无源探测系统及其关键技术研究
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摘要
当今世界电子战技术的发展，有源的单基地探测系统遇到了“隐身技术、反辐射导弹、超低空突防以及电子干扰”的四大威胁，由此诞生了双基/多基地的无源探测系统。无源探测系统是利用相关的电磁波探测理论与信号处理技术，获取第三方发射的电磁信号，进行空间电磁波信息获取的综合应用集成系统。它通过被动地感知、分析、处理外界辐射源的目标散射信号，可以实现对目标的探测、定位、跟踪和识别，又叫做无源雷达、双/多基地雷达、被动雷达、非合作照射源雷达或非合作无源探测系统。无源探测系统与普通有源探测系统相比，具有抗干扰、抗反辐射导弹、抗低空突防和反隐身武器(通常称为“四抗”特性)且隐蔽性好、战场生存能力强、低空探测性能好，系统相对简单，无需额外占用宝贵的无线频谱。因此，对无源探测系统的研究具有重要的意义。本文研究了以GSM基站信号作为非合作照射源的无源探测系统，围绕弱信号检测，将系统分为三大关键技术环节，分别是天线、数字接收机和数据处理算法。以微弱目标电磁波信号检测为目的展开分析，完成了以下工作：
天线是捕获空中目标反射的微弱电磁信号的首要环节。研究了微带阵列及其相关技术，提出用弱耦合处理的方法有效降低微带阵列幅度的副瓣值及对角加载的方向图控制DLAPC算法，提高了常用的DBF处理算法的效率，兼顾成本等因素，设计实现了八单元微带感应阵列。用Matlab等软件进行了仿真验证，完成了阵列的加工测试校正。测试结果为：微带阵列的波束宽度小于15o，增益39dBi，栅瓣电平小于-12.8dB,具有宽带、高增益的良好性能，有利于捕获环境中目标反射的微弱回波信号。
接收机是完成对天线接收的微弱信号进行放大、变频、数模转换等处理，获取高信噪比数据的重要环节。根据无源雷达接收机相关的基础技术理论和软件无线电思想，用FPGA等芯片设计及实现了GSM无源探测数字化中频接收机，给出了系统实现方案，设计了二阶数字锁相环，提高了环路稳定性，评估分析了误差在阶跃输入的极端状况下的稳定性。对接收机进行了计算机仿真和室内测试，测试结果表明：接收机的输入和输出信号波形具有较好的一致性，接收机输入信号的动态范围为60dB，灵敏度为-120dBm，自动频率控制AFC捕获范围为±250KHz，验证了设计系统的功能和性能，满足了设计要求。
数据处理算法是从获取的目标数据中获得目标参数的关键环节。提出了高阶模糊函数与两次门限检测相结合的方法提高弱信号信噪比和处理效率。第一，设计一种高阶模糊函数算法，对GSM多项式相位回波信号进行了参数估计，并与Monto-Caro算法的检测效果进行了对比，验证了高阶模糊函数可以有效地实现类似GSM多项式相位回波信号的参数估计；第二，高阶模糊函数算法要求的信噪比较高，为此设计二次门限检测方法消除干扰噪声提高信噪比：其大部分先在每帧预处理时用时域方法消除，残留的少部分在帧间累加时消除。经两次门限处理后更有效地处理微弱信号，同时降低运算量和存储量，提高信号处理的实时性。
用灰色理论改进了扩展卡尔曼算法并应用到GSM无源探测系统，减小了EKF在机动目标跟踪时的发散。用灰色卡尔曼算法进行跟踪处理，经对匀速及机动目标仿真实验，验证了其可行性。
最后，对所设计实现的无源探测系统进行了外场试验。在武汉天河机场附近进行了外场试验，测得飞机起飞阶段的多普勒频率，其中最大为390Hz，计算所得的飞机速度约为每小时220公里，与实际起飞阶段速度较为接近，对民航客机的最大探测距离为最大3.0km，试验成功。
以GSM信号为非合作照射源构建的无源探测系统，可以作为城市防空雷达网的有效补充，来探测突破其它防空探测网络的目标，如直升飞机、飞艇、巡航导弹等；另外，以单个GSM无源探测系统为节点，以通信线路互联为分布式的GSM无源探测系统，则能构建一个更大范围的无源探测网络，对于提高城市防空能力具有重要意义，也可以用来探测路面车辆和水面来往船只。
Nowadays, the active single base detection system facees four threats of"electronic interference, anti-radiation missile, super low air penetration and stealthtechnology” because of the rapid development of electronic warfare technology. Thepassive detection system mainly uses the related detection theories of electromagneticwave and signal processing technology to acquire the non cooperationelectromagnetic echo signals reflected by a target, and this may be a comprehensiveapplication and integrated system for electromagnetic wave information in space. Byreceiving echo signals passively, analyzing and dealing with target scattering signalsfrom the external emitters, so as to realize the target detecting, locating, tracking andrecognizing, hence, it's also called as passive radar, bistatic radar, the non cooperationilluminator source radar or non-cooperative passive detection system. Compared withcommon active detection system, the passive detection system is characterized withthe anti-interference, anti-radiation missile, anti super low penetration and anti-stealthpotential (so-called" four counteraction") and the characteristics of good elusive, highability of battlefield survival and low air detection, system structure is simplerelatively, not need to take up frequency spectrum resource, can use all sorts of civilsignal as detection radiation source. Therefore, passive detection system is paid closeattention and vigorously developed, and has more and more vital significance in themodern electronic warfare. This paper studies on a passive illuminator detectionsystem based on the GSM base station signal as the non cooperation source. Thesystem is divided into three key technology links that is antenna, digitalized receiverand data processing algorithms, respectively. And aims at weak target electromagneticwave signal detection for developing and analysis, and completed the followingresearch work:
