小麦产量和品质形成的模拟模型研究
|
摘要
本文参考了国内外对小麦生长发育、产量和品质形成的研究，利用2001～2002两年度全国小麦品质生态研究河北试验区试验数据，构建了小麦产量和品质形成的计算机模拟模型。本模型包括天气数据模型；氮素吸收、分配与品质形成模型；子粒产量形成模型；碳素(碳水化合物)物质分配模型；光合物质生产模型；叶面积指数动态模型和小麦主茎叶龄发育动态模型共七个子模型。
天气数据模型包括记录资料输入和自动生成两个可选择的数据录入方式。对于气象资料完整的地区，本模型支持实际气象资料的输入；自动生成系统借鉴了美国加州大学耿旭的天气数据生成系统，能够自动生成模型运行所要求的全部气象数据。氮素吸收、分配与品质形成模型考虑了土壤氮素和基因型差异对小麦氮素吸收、分配与品质形成的影响，描述了土壤氮素的变化动态，模拟了氮素在小麦一生中各个器官间的分配动态、氮素循环情况及对小麦子粒品质形成的影响。引入了潜在最大含氮量的概念作为品种参数以调节不同品种与氮素吸收、分配的关系，建立了氮素再分配因子与氮素影响因子的关系。子粒产量形成模型和碳素物质分配模型没有考虑小麦各器官的形态和数量的变化，以小麦碳素(碳水化合物)分配为主线，引入分配指数模拟小麦各器官的碳水化合物变化动态。碳水化合物分配按照小麦净同化物累积量优先供应生长中心的原则，以不同分配指数为基础，有序地向各器官中分配。引入了生理发育时间的概念，采用恒定的生理尺度来模拟小麦生育进程。本模型给出了计算生理发育时间的一种简单直观的方法，增加了模型的适用程度。光合物质生产模型中引入了温度、氮素、CO_2影响因子修正实际光合速率。叶面积指数动态模型引入了比叶重的概念，进一步量化了模型。
模型的有效性检验和灵敏性分析表明，本模型能较好地预测地上部各器官干重、含氮量、产量及子粒蛋白质含量，而且各预测值对不同基因型和环境条件敏感。
Many external and internal studies on the growth, development, yield and grain quality formation of wheat were referenced in this paper. On the basis of ecophysiological processes and yield-quality formation, A dynamic computer simulation model of wheat was established from the data of contractive experiment of varieties regional trails at Agricultural University of Hebei during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. The model was consisted of seven submodels: weather data; nitrogen assimilation, partition and quality formation;; photosynthetic biomass production; leaf area index; main shoot leaf age.
The weather data submodel comprises two parts. To the region that has data completely, this model support actual data input, otherwise, it can automatic generation. The automatic generation system was expressed from David J Connor's weather data generator at Melbourne University. With Soil nitrogen, environmental factors and genotype difference considered, the nitrogen assimilation, partition and quality formation submodel simulated the dynamic partition, cycle and recycle of nitrogen in different organs of wheat. The submodel also simulated the affecting of nitrogen on the grain quality formation of wheat. The maximum nitrogen content was used to regulate the difference of assimilation and partition of nitrogen among different genotypes as genetic parameter. The relationship of nitrogen repartition factor and nitrogen impact factor were Established. On the basis of carbon partition, partitioning index was used to simulate the changes of carbon in wheat organs in the yield formation submodel and carbon parti
tion submodel. And, this submodel did not simulate the quantity and modality of wheat organs. Accumulation of net photosynthetic rate was distributed to organs by their respective partitioning index, and the growth center must be first. Physiological development time was used to simulate growth and development processes of wheat and it unified the physiological time scale for different genotype. A simple and easy way to calculate the
physiological development time was given in this paper. Temperature, nitrogen and CO2 was considered in photosynthetic matter production submodel.
Test of validity and sensitive analysis of the model with a number of experiment data showed that the model can predict the organ weight, nitrogen content, yield and grain protein content the model was sensitive to the genotype and environmental factors, the results showed that this model had good predication and explanation.
天气数据模型包括记录资料输入和自动生成两个可选择的数据录入方式。对于气象资料完整的地区，本模型支持实际气象资料的输入；自动生成系统借鉴了美国加州大学耿旭的天气数据生成系统，能够自动生成模型运行所要求的全部气象数据。氮素吸收、分配与品质形成模型考虑了土壤氮素和基因型差异对小麦氮素吸收、分配与品质形成的影响，描述了土壤氮素的变化动态，模拟了氮素在小麦一生中各个器官间的分配动态、氮素循环情况及对小麦子粒品质形成的影响。引入了潜在最大含氮量的概念作为品种参数以调节不同品种与氮素吸收、分配的关系，建立了氮素再分配因子与氮素影响因子的关系。子粒产量形成模型和碳素物质分配模型没有考虑小麦各器官的形态和数量的变化，以小麦碳素(碳水化合物)分配为主线，引入分配指数模拟小麦各器官的碳水化合物变化动态。碳水化合物分配按照小麦净同化物累积量优先供应生长中心的原则，以不同分配指数为基础，有序地向各器官中分配。引入了生理发育时间的概念，采用恒定的生理尺度来模拟小麦生育进程。本模型给出了计算生理发育时间的一种简单直观的方法，增加了模型的适用程度。光合物质生产模型中引入了温度、氮素、CO_2影响因子修正实际光合速率。叶面积指数动态模型引入了比叶重的概念，进一步量化了模型。
模型的有效性检验和灵敏性分析表明，本模型能较好地预测地上部各器官干重、含氮量、产量及子粒蛋白质含量，而且各预测值对不同基因型和环境条件敏感。
Many external and internal studies on the growth, development, yield and grain quality formation of wheat were referenced in this paper. On the basis of ecophysiological processes and yield-quality formation, A dynamic computer simulation model of wheat was established from the data of contractive experiment of varieties regional trails at Agricultural University of Hebei during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. The model was consisted of seven submodels: weather data; nitrogen assimilation, partition and quality formation;; photosynthetic biomass production; leaf area index; main shoot leaf age.
