催吐萝芙木生物碱的提取工艺研究与表面等离子共振技术在槲寄生凝集素的应用
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摘要
本论文由两部分独立的研究内容组成：第一部分研究催吐萝芙木中生物碱的分离提取工艺、结构测定和药效学性质，第二部分研究基于表面等离子共振技术平台的传感芯片再生制备技术以及槲寄生凝集素含量检测。下面分别就这两部分内容进行阐述。
第一部分：催吐萝芙木生物碱的提取工艺研究
催吐萝芙木是20世纪60年代自非洲加纳引种至我国云南、广西等地区的天然药材植物。催吐萝芙木的根部富含利血平、育亨宾等吲哚类生物碱，业已成为医药工业的重要原料。本课题在这样的背景下，开发了催吐萝芙木的新型分离提取工艺，采用本课题组自行设计装配的制备型反相层析装置，提取其中的生物碱成分，测定了10种生物碱成分的化学结构，并初步考察了其中4种成分的降血压活性与急性毒性。本部分共分为三章。
第一章概述了萝芙木属植物所含药用生物碱的研究现状和催吐萝芙木药用生物碱分离提取工艺的现状以及课题的意义与主要内容。
第二章建立了以酸性乙醇浸提、大孔树脂吸附、大孔弱酸性阳离子交换树脂提取、C18反相层析相结合，在实验室规模从催吐萝芙木中提取生物碱的新型工艺。
第三章采用超高效液相色谱-质谱以及核磁共振等方法对从催吐萝芙木中获得的生物碱的化学结构进行测定，共鉴定了10种生物碱的化学结构。通过肾动脉结扎方法制作SD大鼠高血压模型，考察了从催吐萝芙木中分离提取出的4种组分的降血压活性，用ICR小鼠测定了这些组分的急性毒性。
第一部分工作的创新点主要有：（1）自行设计和装配了制备型C18反相层析装置，具有处理量大、回收率高、操作简单等特点。试验表明，该装置在天然产物的分离纯化方面显示出广泛的适用性，有望通过进一步深入开发进入工业化生产领域。（2）本课题所建立的高产率的综合提取工艺，可以同时分离纯化10种不同的生物碱成分，所获得的生物碱成分的收率、纯度比传统的工艺更高。（3）本课题开发设计的提取工艺中所使用的有机溶剂乙醇等均可再回收利用，比起现有分离提取方法，所使用的有机溶剂更少，对环境污染更低。
第二部分：表面等离子共振（SPR）技术在槲寄生凝集素的应用
槲寄生凝集素是免疫调节的重要蛋白，近年来逐渐成为国内外生物医药学的研究热点。作为新兴的生物传感技术，SPR技术具有高灵敏度、高精确性的特点。本论文基于Plasmonic的SPR传感器的平台，探索了通过化学偶联的方法制备4种不同类型的传感芯片的技术，建立了一种操作简单、节约时间和试剂的快速检测槲寄生凝集素含量的方法；利用SPR技术考察了槲寄生凝集素对两株细胞系A549和Calu-3的体外细胞毒作用。本部分共分为三章。
第四章介绍了SPR传感器的基本原理与本课题所使用的Plasmonic的SPR传感器的构造与操作方法，并阐述了槲寄生凝集素目前的研究现状以及课题的意义与主要内容。
第五章设计了通过化学偶联的方法制备4种不同类型的传感芯片的方法，进一步扩大了SPR传感器在生物领域的应用范围。建立了针对I型槲寄生凝集素（ML-I）样品的三明治型抗体反应体系测定方法，并可分别用于缓冲液、血清样品及市售针剂中ML-I含量的检测，具有用于医学检验以及药厂质量控制的潜在应用价值。
第六章基于SPR技术平台，以两株细胞系A549和Calu-3为研究对象，初步考察了ML-I对其体外毒性作用。第二部分工作的创新点主要有：（1）设计、改良了基于Plasmonic传感器技术平台的不同类型的传感芯片制备再生方法，具有程序简单、操作方便的特点。（2）首次报道使用SPR传感器测定槲寄生凝集素样品含量的方法，具有新颖性强、试剂用量少、节约时间的特点，且重复性好。
The dissertation is composed of two parts of separated research work. Part I is about purification of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora and Part II is about application of surface plasmon resonance on mistletoe lectins.
Part I:Purification of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora.
Rauvolfia vomitora, as a natural medicine herb, was introduced from Ghana in Africa to Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China in1960s. Modern drug analysis indicated that it contains a number of bioactive chemicals in its root, including reserpine, yohimbine and other indole alkaloids. It has become an important raw material used in the production of antihypertension drugs and in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The research work designed and assembled a simple preparative reversed-phase chromatography device, by which a new integrated and efficient purification method of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora was developed. This part is composed of three chapters.
