Managing the Crisis in Data Processing[J].Harvard Business Review,1979(3-4):115-126.
44 Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations[M].New York:The Free Press,1983:147.
45 Cooper,R.B.& Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:A Technological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
46 Schein,E.H.Management Development as a Process of Influence[J].Industrial Management Review,1961(2):59-68.
47 McFarlan,F.W.& McKenney,J.L.The Information Archipelago-Gaps and Bridges[J].Harvard Business Review,1982,60(5):109-119.
48 Meyer,A.D.& Goes,J.B.Organizational Assimilation of Innovations:A Multilevel Contextual Analysis[J].Academy of Management Journal,1988,31(4):897-923.
49 Lewiu,K.Changing as Three Steps:Unfreezing,Moving,and Freezing of Group Standard[A]In French,W.L.,Bell,C.H.,Zawacki,R.A.(eds).Organizational Development:Theory,Practice and Research[C].Irwin,Homewood,11,1989,87.
50 Cooper,R.B.and Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:ATechnological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
51 Cooper,R.B.and Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:A Technological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
52 Zahra,S.A.& George,G.The Net Enabled Business Innovation Cycle and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities[J].Information Systems Research,2002,13(2):147-150.
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5.鲍云帆.中学生网上生活的有滋有味[M].北京青年报,2000-04-01(13).
6.何克抗.信息技术与课程整合的目标与意义[J].教育研究,2002(4):39-43.
7.胡晓.新技术如何加盟教育?[J].科学咨询,2003(10):13-15.
8.焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[M].中国教育报,2005-06-13(5).
9.教育部.关于中小学普及信息技术教育的通知[DB/OL].http://www.edu.cn/tong_zhi_gong_gao_1742/20060323/t20060323_25906.shtml,2008-1-24.
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12.李克东.数字化学习--信息技术与课程整合的核心[J].电化教育研究,2001(9):18-22.
13.李文光,杨开城.信息技术环境下的现代教育技术观念[J].中国电化教育,2001(2):9-12.
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20.翟保奎主编.教育与教育学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1993.
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22.赵国栋.信息化改变教育的容颜--对教育信息化发展状况的调查[N].中国教育报,2005-02-28(5).
23.钟伟,范丽艳,王煜蓉.大投入何时带来高产出?--中小学校园网建设应用特别报道之应用篇[N].中国教育报,2004-10-18(5).
24.朱广艳.信息技术与课程整合热的冷思考--访美国密西根州立大学赵勇教授[J].中国电化教育.2004(1):5-8.
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27.祝智庭.中国基础教育信息化进展报告[J].中国电化教育,2003(9):6-12.
28.Bennahum,D.S.School's out ? A Conservation with Seymour Papert[DB/OL].http://memex.org/meme2-13.html,2008-1-14.
29.Cooper,R.B.& Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:A Technological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
30.Cuban,L.Computers Meet Classroom:Classroom Wins[J].Teachers College Record,1993,95(2):185-210.
31.Cuban,L.Oversold and Underused:Reforming Schools Through Technology,1980-2000[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2001.
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33.Fichman,R.G & Kemerer,C.F.The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation:An Examination of Assimilation Gaps[J].Information Systems Research,1999,10(3):255-257.
34.Forde,J.Edutech just isn't what it used to be[DB/OL].http://www.edtechnot.com/notarticle803.html,2008-1-12.
35.Lewin,K.Changing as Three Steps:Unfreezing,Moving,and Freezing of Group Standard[A]In French,W.L.,Bell,C.H.,Zawacki,R.A.(eds).Organizational Development:Theory,Practice and Research[C].hwin,Homewood,11,1989,87.
36.McFarlan,F.W.& McKenney,J.L.The Information Archipelago-Gaps and Bridges[J].Harvard Business Review,1982,60(5):109-119.
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42.Pflaum,D.W.The Technology Fix:The Promise and Reality of Computers in Our Schools[M].Alexandria,VA:Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,2004.
43.Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations[M].New York:The Free Press,1983.
44.Schein,E.H.Management Development as a Process of Influence[J]Jndustrial Management Review,1961(2):59-68.