The weather data submodel comprises two parts. To the region that has data completely, this model support actual data input, otherwise, it can automatic generation. The automatic generation system was expressed from David J Connor's weather data generator at Melbourne University. With Soil nitrogen, environmental factors and genotype difference considered, the nitrogen assimilation, partition and quality formation submodel simulated the dynamic partition, cycle and recycle of nitrogen in different organs of wheat. The submodel also simulated the affecting of nitrogen on the grain quality formation of wheat. The maximum nitrogen content was used to regulate the difference of assimilation and partition of nitrogen among different genotypes as genetic parameter. The relationship of nitrogen repartition factor and nitrogen impact factor were Established. On the basis of carbon partition, partitioning index was used to simulate the changes of carbon in wheat organs in the yield formation submodel and carbon parti
tion submodel. And, this submodel did not simulate the quantity and modality of wheat organs. Accumulation of net photosynthetic rate was distributed to organs by their respective partitioning index, and the growth center must be first. Physiological development time was used to simulate growth and development processes of wheat and it unified the physiological time scale for different genotype. A simple and easy way to calculate the
physiological development time was given in this paper. Temperature, nitrogen and CO2 was considered in photosynthetic matter production submodel.
Test of validity and sensitive analysis of the model with a number of experiment data showed that the model can predict the organ weight, nitrogen content, yield and grain protein content the model was sensitive to the genotype and environmental factors, the results showed that this model had good predication and explanation.
引文
[1]殷新佑．作物生长模拟研究综述[J]．江西农业大学学报，1991，(3)：55-57．
[2]宇振荣．作物生长模拟模型研究和应用[J]．生态学杂志，1994，13(1)：69-73．
[3]戚昌翰．作物生产系统的模拟模型研究进展[J]．湖南农学院学报，1993，19(增刊)：1-6．
[4]李旭：浅谈农业信息技术的应用与发展[J]．计算机与农业，2000(9)：1-4．
[5]曹卫星．国外小麦生长模拟研究的进展[J]．南京农业大学学报，1995，18(1)：10-14．
[6]邹立坤．河北省“冬麦北移”决策支持系统(硕士学位论文)[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2000．
[7]冯丽肖．磷素代谢及其影响小麦生长发育的机理模型研究(硕士学位论文)[D]．河北农业大学，2001．
[8]丰庆河，张建平，王向东，马海莲．作物模拟研究的进展[J]．河北农业大学研究生论文集，2002．
[9]曹卫星，李存东，李旭，严美春．基于作物模型的专家系统预测和决策功能的结合[J]．计算机与农业，1998(2)：8～11．
[10]曹永华．美国CERES作物模拟模型及其应用[J]．世界农业，1991，(9)：52-55．
[11]李存东，曹卫星，李旭，严美春．论作物信息技术及其发展战略[J]．农业现代化研究1998，19(1)：17～20．
[12]冯立平．小麦生长发育模拟模型(WHEATSM)的研究(博士学位论文)[D]．南京：南京农业大学农学系，1995．
[13]杨艳敏．甘薯生长发育和干物质分配模拟模型的研究(硕士学位论文)[D]．河北农业大学，1998．
[14]朱德峰，费槐林．作物生产计算机系统的研究[M]，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1991，140．
[15]诸德辉，赵春江．作物生产系统的模拟模型研究进展[J]．湖南农学院学报．1993，19(增刊)：1～6．
[16]De Wit CT. Simulation of Assimilation, Respiration and Transpiration of Crops. Simulation Monographs [M], Pudoc. Wageningen, 1978, 140.
[17]Penning de Vires. Simulation and Systems Analysis for rice production[J]. Pudoc,
Wageningen, 1982.
[18]Duncan WG. simulation of growth and yield in cotton: A computer analysis of the nutritional theory[J]. Proe Beltwide Cotton Prod Res Conf, 1971,78:45～61.
[19]Brouwer R, Wit C T. A simulation model of plant growth with special attention to root growth and its consequences [A]. N W J Whittington (Eds.): Root Growth [C]. Proceedings of the 15th Easter school in agri. Science. University of Nottingham, Butter words, London. 1969,224.
[20]Goudriaan J. Crop Micrometeorology: A simulation Study[M]. Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1977.
