既有钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构改造抗震性能研究
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摘要
钢筋混凝土剪力墙是一种广泛应用于高层建筑的抗侧力结构构件。由于剪力墙具有较大的抗侧刚度和良好的抗震性能,在结构体系中往往承受大部分的水平力,是一道重要的抗震防线。我国在过去的二三十年中,依据“74”系列规范建造了一批钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构,由于使用性质和使用功能的改变,需要对一部分既有剪力墙结构进行改造,改造后结构抗震性能的优劣是判断结构改造是否安全的关键所在,通常要求改造后的结构必须满足“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。本文的目的就是建立一种既有钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构改造抗震性能评估的方法,具体包括以下几部分内容:
1)基于“74”系列规范及现行规范的不同构造要求,设计了10片剪力墙模型进行低周往复试验研究,主要参数为构造情况和洞口大小,分析了试件的破坏形态、荷载—应变关系、墙肢截面应变分布、开裂、屈服、极限和破坏等特征点、荷载—位移滞回曲线、刚度退化曲线、耗能能力等受力性能和抗震性能。
2)通过对比上述试验结果,研究结构抗震构造、轴压比、开洞情况等参数对剪力墙的破坏形态、承载力、延性性能、刚度退化和耗能能力等各方面抗震性能的影响,分析改造前后剪力墙的结构抗震性能差异。
3)在上述试验的基础上,引入一种纤维模型——多竖直杆单元模型,应用非线性分析平台OpenSEES进行结构试验的有限元分析。与试验结果进行对比,验证所采用的有限元模型及其参数的合理性和可靠性。进行弹簧数目、水平划分方法、竖向划分方法等参数分析,并给出实用建议。
4)依据基于性能的抗震设计方法,提出一套针对既有建筑结构的抗震评估方法,指出在多遇地震、设防烈度地震和罕遇地震下结构构件性能目标和设计表达式,给出整体结构和不同构件在各阶段的量化性能目标。
5)利用上述方法对一栋高层建筑剪力墙结构改造进行抗震评估分析,同时提出了一种剪力墙开洞后的加固构造措施。对比了结构改造前后抗震性能,并与现行规范要求进行对比,同时进行单片剪力墙改造前后的有限元分析,最终验证本文所提出剪力墙结构改造抗震评估方法的合理性和可行性。
As a principal structural component to resist lateral force, the reinforced concrete shear wall, which can provide much larger lateral stiffness to resist most of horizontal loads, is widely used in hide-rise buildings. In the past 30 years, an amount of reinforced concrete shear wall structures were built based on a series of Chinese specifications issued in 1974. However, due to changes of demands and functions, a part of existing shear wall structures needs retrofitting. Apparently, seismic performance of the structure after retrofitting is very essential for the safety. In other words, the structure after retrofitting should satisfy the seismic fortification criterion“no damage under frequent earthquake, repairable under moderate earthquake, and no collapse under severe earthquake”. The purpose of this paper is to establish a seismic performance evaluation method of existing reinforced concrete shear wall structures, including the following aspects:
1) Based on different constructional details of a series of Chinese codes issued in 1974 and current Chinese codes, ten shear wall models are designed for low cyclic loading tests. Primary parameters are details and openings. The mechanical and seismic behavior such as failure modes of specimens, load-strain relationships, strain distribution of wall sections, characteristic points of cracking, yielding, limit state and failure, load-displacement hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation curves, energy dissipation capacity are analyzed.
2) Based on experimental results mentioned above, considering the effect of parameters including design criterions, axial compression ratios and openings, the seismic performance of specimens such as failure modes, bearing capacity, ductility performance, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity is analyzed. In addition, the performance of shear wall before and after retrofitting is compared.
3) Based on test results, the finite-element analysis (FEA) is carried out using the nonlinear analysis platform OpenSEES by introducing a kind of fiber element model -- Multiple Vertical Line Element Model (MVLEM). Comparison between FEA and Test results verified that the finite-element models and parameters are reasonable and reliable. Furthermore, parameters including spring members, vertical and horizontal divisions are analyzed. As a result, a practical recommendation is provided.
4) According to the performance-based seismic design method, a seismic evaluation method of existing buildings is put forward. Also design equations under frequent earthquake, moderate earthquake and severe earthquake are presented. Furthermore, performance objectives of structures and different structural components under different seismic fortification criterions are summarized.
