江南园林声景主观评价及设计策略
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摘要
园林是我国人居环境的重要组成部分,也是具有人文价值的旅游资源。江南园林作为中国园林的主要分支之一,其声环境越来越受到管理者和使用者重视。江南园林本身已包含独特的声景营造。然而随着社会发展和园林功能性质改变,园林内外的声环境和使用者对园林声景的主观评价标准也发生变化,需要通过现代声景设计加以合理改进。如何在保护园林原始声学美的前提下设计出符合现代使用者需求的江南园林声景,同时发掘江南园林传统的声景设计手法来指导现代园林建设,是本文研究的主要着眼点。
本文按照环境特征将江南园林分为自然山水园和人工山水园两大类型。为了研究江南园林声景的普适性特点,选择杭州、苏州、扬州三个城市的十个园林作为调查对象。通过文献收集、现场勘察、问卷调查和数理统计等多种方法,主要从主观评价角度探讨了江南园林声景的现状和改进方法,从声景学三要素角度探讨了江南园林声景设计手法,并最终整合出江南园林声景设计导则。研究主要涉及以下三个方面：
解析江南园林声景学三要素。基于现有声景影响要素的研究成果,总结出适宜江南园林声景的三个影响要素：“声音”、“环境”和“人”,阐述声景学三要素的具体含义及相互作用,调研并解析江南园林声景三要素。环境要素包括空间环境和时间环境,人要素包括人文因素和个人因素,声要素包括响度和声源类型,由此形成江南园林声景客观数据库。在此基础上,将声景设计分为声音设计、环境设计和人文设计三种类型,并总结了每种设计类型具体的设计手法。
构建江南园林声景主观评价体系。声景主观评价是园林中游客体验的真实反映,分为整体声景评价和各类声源单独评价两个层次,包括评价指标确立、现场数据收集、评价体系建构三个研究阶段。采用声景漫步和室内试验的形式确立了最终评价指标“满意度”,整体声景的八组分项语义评价指标和各类声源的三个分项评价指标,以及评价指标的影响因素。采用现场问卷调查的方式形成江南园林声景主观数据库。通过统计分析两类园林数据,形成整体声景主观评价结构图,声源功能分类、评价指标得分和相关性。
编制江南园林声景设计导则。根据声景主观评价体系和声景设计手法,总结出两类江南园林的声景设计导则。导则分为整体声景设计和各类声源单独设计两个层次。选择“湖滨晴雨”和“个园”作为两类园林的案例,详细解析园林现状,并根据江南园林声景设计导则进行改进设计,从而证明导则的可行性。
本文的创新点主要表现在：1)构建了“评价指标-整体声景-各类声源”的声景主观评价体系；2)编制了江南园林声景设计导则；3)提出了一种基于三要素理论的声景设计方法
Gardens are one of the most important parts of the Chinese housing environment, as well as the special tourist resources with humanistic values. As one of the main branches in Chinese gardens, Jiangnan Gardens gain more and more attention from the managers and users on its sound environment. Though Jiangnan Gardens have already owned some original unique soundscape constructions, it is still necessary to make some reasonable improvement using the modern soundscape design methods, since the gardens' inside and outside acoustic environment changes and the users' differdent subjective assessment standard caused by the social development and the the gardens'functional changes. The main focus of this paper is to improve the soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens to meet the modern users' requirements under the premise of protecting the original soundscape. The exploration of the traditional soundscape design methods in Jiangnan Gardens for modern gardens construction is also very important.