45.Thompson,A.Simonson,M.& Hargrave,C.Educational Technology:A Review of the Research[M].Washington,D.C:Association for Educational Communications and Technology,1996.
46.Warlick,D.The Problem of Integrating Technology[DB/OL].http://davidwarlick.com/2cents/2005/07/18/the-problem-of-integrating-technology,2008-2-14.
47.Zahra,S.A.& George,G The Net Enabled Business Innovation Cycle and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities[J].Information Systems Research,2002,13(2):147-150.
2 祝智庭.信息技术改变教育[J].教育与职业,2006(7):104-106.
3 李克东.数字化学习--信息技术与课程整合的核心[J].电化教育研究,2001(9):18-22.
4 何克抗.信息技术与课程整合的目标与意义[J].教育研究,2002(4):39-43.
5 Papert,S.Technology Works Enterprises Proposal[DB/OL].http://www.papert.org/works.html,2008-2-4.
6 Cuban,L.Computers Meet Classroom:Classroom Wins[J].Teachers College Record,1993,95(2):185-210.
7 转引咎胡晓.新技术如何加盟教育?[J].科学咨询,2003(10):13-15.
8 Pflaum,D.W.The Technology Fix:The Promise and Reality of Computers in Our Schools[M].Alexandria,VA:Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,2004.
9 Cooper,R.B.& Zumd,R.W.Information Technology Implementation Research:A Technological Diffusion Approach[J].Management Science,1990,36(2):123-139.
10 McFarlan,F.W.& McKenncy,J.L.The Information Archipelago-Gaps and Bridges[J].Harvard Business Review,1982,60(5):109-119.
11 Meyer,A.D.& Goes,J.B.Organizational Assimilation of Innovations:A Multilevel Contextual Analysis[J].Academy of Management Journal,1988,31(4):897-923.
12 Rogers,E.M.Diffusion of Innovations |M].New York:The Free Press,1983:35-36.
13[美]加涅主编,张杰夫译.教育技术学基础[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1992,14.
14 祝智庭.现代教育技术[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002,56
15 Bennahum,D.S.School's out ? A Conservation with Seymour Papert[DB/OL].http://memex.org/meme2-13.html,2008-1-14.
16 转引自朱广艳.信息技术与课程融合热的冷思考--访美国密西根州立大学赵勇教授[J].中国电化教育,2004(1):5-8.
17 Papert,S.Technology Works Enterprises Proposal[DB/OL].http://www.papert.org/works.html,2008-2-4.
18 Cuban,L.Teachers and Machines:The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920[M].New York:Teachers College Press,1986.
15 Cuban,L.Computers Meet Classroom:Classroom Wins[J].Teachers College Record,1993,95(2):185-210.
20 Pflaum,W.D.The Technology Fix:The Promise and Reality of Computers in Our Schools[M].Alexandria,VA:Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development,2004.
21 Forde,J.Edutech just isn't what it used to be[DB/OL].http://www.edtechnot.com/notarticle803.html,2008-1-12.
22 转引自胡晓.新技术如何加盟教育?[J].科学咨询,2003(10):13-15.
23 Warlick,D.The Problem of Integrating Technology[DB/OL].http://davidwarlick.com/2cents/2005/07/18/the-problem-of-integrating-technology.2008-2-14.
24 孔凡士,段宝霞,王宗敏,叶孟韬.河南省高等教育信息化调查报告[J.教育信息化,2006(6):21-36.
25 赵国栋.信息化改变教育的容颜--对教育信息化发展状况的调查[N].中国教育报,2005-02-28(5).
26 王湛.认清形势,明确任务,积极推进教育信息化建设--在全国电教馆馆长会议上讲话[z].2002-02-28.
27 祝智庭.中国基础教育信息化进展报告[J].中国电化教育,2003(9):6-12.
28 焦科.高校教育信息化建设与应用水平调查[N].中国教育报,2005-06-13(5).
29 孔凡士,段宝霞,王宗敏,叶孟韬.河南省高等教育信息化调查报告[J].教育信息化,2006(6):21-36.
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