Antenna is the first key link for capturing the weak electromagnetic signalreflected by the air targets. The micro strip array and related technology was studied,and a weak coupling method was used to effectively reduce the amplitude side lobe of micro strip array. The diagonal loading pattern control algorithm DLAPC was putforward to improve the efficiency of the commonly used DBF processing.Considering for the factors such as cost, designed and implemented the8elementsmicro strip array, used software Matlab for its simulation, completed the array process,test and correction. The processed micro strip array is with features of the beam widthless than15o, gain more than38.9dBi, side lobe level less than12.8dB, and hasbroadband, high power gain, wide band, small volume, light weight, good flexibility,high reliability, and laid a good foundation for the weak signal detection processing.
The receiver is another important part for amplifying the signals received by arrayantennas, to complete frequency conversion, analog-to-digital converting，etc., and gethigh SNR of the data for next stage. Research on the basis of radar receiver sourcerelated technical theory. According to the software defined radio theory, the FPGAfrom Altera Company was used to design and realize GSM passive digital receiver.The system scheme was implemented and the2order PLL (Phase Locked Loop) wasdesigned to improve the stability of PLL and error in the loop was evaluated andanalyzed under extreme conditions such as a step signal was input. Simulation andindoors test were made for the receiver. Test results show that the input and outputsignal waveform has good consistency, the input signal dynamic range of thereceiver was60dB, sensitivity for-120dBm, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)capture range for±250KHz. And all of these validate the system function andperformance had satisfied the design requirements.
Data processing plays an important role for target detection. Firstly, studied themathematical model of GSM signals, analyzed its ambiguity and characteristics, andevaluated the feasibility of thumbtack structure of GMSK modulation signal forpassive detection. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the weak signalprocessing efficiency, the combining method of higher order fuzzy function and twothreshold detection was used. First, proposed a high order fuzzy function algorithm.The GSM polynomial phase echo signal parameters were estimated, and withMonte-Caro algorithm testing results are compared. It was verified that the high orderfuzzy function can effectively estimate the parameters of GSM polynomial phase of the echo signal, and with small burden, simple and high efficiency. Second, for thereason that the high order fuzzy function algorithm requires higher SNR, so designeda two thresholds detection method to eliminate noise interference and improvesignal-to-noise ratio: most of the noise in each frame was eliminated in thepretreatment by time domain method, and the remained noise was eliminated as frameaccumulation. After two thresholds processing a weak signal was processed moreeffectively, meanwhile reduced the computational complexity and storage capacity,and improved the real-time signal processing.
Using the grey theory to improve the Extended Kalman method, and solved thedivergence problem of the EKF when tracking a maneuvering target. With the greyKalman algorithm, the simulation and experimental validation of targets was done toverify its feasibility.
At last, the field test was made for the designed passive detection system. Thefield was selected near Wuhan Tianhe Airport, measure the Doppler frequency of theplane in taking off stage, one of the most is390Hz, calculated out the speed wasabout220kilometers per hour, and approximate to the actual take-off stage speed. Thebiggest detection distance for a civil aviation plane was about3.0km, test wasbasically successful.