In this paper, Jiangnan Gardens are divided into two types, natural gardens and artificial gardens. Ten gardens distributed in three typical cities as Hangzhou, Suzhou and Yangzhou are chosen for research objects, in order to figure out the universal soundscape features in Jiangnan Gardens. By the means of researches review, on-the-spot investigation, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, the soundscape existing situation and improvements of Jiangnan Gardens are discussed in terms of subjective evaluation and the soundscape designing methods of Jiangnan Gardens are discussed basing on the three-factors theory. Finally, the design guideline is listed. This research mainly involves the following three aspects:
Firstly, three factors of soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens are analyzed. Based on the existing research results, three influential factors are summed up as:sound, environment and human. Specific meaning and interaction of each factor are demonstrated. Survey and analysis are made about soundscape of Jiangnan Gardens. In detail, factor of environment includes spatial environment and time environment, factor of human includes humanistic factor and individual factor, and factor of sound includes volume and sound source. Taking all these factors into consideration, an objective database is developed. Soundscape design is divided into three types: acoustic design, environmental design, and humanistic design, and detailed methods of each type are summarized.
Secondly, subjective assessment system for soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens is developed. Subjective assessment system for soundscape is the actual reflection of sightseers'experience, and it is consist of assessment for overall soundscape and assessment for independent sound source. The assessment system is developed as following steps:establishing the assessment indicator, collection of on-the-spot data, frame construction for assessment system. Ultimate evaluation indicator of "degree of satisfaction", eight semantic evaluation indicator of overall soundscape, three evaluation indicator of independent sound source, and influence factor of evaluation indicator are separately determined by sound walk and laboratory tests. Subjective database of soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens is developed based on the results from on-the-spot questionnaire survey. Through statistic analysis of the data, structure chart of overall soundscape, category of independent sound source, score of evaluation indicator and their correlation are obtained.
Finally, derivation of the design guideline for soundscape design in Jiangnan Gardens. The design guidelines for soundscape design in Jiangnan Gardens are inferred from subjective evaluation system and design method of soundscape. The guideline covers two levels, including overall soundscape design and independent sound source design. In this research,"sunny and Rainy Lakeside" and "Geyuan Garden" are selected as research case. Particular analysis is performed on the current situation of the selected gardens, and improved design is carried out according to the design guideline. Thus, feasibility of the guideline is demonstrated.
This paper owns three innovation points:
(1) Establish a subjective assessment system of soundscape constituted by evaluation indexes, the whole soundscape and each independent sound source.
(2) Compile a soundscape design guideline for Jiangnan Gardens.
(3) Put forward a soundscape design method based on the three-element theory.
本文按照环境特征将江南园林分为自然山水园和人工山水园两大类型。为了研究江南园林声景的普适性特点,选择杭州、苏州、扬州三个城市的十个园林作为调查对象。通过文献收集、现场勘察、问卷调查和数理统计等多种方法,主要从主观评价角度探讨了江南园林声景的现状和改进方法,从声景学三要素角度探讨了江南园林声景设计手法,并最终整合出江南园林声景设计导则。研究主要涉及以下三个方面：
解析江南园林声景学三要素。基于现有声景影响要素的研究成果,总结出适宜江南园林声景的三个影响要素：“声音”、“环境”和“人”,阐述声景学三要素的具体含义及相互作用,调研并解析江南园林声景三要素。环境要素包括空间环境和时间环境,人要素包括人文因素和个人因素,声要素包括响度和声源类型,由此形成江南园林声景客观数据库。在此基础上,将声景设计分为声音设计、环境设计和人文设计三种类型,并总结了每种设计类型具体的设计手法。
构建江南园林声景主观评价体系。声景主观评价是园林中游客体验的真实反映,分为整体声景评价和各类声源单独评价两个层次,包括评价指标确立、现场数据收集、评价体系建构三个研究阶段。采用声景漫步和室内试验的形式确立了最终评价指标“满意度”,整体声景的八组分项语义评价指标和各类声源的三个分项评价指标,以及评价指标的影响因素。采用现场问卷调查的方式形成江南园林声景主观数据库。通过统计分析两类园林数据,形成整体声景主观评价结构图,声源功能分类、评价指标得分和相关性。
编制江南园林声景设计导则。根据声景主观评价体系和声景设计手法,总结出两类江南园林的声景设计导则。导则分为整体声景设计和各类声源单独设计两个层次。选择“湖滨晴雨”和“个园”作为两类园林的案例,详细解析园林现状,并根据江南园林声景设计导则进行改进设计,从而证明导则的可行性。
本文的创新点主要表现在：1)构建了“评价指标-整体声景-各类声源”的声景主观评价体系；2)编制了江南园林声景设计导则；3)提出了一种基于三要素理论的声景设计方法