5) The method proposed in this paper has been applied to seismic evaluation analysis for retrofitting a hide-rise shear wall structure. The seismic performance of original and retrofitted structure, the requirement of the method and current Chinese codes is compared. Also the finite element analysis for original and altered single shear wall is carried out. Eventually, seismic evaluation method of shear wall structures reconstructing is proved to be reliable and feasible.
1)基于“74”系列规范及现行规范的不同构造要求,设计了10片剪力墙模型进行低周往复试验研究,主要参数为构造情况和洞口大小,分析了试件的破坏形态、荷载—应变关系、墙肢截面应变分布、开裂、屈服、极限和破坏等特征点、荷载—位移滞回曲线、刚度退化曲线、耗能能力等受力性能和抗震性能。
2)通过对比上述试验结果,研究结构抗震构造、轴压比、开洞情况等参数对剪力墙的破坏形态、承载力、延性性能、刚度退化和耗能能力等各方面抗震性能的影响,分析改造前后剪力墙的结构抗震性能差异。
3)在上述试验的基础上,引入一种纤维模型——多竖直杆单元模型,应用非线性分析平台OpenSEES进行结构试验的有限元分析。与试验结果进行对比,验证所采用的有限元模型及其参数的合理性和可靠性。进行弹簧数目、水平划分方法、竖向划分方法等参数分析,并给出实用建议。
4)依据基于性能的抗震设计方法,提出一套针对既有建筑结构的抗震评估方法,指出在多遇地震、设防烈度地震和罕遇地震下结构构件性能目标和设计表达式,给出整体结构和不同构件在各阶段的量化性能目标。
5)利用上述方法对一栋高层建筑剪力墙结构改造进行抗震评估分析,同时提出了一种剪力墙开洞后的加固构造措施。对比了结构改造前后抗震性能,并与现行规范要求进行对比,同时进行单片剪力墙改造前后的有限元分析,最终验证本文所提出剪力墙结构改造抗震评估方法的合理性和可行性。
As a principal structural component to resist lateral force, the reinforced concrete shear wall, which can provide much larger lateral stiffness to resist most of horizontal loads, is widely used in hide-rise buildings. In the past 30 years, an amount of reinforced concrete shear wall structures were built based on a series of Chinese specifications issued in 1974. However, due to changes of demands and functions, a part of existing shear wall structures needs retrofitting. Apparently, seismic performance of the structure after retrofitting is very essential for the safety. In other words, the structure after retrofitting should satisfy the seismic fortification criterion“no damage under frequent earthquake, repairable under moderate earthquake, and no collapse under severe earthquake”. The purpose of this paper is to establish a seismic performance evaluation method of existing reinforced concrete shear wall structures, including the following aspects:
1) Based on different constructional details of a series of Chinese codes issued in 1974 and current Chinese codes, ten shear wall models are designed for low cyclic loading tests. Primary parameters are details and openings. The mechanical and seismic behavior such as failure modes of specimens, load-strain relationships, strain distribution of wall sections, characteristic points of cracking, yielding, limit state and failure, load-displacement hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation curves, energy dissipation capacity are analyzed.
2) Based on experimental results mentioned above, considering the effect of parameters including design criterions, axial compression ratios and openings, the seismic performance of specimens such as failure modes, bearing capacity, ductility performance, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity is analyzed. In addition, the performance of shear wall before and after retrofitting is compared.
3) Based on test results, the finite-element analysis (FEA) is carried out using the nonlinear analysis platform OpenSEES by introducing a kind of fiber element model -- Multiple Vertical Line Element Model (MVLEM). Comparison between FEA and Test results verified that the finite-element models and parameters are reasonable and reliable. Furthermore, parameters including spring members, vertical and horizontal divisions are analyzed. As a result, a practical recommendation is provided.
4) According to the performance-based seismic design method, a seismic evaluation method of existing buildings is put forward. Also design equations under frequent earthquake, moderate earthquake and severe earthquake are presented. Furthermore, performance objectives of structures and different structural components under different seismic fortification criterions are summarized.
5) The method proposed in this paper has been applied to seismic evaluation analysis for retrofitting a hide-rise shear wall structure. The seismic performance of original and retrofitted structure, the requirement of the method and current Chinese codes is compared. Also the finite element analysis for original and altered single shear wall is carried out. Eventually, seismic evaluation method of shear wall structures reconstructing is proved to be reliable and feasible.
引文
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