[21]Van Keulen H, Penning de Vries F W T. A Summary Model for crop Growth. In: Penning de Vires FWT and van Laar HH: Simulation of Plant Growth and Crop Production[J]. Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1982, 87-97.
[22]Wit C T, Potential Crop production[J]. Pudoc, Wageningen, 1971, 5～30.
[23]Baker, D. M. Simulation of growth and yield in cotton: a computer analysis of nutritional theory[J]. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod Res. Conf, 1971,78.
[24]Ritches. J. T. Specification of the ideal model for predicting crop yields In:R. C. Muchow and J. A. Bellamy (Eds). Climatic risk in crop production: models and management for the semiarid tropics and subtropics[J]. CAB international, Wallingford, 1991, 97-121.
[25]殷新佑．“多息回归模型库”及其在水稻模式栽培中的应用[J]．作物杂志，第一届国际农业系统学术讨论会文集，1987，
[26]高亮之，金之庆，黄耀．水稻计算机模拟模型(RICEMOD)及应用—中国长江流域水稻气候生态系统研究[C]．江苏省农业科学院研究报告第一号，1989．
[27]Jam ieson P D, Porter J R, Wilsom D R. A test of the computer simulation model ARCWHEAT on wheat crops grow in New Zealand[J]. Field Crop Research. 1991, 27 (4): 337～350.
[28]高亮之，金之庆．RCSODS—水稻栽培计算机模拟优化决策系统[J]．计算机与农业应用，1993(3)：14～20．
[29]戚昌翰，殷新佑，谢华蔼．水稻产量形成的生长日历模拟模型的初步研究[J]，江西农业大学学报(作物模拟模型专刊2)，1991，39～43．
[30]戚昌翰．水稻生长日历模型与研究论文集[C]．江西农业大学学报，1991(增刊)．
[31]戚昌翰，殷新佑等．水稻生长日历模拟模型／生产调控决策支持系统(RICAM／RICOS)研究[J]．江西农业大学学报，1996，18：(增刊)
[32]戚昌翰，殷新佑等．水稻生长日历模拟模型(RICAM)的调控决策系统(RICOS)研究[J]．江西农业大学学报．1994，16(4)：323～327．
[33]邹应斌，唐秋澄，水稻苗情动态计算机模拟(Ⅳ)：水稻苗情动态模拟与模拟栽培[J]．湖南农学院学报．1993，19(增刊)：30～36．
[34]骆世明，郑华等．水稻高产栽培中应用计算机模拟的研究[J]．广东农业科学．1990(3)：14～17．
[35]潘学标等．COTGROW：棉花生长发育模拟模型[J]．棉花学报，1996，8(4)：180～188．
[36]夏北成．麦田生态系统的计算机模拟及最优控制[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．
[37]冯立平，高亮之．小麦发育期动态模拟模型的研究[J]，作物学报，1997，23 (4)：418～424．
[38]MCMASTER G. S. Existing wheat yield models[J]. Distributed listing, USDA-ARS Crops Research Lab, Fort Collins, CO. 1993.
[39]曹卫星．作物生长模拟(讲义)[J]．南京农业大学，2000．
[40]Ritchie J T, Otter S. Description and performance of CERES-Wheat: A user-oriented wheat yield modelv. USDAARS ARS, 1985, 38: 159～175.
[41]Hodges T. Predicting crop phenology[J]. Florida, USA: CRC Press, 1991,1～189.
[42]Ritche. J. T, Otter S. CERES-Wheat book draft. 1987.
[43]McMaster G S, Morgan J A, Wihelm W W. Simulating winter wheat spikes development and growth[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1992,60:193～220.
[44]McMaster G S, Wihelm W W, Morgan J A Simulating winter wheat shoot apex phenology[J]. Journal of Agricultural science, 1992, 119:1～12.
[45]Porter J R, Jamieson P D, Wilson D R. Comparison of the wheat simulation models AFRCWHEAT2, CERES-Wheat and SWHEAT for non-limiting conditions of crop growth[J]. Field Crop Research, 1993, 33:131～137.
[46]Weir AH, Brig P L, et al. A Winter wheat model without water and nutrient Limitations[J], Journal of Agricultural Science, 1984, 102:371～382.
[47]STAPPER M. Simtag: A simulation model of wheat genotypes[J]. Model
Documentation. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Publication. Aleppo, Syria, 1984.
[48]VAN KEULEN H, Seligman N. G. Simulation of water use, nitrogen and growth of the spring wheat crop[M], wageningen, the Netherlands, 1987,310.