Chapter1describes the overview of the genus Rauwolfia, main medicinal alkaloids in it, and current status of the mainly used extraction processes, and introduces the scientific significance of this research work.
Chapter2establishes a new efficient purification method of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora, which is combined with acidic ethanol extraction, macroporous resin adsorption, macroporous weak-acidic cation exchange resin extraction and C18reversed-phase chromatography in a laboratory scale.
Chapter3determines the chemical structure of ten types of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora by UPLC-MS and NMR methods and investigates the pharmacological activity of main alkaloids purified from Rauvolfia vomitora via renovascular hypertensive SD rat models and their acute toxicity in ICR mice.
There are three innovations in part Ⅰ as follows:(1) A new preparative reversed-phase chromatography device designed and assembled by our group has more sample capacity, higher recovery yield and more convenient operation compared with commercial devices. It shows a wide range of applicability in separation and purification of natural products with its simple structure and convenient operation.(2) A set of purification technology was established, by which a variety of alkaloids could be obtained simultaneously in same process with high purity and yield.(3) The new extraction process is environmentally benign and energy-saving compared with existing methods. Most of the organic solvent used in the extraction process can be recycled to achieve clean production,
Part Ⅱ:Application of surface plasmon resonance on mistletoe lectins.
Mistletoe lectins are of growing interest to anti-cancer therapy and pharmaceutical research because of their immunomodulatory effects. SPR is a new biosensory technology with high sensitivity and high accuracy, but it has rarely been applied in research of lectins. This part of research work, based on the Plasmonic(?) SPR sensor platform, explores different types of sensor chip preparation methods, establishes a simple, reagent-saving and rapid detection method of mistletoe lectin Ⅰ(ML-Ⅰ) and observes the cytotoxicity effects of lectins on two cell lines in vitro by SPR sensor. This part is composed of three chapters.
Chapter4introduces the principle of SPR technology, structure and operation of Plasmonic(?) SPR sensor device. It overviews current research status of mistletoe lectins and states the scientific significance of this research work.
Chapter5establishes a sandwich-mode ML-I detection method based on the choices of sensor chips and antibody response systems. The preparation methods of different types of biologically sensitive film on chip surface were firstly explored. Then the sandwich-mode ML-I detection method was applied in buffer system, serum samples and commercially available injections.
Chapter6investigates the interaction of ML-I with two cell lines A549and Calu-3in vitro by SPR sensor and the cytotoxic effect by atomic force microscope (AFM) observation.
There are two innovations in part Ⅱ as follows:(1) Some preparation methods of different types of sensor chips were designed and improved, which are easy to operate and time-saving.(2) The SPR sensor was applied to the determination of ML-I content in buffer, serum and injections with less reagents and time.
第一部分：催吐萝芙木生物碱的提取工艺研究
催吐萝芙木是20世纪60年代自非洲加纳引种至我国云南、广西等地区的天然药材植物。催吐萝芙木的根部富含利血平、育亨宾等吲哚类生物碱，业已成为医药工业的重要原料。本课题在这样的背景下，开发了催吐萝芙木的新型分离提取工艺，采用本课题组自行设计装配的制备型反相层析装置，提取其中的生物碱成分，测定了10种生物碱成分的化学结构，并初步考察了其中4种成分的降血压活性与急性毒性。本部分共分为三章。
第一章概述了萝芙木属植物所含药用生物碱的研究现状和催吐萝芙木药用生物碱分离提取工艺的现状以及课题的意义与主要内容。
第二章建立了以酸性乙醇浸提、大孔树脂吸附、大孔弱酸性阳离子交换树脂提取、C18反相层析相结合，在实验室规模从催吐萝芙木中提取生物碱的新型工艺。
第三章采用超高效液相色谱-质谱以及核磁共振等方法对从催吐萝芙木中获得的生物碱的化学结构进行测定，共鉴定了10种生物碱的化学结构。通过肾动脉结扎方法制作SD大鼠高血压模型，考察了从催吐萝芙木中分离提取出的4种组分的降血压活性，用ICR小鼠测定了这些组分的急性毒性。
第一部分工作的创新点主要有：（1）自行设计和装配了制备型C18反相层析装置，具有处理量大、回收率高、操作简单等特点。试验表明，该装置在天然产物的分离纯化方面显示出广泛的适用性，有望通过进一步深入开发进入工业化生产领域。（2）本课题所建立的高产率的综合提取工艺，可以同时分离纯化10种不同的生物碱成分，所获得的生物碱成分的收率、纯度比传统的工艺更高。（3）本课题开发设计的提取工艺中所使用的有机溶剂乙醇等均可再回收利用，比起现有分离提取方法，所使用的有机溶剂更少，对环境污染更低。
第二部分：表面等离子共振（SPR）技术在槲寄生凝集素的应用
槲寄生凝集素是免疫调节的重要蛋白，近年来逐渐成为国内外生物医药学的研究热点。作为新兴的生物传感技术，SPR技术具有高灵敏度、高精确性的特点。本论文基于Plasmonic的SPR传感器的平台，探索了通过化学偶联的方法制备4种不同类型的传感芯片的技术，建立了一种操作简单、节约时间和试剂的快速检测槲寄生凝集素含量的方法；利用SPR技术考察了槲寄生凝集素对两株细胞系A549和Calu-3的体外细胞毒作用。本部分共分为三章。
第四章介绍了SPR传感器的基本原理与本课题所使用的Plasmonic的SPR传感器的构造与操作方法，并阐述了槲寄生凝集素目前的研究现状以及课题的意义与主要内容。
第五章设计了通过化学偶联的方法制备4种不同类型的传感芯片的方法，进一步扩大了SPR传感器在生物领域的应用范围。建立了针对I型槲寄生凝集素（ML-I）样品的三明治型抗体反应体系测定方法，并可分别用于缓冲液、血清样品及市售针剂中ML-I含量的检测，具有用于医学检验以及药厂质量控制的潜在应用价值。
