四种蝙蝠色觉的行为学、免疫组织化学和视觉诱发电位研究
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摘要
蝙蝠(翼手目,Chiroptera)作为哺乳动物的第二大类群,是唯一真正具有飞行能力的兽类,行夜行性生活,这种进化上的优势使它们利用了兽类中一个全新的生态位。蝙蝠具有极其丰富的物种多样性,在生态系统中扮演着不可或缺的角色,因此对蝙蝠的保护和研究具有很重要的意义。因其具有独特的回声定位能力,目前对蝙蝠的研究主要集中在听觉领域,而对其视觉尤其是色觉的研究很少。
本研究首次运用行为学、免疫组织化学和神经电生理学三种技术手段对四类蝙蝠的色觉进行了研究。结果表明,调频小蝙蝠和树栖的大蝙蝠具有紫外视觉,而恒频小蝙蝠和洞栖的大蝙蝠不具有紫外视觉,进一步验证了前期分子学研究的结论(Zhao et al.,2009)。大蝙蝠原本生活在树上,进化过程中有小部分栖息地变为基本无光的洞穴,其结果导致了这部分旧大陆果蝠视觉发生退化。对恒频蝙蝠而言,视觉退化的根本原因在于它具有一种更发达的回声定位能力。发达的听觉使恒频蝙蝠不再需要发达的视觉,进而引起视觉退化。这也与前人提出的感觉代偿理论相符合(Speakman,2001).
我们还发现,调频小蝙蝠、恒频小蝙蝠和洞栖大蝙蝠的视觉诱发电位都在中/长波段550nm附近出现一个反应峰值,树栖大蝙蝠的视觉诱发电位虽没有在此波段出现明显的反应峰值,但中/长波段反应的最大值也出现在550nm附近。这与分子学证据,即中/长波长视蛋白(M/LWS)基因在哺乳动物中高度保守,大部分蝙蝠M/LWS的最大光吸收值在553nm相符(Zhao et al.,2009)。
Bats (Chiroptera) are the second largest group of mammal, which are the only mammals that achieve true self-powered flight. They live a nocturnal life. This evolutionary advantage makes them can use a new niche compared to another animals. Bats are extremely rich in species diversity and indispensable to ecosystems. Therefore, the protection of and research on bats has very important significance. Because of their unique echolocation ability, previous researches in bats are focused on the auditory area. But there are not so many researches which focused on the vision of the bats, especially color vision.
In this study, for the first time, we studied color vision of four different groups of bats through ethological, immunohistochemical and electroneurophysiological experiments. The results showed that the frequency modulation (FM) microbats and the tree habited old world fruit bats had UV band vision. On the contrary, the old world fruit bats which live in the caves and the constant frequency (CF) niicrobats could not detect the UV light. And this further verified early molecular studies' conclusions (Zhao et al,2009). Old world fruit bats originally lived in trees. Small part of their habitats shaded into dark caves during evolution, which lead the visual degradation of the cave-lived magabats. To the CF bats, the basic reason of visual degradation is that they have more developed echolocation capabilities. Developed audition makes the CF bats no longer need developed vision, thereby causes the visual degradation. And this supports the longstanding but weakly supported assumption that tradeoffs are indeed associated with ecological specializations (Speakman,2001).
In this study we also found that the action spectrum function of FM microbats, CF microbats and cave-lived old world fruit bats all showed a maxima around 550nm (green). And that of tree-lived old world fruit bats around 550nm was the strongest among the medium/long-wavelength lights. These electrophysiological findings were consistent with the molecular evidence that the medium/long-wavelength opsin (M/LWS) gene was highly conserved in mammals, and most bats M/LWS had peak light absorption at 553nm (Zhao et al.,2009).
本研究首次运用行为学、免疫组织化学和神经电生理学三种技术手段对四类蝙蝠的色觉进行了研究。结果表明,调频小蝙蝠和树栖的大蝙蝠具有紫外视觉,而恒频小蝙蝠和洞栖的大蝙蝠不具有紫外视觉,进一步验证了前期分子学研究的结论(Zhao et al.,2009)。大蝙蝠原本生活在树上,进化过程中有小部分栖息地变为基本无光的洞穴,其结果导致了这部分旧大陆果蝠视觉发生退化。对恒频蝙蝠而言,视觉退化的根本原因在于它具有一种更发达的回声定位能力。发达的听觉使恒频蝙蝠不再需要发达的视觉,进而引起视觉退化。这也与前人提出的感觉代偿理论相符合(Speakman,2001).
我们还发现,调频小蝙蝠、恒频小蝙蝠和洞栖大蝙蝠的视觉诱发电位都在中/长波段550nm附近出现一个反应峰值,树栖大蝙蝠的视觉诱发电位虽没有在此波段出现明显的反应峰值,但中/长波段反应的最大值也出现在550nm附近。这与分子学证据,即中/长波长视蛋白(M/LWS)基因在哺乳动物中高度保守,大部分蝙蝠M/LWS的最大光吸收值在553nm相符(Zhao et al.,2009)。
Bats (Chiroptera) are the second largest group of mammal, which are the only mammals that achieve true self-powered flight. They live a nocturnal life. This evolutionary advantage makes them can use a new niche compared to another animals. Bats are extremely rich in species diversity and indispensable to ecosystems. Therefore, the protection of and research on bats has very important significance. Because of their unique echolocation ability, previous researches in bats are focused on the auditory area. But there are not so many researches which focused on the vision of the bats, especially color vision.
In this study, for the first time, we studied color vision of four different groups of bats through ethological, immunohistochemical and electroneurophysiological experiments. The results showed that the frequency modulation (FM) microbats and the tree habited old world fruit bats had UV band vision. On the contrary, the old world fruit bats which live in the caves and the constant frequency (CF) niicrobats could not detect the UV light. And this further verified early molecular studies' conclusions (Zhao et al,2009). Old world fruit bats originally lived in trees. Small part of their habitats shaded into dark caves during evolution, which lead the visual degradation of the cave-lived magabats. To the CF bats, the basic reason of visual degradation is that they have more developed echolocation capabilities. Developed audition makes the CF bats no longer need developed vision, thereby causes the visual degradation. And this supports the longstanding but weakly supported assumption that tradeoffs are indeed associated with ecological specializations (Speakman,2001).
In this study we also found that the action spectrum function of FM microbats, CF microbats and cave-lived old world fruit bats all showed a maxima around 550nm (green). And that of tree-lived old world fruit bats around 550nm was the strongest among the medium/long-wavelength lights. These electrophysiological findings were consistent with the molecular evidence that the medium/long-wavelength opsin (M/LWS) gene was highly conserved in mammals, and most bats M/LWS had peak light absorption at 553nm (Zhao et al.,2009).
引文
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