[49]VAN LARR H. H. Goudriaan J. Van Keulen H.(Eds). Simulation of crop growth for potential and water-limited production situations (as applied to spring wheat) [J], simulation report 27, 1992,CABO-TT, 72
[50]张春庆，李晴祺，影响普通小麦加工馒头质量的主要品质性状的研究[J]中国农业科学，1993，26(2)：39～46
[51]李宗智．冬小麦若干品质性状遗传及相关的研究[J]1990，16(1)；8～18
[52]王光瑞．北方冬麦区小麦品质研究简报[J]全国小麦品质改良研讨班资料选编，1986，71～89
[53]C.A. Campbell. Effect of Temperature, Nitrogen Fertilization and Moisture Stress on Yield, Yield Components, Protein Components and Moisture Use Efficiency Of Manitou Spring Wheat Can [J]. Plant Sci, 1979,59:965～974
[54]C.A. Campbell. Effect of Nitrogen, Temperature, Growth Stage All Duration of Moisture Stress on Yield Components and Protein Components and Moisture Use Efficiency of Manitou Spring Wheat, Can, [J], 1981,61:549～563
[55]Benzia B. Protein Concentration of grain in relation to some weather and soil factors during 17 years of English winter-wheat experiment [J] sci. Food Agric 1986,37:435～444
[56]Blumental c.s. growth environment and wheat quality: the effect of heat stress on dough properties and gluten proteins, [J] cereal sci 1993,18:3～21
[57]D.e smika, protein content of winter grain as related of soil and climatic factors in the semiarid central great plains [J], agronomy, 1973,65:433～466
[58]F.w sosulski effect of moisture, tell peratimand, nitrogen of yield and protein quality of thatcher wheat can [J], plant sci 1966,46:583～588
[59]Strong, Nicolas, varietal difference in natural protein composition of wheat Australian [J]. journal of plant physiology 1996,23(6):727～737
[60]杜文哲，李文雄．春小麦籽粒蛋白质积累和产量形成规律及施氮的调节作用[J]
东北农业大学学报，1999，30(1)：1～9
[61]M. Cabelguenne, P. Debeke, A. Bouniols. EPICphase, a version of the EPIC model simulating the effects of water and nitrogen stress on biomass and yield, taking account of developmental stages: validation on maize, sunflower, sorghum, soybean and winter wheat [J]. Agricultural system. 1999,60175～196.
[62]WEIKAI YAN, HUNT An Equation for Modelling the Temperature Response of Planis using only the Cardinal Temperatures [J]. annals of botany, 1999, 84:607～614
[63]David Makowski, Daniel Wallach, Jean-Marc Meynard. Models of yield, Grain Protein, and Residual Mineral Nitrogen Responses to applied Nitrogen for Winter Wheat, [J]. agron. J, 1999,91:377～385.
[64]G. P. Smith, M. J. Gooding, Models of wheat grain quality considering climate, cultivar and nitrogen effects [J], Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1999,94:159-170
[65]曹卫星，罗卫红．作物系统模拟及智能管理[M]，华文出版社，2000，11
[66]Shauna M. Uselman, Robert G. Quails et al. A test of a potential short cut in the Nitrogen cycle: the role of exudation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from the roots of a N-fixing tree and the effects of increased atmospheric co2 and temperature [J]. plant and soil 1999 210:21～32
[67]赵红梅．氮素影响冬小麦生长发育和产量形成模拟模型的研究[D]，保定河北农业大学．1999
[68]olof andren, Thomas k, nitrogen dynamics of crop and soil subjected to different water and nitrogen inputs, including daily irrigation and steady-state fertilization measurement and modeling[J]. Plant and soil, 1996,181:13～17
[69]cabon f, grard g, modeling of the nitrogen cycle in farm land areas [J]. Fertilizer research, 1991,27:161～169
[70]J. Cavero, R. E. Plant, C. Shenanan. Modeling nitrogen cycling in tomato-safflower and tomato-wheat rotations [J], Agricultural Systems, 1999,60:123-135.
[71]金善宝．小麦生态研究[M]．浙江科学技术出版社，1990．
[72]邢先贵，朱旭彤．优质小麦品种在不同栽培条件下的产量和品质表现[J]．华中农业大学学报，1996，15(2)117～122．
[73]张宝军，蒋纪芸．小麦籽粒品质及其影响因素分析[J]．国外农学—麦类作物，1995(4)29～30．
[74]荆奇，姜东，戴廷波．小麦籽粒品质的基因型与环境效应及评价指标[C]．中国作物学会栽培研究会学术研讨会论文，江苏：无锡，2001，4
[75]徐兆飞，张惠叶．[M]，张定一．小麦品质及其改良，气象出版社，1999．
[76]M. E. Qureshi, S. R. Harrison, M. K. Wegener. Validation of multicriteria analysis models [J]. Agricultural systems, 1999,62:105～116
[77]David J Connor，穆兴民．模拟软件Stella在小麦生长发育模拟中的应用[J]．河北农业大学学报，1996，1996，19(1)：108～112．
[78]Ritchie J T, Otter S. CERES-Wheat book draft [M]. 1987
[79]G. Sourkova, C. Pona, Evaluation of the Vulnerability Of Agroforest System With Reference To The Climate Change. Ⅱ. model sensitivity to changes in daily and interannual variability of climate in Italy [EB/OL], Report on Activity During the Fellowship Period, at the Environment Department, AMB-GEM-CLIM, Casaccia Centre, http://clima.casaccia.enea.it/staff/pona/Rep Dec99/, 1999-10-2/1999-11-23
[80]R. Kelly, W. Strong, T. Jensen et al. Strategies to interpret the yield map: Defining yield-limiting factors [EB/OL], Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/1/a/kelly.htm#P0 0, 2001
[81]Dijkshoom W. J. E. M. Lampe, A plant test for sufficiency of phospherus based on the phosphers-nitrogen interaction in sunflower nutrition [J]. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1980,28:135-146
[82]Godwin D C, PLG Vlek, Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in wheat cropping system. Wheat Growth and Modeling [J]. 1985,86:1～311
[83]Jeffrey W. White, Peter R. Grace. Modeling Extremes of Wheat and Maize Crop Performance in the Tropics Proceedings of a Workshop [M], Mexico, CIMMYT E1 Batán, 1999,1～75
[84]S. Norng, A. N. Pettitt, W. M. Strong, et al. Strategies to interpret yield maps: Predicting grain protein using yield [EB/OL], Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/1/a/norng.htm, 2001
[85]Huwe, Bernd, WHNSIM~* - water-, heat-, and nitrogen simulation [EB/OL],
http://www.gsf.de/UFIS/ufis/model142/modell.html, 1995-10-30/1996-12-4.