Gardens are one of the most important parts of the Chinese housing environment, as well as the special tourist resources with humanistic values. As one of the main branches in Chinese gardens, Jiangnan Gardens gain more and more attention from the managers and users on its sound environment. Though Jiangnan Gardens have already owned some original unique soundscape constructions, it is still necessary to make some reasonable improvement using the modern soundscape design methods, since the gardens' inside and outside acoustic environment changes and the users' differdent subjective assessment standard caused by the social development and the the gardens'functional changes. The main focus of this paper is to improve the soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens to meet the modern users' requirements under the premise of protecting the original soundscape. The exploration of the traditional soundscape design methods in Jiangnan Gardens for modern gardens construction is also very important.
In this paper, Jiangnan Gardens are divided into two types, natural gardens and artificial gardens. Ten gardens distributed in three typical cities as Hangzhou, Suzhou and Yangzhou are chosen for research objects, in order to figure out the universal soundscape features in Jiangnan Gardens. By the means of researches review, on-the-spot investigation, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, the soundscape existing situation and improvements of Jiangnan Gardens are discussed in terms of subjective evaluation and the soundscape designing methods of Jiangnan Gardens are discussed basing on the three-factors theory. Finally, the design guideline is listed. This research mainly involves the following three aspects:
Firstly, three factors of soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens are analyzed. Based on the existing research results, three influential factors are summed up as:sound, environment and human. Specific meaning and interaction of each factor are demonstrated. Survey and analysis are made about soundscape of Jiangnan Gardens. In detail, factor of environment includes spatial environment and time environment, factor of human includes humanistic factor and individual factor, and factor of sound includes volume and sound source. Taking all these factors into consideration, an objective database is developed. Soundscape design is divided into three types: acoustic design, environmental design, and humanistic design, and detailed methods of each type are summarized.
Secondly, subjective assessment system for soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens is developed. Subjective assessment system for soundscape is the actual reflection of sightseers'experience, and it is consist of assessment for overall soundscape and assessment for independent sound source. The assessment system is developed as following steps:establishing the assessment indicator, collection of on-the-spot data, frame construction for assessment system. Ultimate evaluation indicator of "degree of satisfaction", eight semantic evaluation indicator of overall soundscape, three evaluation indicator of independent sound source, and influence factor of evaluation indicator are separately determined by sound walk and laboratory tests. Subjective database of soundscape in Jiangnan Gardens is developed based on the results from on-the-spot questionnaire survey. Through statistic analysis of the data, structure chart of overall soundscape, category of independent sound source, score of evaluation indicator and their correlation are obtained.
Finally, derivation of the design guideline for soundscape design in Jiangnan Gardens. The design guidelines for soundscape design in Jiangnan Gardens are inferred from subjective evaluation system and design method of soundscape. The guideline covers two levels, including overall soundscape design and independent sound source design. In this research,"sunny and Rainy Lakeside" and "Geyuan Garden" are selected as research case. Particular analysis is performed on the current situation of the selected gardens, and improved design is carried out according to the design guideline. Thus, feasibility of the guideline is demonstrated.
This paper owns three innovation points:
(1) Establish a subjective assessment system of soundscape constituted by evaluation indexes, the whole soundscape and each independent sound source.
(2) Compile a soundscape design guideline for Jiangnan Gardens.
(3) Put forward a soundscape design method based on the three-element theory.
引文
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