The passive detection system based on the non cooperation radiation source ofGSM signal, can be used as effectively complement to city air defense radar network,to detect goals breakthrough other air defense network, such as the helicopter, airship,cruise missiles, etc. In addition, a single GSM passive detection system may be usedas a node and many node may be connected with communication links to construct adistributed GSM passive detection system network, so can build a greater range ofpassive detection network, so it 's to have the important meaning as to improve theurban air defense ability. And this system may also be used for detecting vehicles onthe road or river.
天线是捕获空中目标反射的微弱电磁信号的首要环节。研究了微带阵列及其相关技术，提出用弱耦合处理的方法有效降低微带阵列幅度的副瓣值及对角加载的方向图控制DLAPC算法，提高了常用的DBF处理算法的效率，兼顾成本等因素，设计实现了八单元微带感应阵列。用Matlab等软件进行了仿真验证，完成了阵列的加工测试校正。测试结果为：微带阵列的波束宽度小于15o，增益39dBi，栅瓣电平小于-12.8dB,具有宽带、高增益的良好性能，有利于捕获环境中目标反射的微弱回波信号。
接收机是完成对天线接收的微弱信号进行放大、变频、数模转换等处理，获取高信噪比数据的重要环节。根据无源雷达接收机相关的基础技术理论和软件无线电思想，用FPGA等芯片设计及实现了GSM无源探测数字化中频接收机，给出了系统实现方案，设计了二阶数字锁相环，提高了环路稳定性，评估分析了误差在阶跃输入的极端状况下的稳定性。对接收机进行了计算机仿真和室内测试，测试结果表明：接收机的输入和输出信号波形具有较好的一致性，接收机输入信号的动态范围为60dB，灵敏度为-120dBm，自动频率控制AFC捕获范围为±250KHz，验证了设计系统的功能和性能，满足了设计要求。
数据处理算法是从获取的目标数据中获得目标参数的关键环节。提出了高阶模糊函数与两次门限检测相结合的方法提高弱信号信噪比和处理效率。第一，设计一种高阶模糊函数算法，对GSM多项式相位回波信号进行了参数估计，并与Monto-Caro算法的检测效果进行了对比，验证了高阶模糊函数可以有效地实现类似GSM多项式相位回波信号的参数估计；第二，高阶模糊函数算法要求的信噪比较高，为此设计二次门限检测方法消除干扰噪声提高信噪比：其大部分先在每帧预处理时用时域方法消除，残留的少部分在帧间累加时消除。经两次门限处理后更有效地处理微弱信号，同时降低运算量和存储量，提高信号处理的实时性。
用灰色理论改进了扩展卡尔曼算法并应用到GSM无源探测系统，减小了EKF在机动目标跟踪时的发散。用灰色卡尔曼算法进行跟踪处理，经对匀速及机动目标仿真实验，验证了其可行性。
最后，对所设计实现的无源探测系统进行了外场试验。在武汉天河机场附近进行了外场试验，测得飞机起飞阶段的多普勒频率，其中最大为390Hz，计算所得的飞机速度约为每小时220公里，与实际起飞阶段速度较为接近，对民航客机的最大探测距离为最大3.0km，试验成功。
以GSM信号为非合作照射源构建的无源探测系统，可以作为城市防空雷达网的有效补充，来探测突破其它防空探测网络的目标，如直升飞机、飞艇、巡航导弹等；另外，以单个GSM无源探测系统为节点，以通信线路互联为分布式的GSM无源探测系统，则能构建一个更大范围的无源探测网络，对于提高城市防空能力具有重要意义，也可以用来探测路面车辆和水面来往船只。
Nowadays, the active single base detection system facees four threats of"electronic interference, anti-radiation missile, super low air penetration and stealthtechnology” because of the rapid development of electronic warfare technology. Thepassive detection system mainly uses the related detection theories of electromagneticwave and signal processing technology to acquire the non cooperationelectromagnetic echo signals reflected by a target, and this may be a comprehensiveapplication and integrated system for electromagnetic wave information in space. Byreceiving echo signals passively, analyzing and dealing with target scattering signalsfrom the external emitters, so as to realize the target detecting, locating, tracking andrecognizing, hence, it's also called as passive radar, bistatic radar, the non cooperationilluminator source radar or non-cooperative passive detection system. Compared withcommon active detection system, the passive detection system is characterized withthe anti-interference, anti-radiation missile, anti super low penetration and anti-stealthpotential (so-called" four counteraction") and the characteristics of good elusive, highability of battlefield survival and low air detection, system structure is simplerelatively, not need to take up frequency spectrum resource, can use all sorts of civilsignal as detection radiation source. Therefore, passive detection system is paid closeattention and vigorously developed, and has more and more vital significance in themodern electronic warfare. This paper studies on a passive illuminator detectionsystem based on the GSM base station signal as the non cooperation source. Thesystem is divided into three key technology links that is antenna, digitalized receiverand data processing algorithms, respectively. And aims at weak target electromagneticwave signal detection for developing and analysis, and completed the followingresearch work:
Antenna is the first key link for capturing the weak electromagnetic signalreflected by the air targets. The micro strip array and related technology was studied,and a weak coupling method was used to effectively reduce the amplitude side lobe of micro strip array. The diagonal loading pattern control algorithm DLAPC was putforward to improve the efficiency of the commonly used DBF processing.Considering for the factors such as cost, designed and implemented the8elementsmicro strip array, used software Matlab for its simulation, completed the array process,test and correction. The processed micro strip array is with features of the beam widthless than15o, gain more than38.9dBi, side lobe level less than12.8dB, and hasbroadband, high power gain, wide band, small volume, light weight, good flexibility,high reliability, and laid a good foundation for the weak signal detection processing.