[86]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红．小麦叶面积指数分配动态的模拟模型研究[J]．麦类作物学报，2001，21(2)：38～41．
[87]丰庆河．钾素影响冬小麦生长发育和产量形成模拟模型的研究[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2002．
[88]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红．小麦抽穗后生理发育时间的计算与生育期的预测[J]，麦类作物学报，2001，21(2)：38～41．
[89]曹卫星，江海东．小麦温光反应及小麦发育进程的模拟[J]．南京农业大学学报，1996，21(3)：26～30
[90]Caw W, Moss D. N. Modeling phasic development in wheat: a conceptual integration of physiological components [J]. Agricultural Science. 129:163～172.
[91]Charles-Edwards DA, The mathematics of photosynthesis and productivity[M]. Academic press Inc. London LTD, 1981
[92]Chris George. Photosynthesis Simulation. http://www.csupomona.edu/～cali/info/ [EB/OL], 1997-08-05.
[93]O. Krner, H. Challa, R.J.C. van Ooteghem. MODELING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CROP PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT HIGH RADIATION IN A SOLAR GREENHOUSE [EB/OL]. http://www.actahort.org/books/593/593 17.htm.
[94]Development and Application of Computer Simulation for the Experiment on Environmental Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis [J]. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference,2001
[95]Kppers, M. Schulze, An empirical model of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for the simulation of diurnal courses of CO2 and H20 exchange. [EB/OL]. http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i3v/00068900/20623041.htm. 2002-10-12.
[96]蒋涛，梁振兴．冬小麦计算机模拟与调控系统的研究．Ⅰ～Ⅲ．梁振兴，刘兴海主编．小麦产量形成的栽培技术原理[M]．北京农业大学出版社，1994，259～294．
[97]De Wit. Simulation of assimilation, Respiration and transpiration of crops [M]. Simulation Monographs: Wageningen Pudoc. 1978,140
[98]马育华．田间试验和统计方法[M]，北京：农业出版社．1985，257～259．
[99]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红等，小麦器官间干物质分配动态的定量模拟[J]．麦类作物学
报，2001，21(1)：25～31
[100]李军．作物生长模拟模型的开发应用进展[J]．西北农业大学学报，1997，25(4)：1-6．
[101]张宇，赵四强．国外作物生长模拟研究简介[J]．气象，1989，15(8)：47-50，46．
[102]严力蛟，杜建生，郑志明等．作物生产动态模拟模型研究与应用[J]，作物研究，1996，10(2)：1-5．
[103]廖桂平，官春云．黄璜．作物生长模拟模型技术[J]．湖南农业大学学报，1998，24(5)：417-422．
[104]杨京，王兆骞．作物生长模拟模型及其应用[J]．应用生态学报，1999，10(4)：501-505．
[105]廖桂平，官春云．黄璜．作物生长模拟模型研究概述．作物研究，1998，(3)：45-48．
[106]赵双宁，陈毅伟．计算机在作物育种和栽培中的应用与展望[J]．计算机农业应用，1993，(1)：1-6．
[2]宇振荣．作物生长模拟模型研究和应用[J]．生态学杂志，1994，13(1)：69-73．
[3]戚昌翰．作物生产系统的模拟模型研究进展[J]．湖南农学院学报，1993，19(增刊)：1-6．
[4]李旭：浅谈农业信息技术的应用与发展[J]．计算机与农业，2000(9)：1-4．
[5]曹卫星．国外小麦生长模拟研究的进展[J]．南京农业大学学报，1995，18(1)：10-14．
[6]邹立坤．河北省“冬麦北移”决策支持系统(硕士学位论文)[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2000．
[7]冯丽肖．磷素代谢及其影响小麦生长发育的机理模型研究(硕士学位论文)[D]．河北农业大学，2001．
[8]丰庆河，张建平，王向东，马海莲．作物模拟研究的进展[J]．河北农业大学研究生论文集，2002．
[9]曹卫星，李存东，李旭，严美春．基于作物模型的专家系统预测和决策功能的结合[J]．计算机与农业，1998(2)：8～11．
[10]曹永华．美国CERES作物模拟模型及其应用[J]．世界农业，1991，(9)：52-55．
[11]李存东，曹卫星，李旭，严美春．论作物信息技术及其发展战略[J]．农业现代化研究1998，19(1)：17～20．
[12]冯立平．小麦生长发育模拟模型(WHEATSM)的研究(博士学位论文)[D]．南京：南京农业大学农学系，1995．
[13]杨艳敏．甘薯生长发育和干物质分配模拟模型的研究(硕士学位论文)[D]．河北农业大学，1998．
[14]朱德峰，费槐林．作物生产计算机系统的研究[M]，北京：北京农业大学出版社，1991，140．
[15]诸德辉，赵春江．作物生产系统的模拟模型研究进展[J]．湖南农学院学报．1993，19(增刊)：1～6．
[16]De Wit CT. Simulation of Assimilation, Respiration and Transpiration of Crops. Simulation Monographs [M], Pudoc. Wageningen, 1978, 140.