第六章基于SPR技术平台，以两株细胞系A549和Calu-3为研究对象，初步考察了ML-I对其体外毒性作用。第二部分工作的创新点主要有：（1）设计、改良了基于Plasmonic传感器技术平台的不同类型的传感芯片制备再生方法，具有程序简单、操作方便的特点。（2）首次报道使用SPR传感器测定槲寄生凝集素样品含量的方法，具有新颖性强、试剂用量少、节约时间的特点，且重复性好。
The dissertation is composed of two parts of separated research work. Part I is about purification of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora and Part II is about application of surface plasmon resonance on mistletoe lectins.
Part I:Purification of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora.
Rauvolfia vomitora, as a natural medicine herb, was introduced from Ghana in Africa to Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China in1960s. Modern drug analysis indicated that it contains a number of bioactive chemicals in its root, including reserpine, yohimbine and other indole alkaloids. It has become an important raw material used in the production of antihypertension drugs and in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The research work designed and assembled a simple preparative reversed-phase chromatography device, by which a new integrated and efficient purification method of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora was developed. This part is composed of three chapters.
Chapter1describes the overview of the genus Rauwolfia, main medicinal alkaloids in it, and current status of the mainly used extraction processes, and introduces the scientific significance of this research work.
Chapter2establishes a new efficient purification method of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora, which is combined with acidic ethanol extraction, macroporous resin adsorption, macroporous weak-acidic cation exchange resin extraction and C18reversed-phase chromatography in a laboratory scale.
Chapter3determines the chemical structure of ten types of alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitora by UPLC-MS and NMR methods and investigates the pharmacological activity of main alkaloids purified from Rauvolfia vomitora via renovascular hypertensive SD rat models and their acute toxicity in ICR mice.
There are three innovations in part Ⅰ as follows:(1) A new preparative reversed-phase chromatography device designed and assembled by our group has more sample capacity, higher recovery yield and more convenient operation compared with commercial devices. It shows a wide range of applicability in separation and purification of natural products with its simple structure and convenient operation.(2) A set of purification technology was established, by which a variety of alkaloids could be obtained simultaneously in same process with high purity and yield.(3) The new extraction process is environmentally benign and energy-saving compared with existing methods. Most of the organic solvent used in the extraction process can be recycled to achieve clean production,
Part Ⅱ:Application of surface plasmon resonance on mistletoe lectins.
Mistletoe lectins are of growing interest to anti-cancer therapy and pharmaceutical research because of their immunomodulatory effects. SPR is a new biosensory technology with high sensitivity and high accuracy, but it has rarely been applied in research of lectins. This part of research work, based on the Plasmonic(?) SPR sensor platform, explores different types of sensor chip preparation methods, establishes a simple, reagent-saving and rapid detection method of mistletoe lectin Ⅰ(ML-Ⅰ) and observes the cytotoxicity effects of lectins on two cell lines in vitro by SPR sensor. This part is composed of three chapters.
Chapter4introduces the principle of SPR technology, structure and operation of Plasmonic(?) SPR sensor device. It overviews current research status of mistletoe lectins and states the scientific significance of this research work.
Chapter5establishes a sandwich-mode ML-I detection method based on the choices of sensor chips and antibody response systems. The preparation methods of different types of biologically sensitive film on chip surface were firstly explored. Then the sandwich-mode ML-I detection method was applied in buffer system, serum samples and commercially available injections.
Chapter6investigates the interaction of ML-I with two cell lines A549and Calu-3in vitro by SPR sensor and the cytotoxic effect by atomic force microscope (AFM) observation.
There are two innovations in part Ⅱ as follows:(1) Some preparation methods of different types of sensor chips were designed and improved, which are easy to operate and time-saving.(2) The SPR sensor was applied to the determination of ML-I content in buffer, serum and injections with less reagents and time.
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