The receiver is another important part for amplifying the signals received by arrayantennas, to complete frequency conversion, analog-to-digital converting，etc., and gethigh SNR of the data for next stage. Research on the basis of radar receiver sourcerelated technical theory. According to the software defined radio theory, the FPGAfrom Altera Company was used to design and realize GSM passive digital receiver.The system scheme was implemented and the2order PLL (Phase Locked Loop) wasdesigned to improve the stability of PLL and error in the loop was evaluated andanalyzed under extreme conditions such as a step signal was input. Simulation andindoors test were made for the receiver. Test results show that the input and outputsignal waveform has good consistency, the input signal dynamic range of thereceiver was60dB, sensitivity for-120dBm, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)capture range for±250KHz. And all of these validate the system function andperformance had satisfied the design requirements.
Data processing plays an important role for target detection. Firstly, studied themathematical model of GSM signals, analyzed its ambiguity and characteristics, andevaluated the feasibility of thumbtack structure of GMSK modulation signal forpassive detection. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the weak signalprocessing efficiency, the combining method of higher order fuzzy function and twothreshold detection was used. First, proposed a high order fuzzy function algorithm.The GSM polynomial phase echo signal parameters were estimated, and withMonte-Caro algorithm testing results are compared. It was verified that the high orderfuzzy function can effectively estimate the parameters of GSM polynomial phase of the echo signal, and with small burden, simple and high efficiency. Second, for thereason that the high order fuzzy function algorithm requires higher SNR, so designeda two thresholds detection method to eliminate noise interference and improvesignal-to-noise ratio: most of the noise in each frame was eliminated in thepretreatment by time domain method, and the remained noise was eliminated as frameaccumulation. After two thresholds processing a weak signal was processed moreeffectively, meanwhile reduced the computational complexity and storage capacity,and improved the real-time signal processing.
Using the grey theory to improve the Extended Kalman method, and solved thedivergence problem of the EKF when tracking a maneuvering target. With the greyKalman algorithm, the simulation and experimental validation of targets was done toverify its feasibility.
At last, the field test was made for the designed passive detection system. Thefield was selected near Wuhan Tianhe Airport, measure the Doppler frequency of theplane in taking off stage, one of the most is390Hz, calculated out the speed wasabout220kilometers per hour, and approximate to the actual take-off stage speed. Thebiggest detection distance for a civil aviation plane was about3.0km, test wasbasically successful.
The passive detection system based on the non cooperation radiation source ofGSM signal, can be used as effectively complement to city air defense radar network,to detect goals breakthrough other air defense network, such as the helicopter, airship,cruise missiles, etc. In addition, a single GSM passive detection system may be usedas a node and many node may be connected with communication links to construct adistributed GSM passive detection system network, so can build a greater range ofpassive detection network, so it 's to have the important meaning as to improve theurban air defense ability. And this system may also be used for detecting vehicles onthe road or river.
引文
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