[17]Penning de Vires. Simulation and Systems Analysis for rice production[J]. Pudoc,
Wageningen, 1982.
[18]Duncan WG. simulation of growth and yield in cotton: A computer analysis of the nutritional theory[J]. Proe Beltwide Cotton Prod Res Conf, 1971,78:45～61.
[19]Brouwer R, Wit C T. A simulation model of plant growth with special attention to root growth and its consequences [A]. N W J Whittington (Eds.): Root Growth [C]. Proceedings of the 15th Easter school in agri. Science. University of Nottingham, Butter words, London. 1969,224.
[20]Goudriaan J. Crop Micrometeorology: A simulation Study[M]. Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1977.
[21]Van Keulen H, Penning de Vries F W T. A Summary Model for crop Growth. In: Penning de Vires FWT and van Laar HH: Simulation of Plant Growth and Crop Production[J]. Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1982, 87-97.
[22]Wit C T, Potential Crop production[J]. Pudoc, Wageningen, 1971, 5～30.
[23]Baker, D. M. Simulation of growth and yield in cotton: a computer analysis of nutritional theory[J]. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod Res. Conf, 1971,78.
[24]Ritches. J. T. Specification of the ideal model for predicting crop yields In:R. C. Muchow and J. A. Bellamy (Eds). Climatic risk in crop production: models and management for the semiarid tropics and subtropics[J]. CAB international, Wallingford, 1991, 97-121.
[25]殷新佑．“多息回归模型库”及其在水稻模式栽培中的应用[J]．作物杂志，第一届国际农业系统学术讨论会文集，1987，
[26]高亮之，金之庆，黄耀．水稻计算机模拟模型(RICEMOD)及应用—中国长江流域水稻气候生态系统研究[C]．江苏省农业科学院研究报告第一号，1989．
[27]Jam ieson P D, Porter J R, Wilsom D R. A test of the computer simulation model ARCWHEAT on wheat crops grow in New Zealand[J]. Field Crop Research. 1991, 27 (4): 337～350.
[28]高亮之，金之庆．RCSODS—水稻栽培计算机模拟优化决策系统[J]．计算机与农业应用，1993(3)：14～20．
[29]戚昌翰，殷新佑，谢华蔼．水稻产量形成的生长日历模拟模型的初步研究[J]，江西农业大学学报(作物模拟模型专刊2)，1991，39～43．
[30]戚昌翰．水稻生长日历模型与研究论文集[C]．江西农业大学学报，1991(增刊)．
[31]戚昌翰，殷新佑等．水稻生长日历模拟模型／生产调控决策支持系统(RICAM／RICOS)研究[J]．江西农业大学学报，1996，18：(增刊)
[32]戚昌翰，殷新佑等．水稻生长日历模拟模型(RICAM)的调控决策系统(RICOS)研究[J]．江西农业大学学报．1994，16(4)：323～327．
[33]邹应斌，唐秋澄，水稻苗情动态计算机模拟(Ⅳ)：水稻苗情动态模拟与模拟栽培[J]．湖南农学院学报．1993，19(增刊)：30～36．
[34]骆世明，郑华等．水稻高产栽培中应用计算机模拟的研究[J]．广东农业科学．1990(3)：14～17．
[35]潘学标等．COTGROW：棉花生长发育模拟模型[J]．棉花学报，1996，8(4)：180～188．
[36]夏北成．麦田生态系统的计算机模拟及最优控制[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．
[37]冯立平，高亮之．小麦发育期动态模拟模型的研究[J]，作物学报，1997，23 (4)：418～424．
[38]MCMASTER G. S. Existing wheat yield models[J]. Distributed listing, USDA-ARS Crops Research Lab, Fort Collins, CO. 1993.
[39]曹卫星．作物生长模拟(讲义)[J]．南京农业大学，2000．
[40]Ritchie J T, Otter S. Description and performance of CERES-Wheat: A user-oriented wheat yield modelv. USDAARS ARS, 1985, 38: 159～175.
[41]Hodges T. Predicting crop phenology[J]. Florida, USA: CRC Press, 1991,1～189.
[42]Ritche. J. T, Otter S. CERES-Wheat book draft. 1987.
[43]McMaster G S, Morgan J A, Wihelm W W. Simulating winter wheat spikes development and growth[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1992,60:193～220.
[44]McMaster G S, Wihelm W W, Morgan J A Simulating winter wheat shoot apex phenology[J]. Journal of Agricultural science, 1992, 119:1～12.
[45]Porter J R, Jamieson P D, Wilson D R. Comparison of the wheat simulation models AFRCWHEAT2, CERES-Wheat and SWHEAT for non-limiting conditions of crop growth[J]. Field Crop Research, 1993, 33:131～137.
[46]Weir AH, Brig P L, et al. A Winter wheat model without water and nutrient Limitations[J], Journal of Agricultural Science, 1984, 102:371～382.
[47]STAPPER M. Simtag: A simulation model of wheat genotypes[J]. Model
Documentation. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Publication. Aleppo, Syria, 1984.
[48]VAN KEULEN H, Seligman N. G. Simulation of water use, nitrogen and growth of the spring wheat crop[M], wageningen, the Netherlands, 1987,310.
[49]VAN LARR H. H. Goudriaan J. Van Keulen H.(Eds). Simulation of crop growth for potential and water-limited production situations (as applied to spring wheat) [J], simulation report 27, 1992,CABO-TT, 72
[50]张春庆，李晴祺，影响普通小麦加工馒头质量的主要品质性状的研究[J]中国农业科学，1993，26(2)：39～46
[51]李宗智．冬小麦若干品质性状遗传及相关的研究[J]1990，16(1)；8～18
[52]王光瑞．北方冬麦区小麦品质研究简报[J]全国小麦品质改良研讨班资料选编，1986，71～89
[53]C.A. Campbell. Effect of Temperature, Nitrogen Fertilization and Moisture Stress on Yield, Yield Components, Protein Components and Moisture Use Efficiency Of Manitou Spring Wheat Can [J]. Plant Sci, 1979,59:965～974
[54]C.A. Campbell. Effect of Nitrogen, Temperature, Growth Stage All Duration of Moisture Stress on Yield Components and Protein Components and Moisture Use Efficiency of Manitou Spring Wheat, Can, [J], 1981,61:549～563
[55]Benzia B. Protein Concentration of grain in relation to some weather and soil factors during 17 years of English winter-wheat experiment [J] sci. Food Agric 1986,37:435～444
[56]Blumental c.s. growth environment and wheat quality: the effect of heat stress on dough properties and gluten proteins, [J] cereal sci 1993,18:3～21
[57]D.e smika, protein content of winter grain as related of soil and climatic factors in the semiarid central great plains [J], agronomy, 1973,65:433～466
[58]F.w sosulski effect of moisture, tell peratimand, nitrogen of yield and protein quality of thatcher wheat can [J], plant sci 1966,46:583～588
[59]Strong, Nicolas, varietal difference in natural protein composition of wheat Australian [J]. journal of plant physiology 1996,23(6):727～737
[60]杜文哲，李文雄．春小麦籽粒蛋白质积累和产量形成规律及施氮的调节作用[J]
东北农业大学学报，1999，30(1)：1～9
[61]M. Cabelguenne, P. Debeke, A. Bouniols. EPICphase, a version of the EPIC model simulating the effects of water and nitrogen stress on biomass and yield, taking account of developmental stages: validation on maize, sunflower, sorghum, soybean and winter wheat [J]. Agricultural system. 1999,60175～196.
[62]WEIKAI YAN, HUNT An Equation for Modelling the Temperature Response of Planis using only the Cardinal Temperatures [J]. annals of botany, 1999, 84:607～614
[63]David Makowski, Daniel Wallach, Jean-Marc Meynard. Models of yield, Grain Protein, and Residual Mineral Nitrogen Responses to applied Nitrogen for Winter Wheat, [J]. agron. J, 1999,91:377～385.
[64]G. P. Smith, M. J. Gooding, Models of wheat grain quality considering climate, cultivar and nitrogen effects [J], Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1999,94:159-170
[65]曹卫星，罗卫红．作物系统模拟及智能管理[M]，华文出版社，2000，11
[66]Shauna M. Uselman, Robert G. Quails et al. A test of a potential short cut in the Nitrogen cycle: the role of exudation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from the roots of a N-fixing tree and the effects of increased atmospheric co2 and temperature [J]. plant and soil 1999 210:21～32
[67]赵红梅．氮素影响冬小麦生长发育和产量形成模拟模型的研究[D]，保定河北农业大学．1999
[68]olof andren, Thomas k, nitrogen dynamics of crop and soil subjected to different water and nitrogen inputs, including daily irrigation and steady-state fertilization measurement and modeling[J]. Plant and soil, 1996,181:13～17
[69]cabon f, grard g, modeling of the nitrogen cycle in farm land areas [J]. Fertilizer research, 1991,27:161～169
[70]J. Cavero, R. E. Plant, C. Shenanan. Modeling nitrogen cycling in tomato-safflower and tomato-wheat rotations [J], Agricultural Systems, 1999,60:123-135.
[71]金善宝．小麦生态研究[M]．浙江科学技术出版社，1990．
[72]邢先贵，朱旭彤．优质小麦品种在不同栽培条件下的产量和品质表现[J]．华中农业大学学报，1996，15(2)117～122．
[73]张宝军，蒋纪芸．小麦籽粒品质及其影响因素分析[J]．国外农学—麦类作物，1995(4)29～30．
[74]荆奇，姜东，戴廷波．小麦籽粒品质的基因型与环境效应及评价指标[C]．中国作物学会栽培研究会学术研讨会论文，江苏：无锡，2001，4
[75]徐兆飞，张惠叶．[M]，张定一．小麦品质及其改良，气象出版社，1999．
[76]M. E. Qureshi, S. R. Harrison, M. K. Wegener. Validation of multicriteria analysis models [J]. Agricultural systems, 1999,62:105～116
[77]David J Connor，穆兴民．模拟软件Stella在小麦生长发育模拟中的应用[J]．河北农业大学学报，1996，1996，19(1)：108～112．
[78]Ritchie J T, Otter S. CERES-Wheat book draft [M]. 1987
[79]G. Sourkova, C. Pona, Evaluation of the Vulnerability Of Agroforest System With Reference To The Climate Change. Ⅱ. model sensitivity to changes in daily and interannual variability of climate in Italy [EB/OL], Report on Activity During the Fellowship Period, at the Environment Department, AMB-GEM-CLIM, Casaccia Centre, http://clima.casaccia.enea.it/staff/pona/Rep Dec99/, 1999-10-2/1999-11-23
[80]R. Kelly, W. Strong, T. Jensen et al. Strategies to interpret the yield map: Defining yield-limiting factors [EB/OL], Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/1/a/kelly.htm#P0 0, 2001
[81]Dijkshoom W. J. E. M. Lampe, A plant test for sufficiency of phospherus based on the phosphers-nitrogen interaction in sunflower nutrition [J]. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1980,28:135-146
[82]Godwin D C, PLG Vlek, Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in wheat cropping system. Wheat Growth and Modeling [J]. 1985,86:1～311
[83]Jeffrey W. White, Peter R. Grace. Modeling Extremes of Wheat and Maize Crop Performance in the Tropics Proceedings of a Workshop [M], Mexico, CIMMYT E1 Batán, 1999,1～75
[84]S. Norng, A. N. Pettitt, W. M. Strong, et al. Strategies to interpret yield maps: Predicting grain protein using yield [EB/OL], Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/1/a/norng.htm, 2001
[85]Huwe, Bernd, WHNSIM~* - water-, heat-, and nitrogen simulation [EB/OL],
http://www.gsf.de/UFIS/ufis/model142/modell.html, 1995-10-30/1996-12-4.
[86]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红．小麦叶面积指数分配动态的模拟模型研究[J]．麦类作物学报，2001，21(2)：38～41．
[87]丰庆河．钾素影响冬小麦生长发育和产量形成模拟模型的研究[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2002．
[88]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红．小麦抽穗后生理发育时间的计算与生育期的预测[J]，麦类作物学报，2001，21(2)：38～41．
[89]曹卫星，江海东．小麦温光反应及小麦发育进程的模拟[J]．南京农业大学学报，1996，21(3)：26～30
[90]Caw W, Moss D. N. Modeling phasic development in wheat: a conceptual integration of physiological components [J]. Agricultural Science. 129:163～172.
[91]Charles-Edwards DA, The mathematics of photosynthesis and productivity[M]. Academic press Inc. London LTD, 1981
[92]Chris George. Photosynthesis Simulation. http://www.csupomona.edu/～cali/info/ [EB/OL], 1997-08-05.
[93]O. Krner, H. Challa, R.J.C. van Ooteghem. MODELING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CROP PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT HIGH RADIATION IN A SOLAR GREENHOUSE [EB/OL]. http://www.actahort.org/books/593/593 17.htm.
[94]Development and Application of Computer Simulation for the Experiment on Environmental Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis [J]. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference,2001
[95]Kppers, M. Schulze, An empirical model of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for the simulation of diurnal courses of CO2 and H20 exchange. [EB/OL]. http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i3v/00068900/20623041.htm. 2002-10-12.
[96]蒋涛，梁振兴．冬小麦计算机模拟与调控系统的研究．Ⅰ～Ⅲ．梁振兴，刘兴海主编．小麦产量形成的栽培技术原理[M]．北京农业大学出版社，1994，259～294．
[97]De Wit. Simulation of assimilation, Respiration and transpiration of crops [M]. Simulation Monographs: Wageningen Pudoc. 1978,140
[98]马育华．田间试验和统计方法[M]，北京：农业出版社．1985，257～259．
[99]刘铁梅，曹卫星，罗卫红等，小麦器官间干物质分配动态的定量模拟[J]．麦类作物学
报，2001，21(1)：25～31
[100]李军．作物生长模拟模型的开发应用进展[J]．西北农业大学学报，1997，25(4)：1-6．
[101]张宇，赵四强．国外作物生长模拟研究简介[J]．气象，1989，15(8)：47-50，46．
[102]严力蛟，杜建生，郑志明等．作物生产动态模拟模型研究与应用[J]，作物研究，1996，10(2)：1-5．
[103]廖桂平，官春云．黄璜．作物生长模拟模型技术[J]．湖南农业大学学报，1998，24(5)：417-422．
[104]杨京，王兆骞．作物生长模拟模型及其应用[J]．应用生态学报，1999，10(4)：501-505．
[105]廖桂平，官春云．黄璜．作物生长模拟模型研究概述．作物研究，1998，(3)：45-48．
[106]赵双宁，陈毅伟．计算机在作物育种和栽培中的应用与展望[J]．计算机农业应用，1993，(1)：1-6．