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基蘖氮肥用量对水稻群体质量影响及氮肥高效利用机理研究
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摘要
本试验以粳稻武香粳9号和籼稻H97-322为材料,在相同地力基础上,氮素穗肥用量相同,研究了氮素基蘖肥不同施用水平对水稻群体质量建成、水稻群体摄取利用氮素效率、氮素高效利用生理特征以及稻米品质等的影响。结果表明:
     1.氮素基蘖肥用量对群体质量建成有决定性的作用,随氮素基蘖肥用量增加,群体茎蘖数显著增加。在移栽到有效分蘖临界叶龄期,施基蘖肥较多时,虽然分蘖增加较快,但处理之间增加幅度的差异没有有效分蘖临界叶龄到拔节期显著。有效分蘖临界叶龄至拔节期是分蘖最活跃最易调节的时期,基蘖肥用量少的或不施基蘖肥的处理,这个时期新生蘖显著减少或分蘖提前终止发生。在随后的拔节到抽穗期,分蘖多的处理在群体自动调节作用下,高位蘖或晚生蘖发育成弱势蘖、无效蘖的比例增大,其中无效蘖大量死亡。存活的分蘖到抽穗时单株茎鞘重量较小,而此时的单株茎鞘重量与群体产量是呈正相关的。这表明栽培调控措施相对群体自动调节能力而言,对高质量的群体建成是起主导作用的。
     2.群体质量不仅体现在个体数的多少、群体中主茎和分蘖在群体结构中比例与作用,还体现在分蘖中的优势蘖、弱势蘖和无效蘖在群体结构中的比例和作用等方面。就产量而言,优势蘖取决定性作用,武香粳9号的优势蘖产量占分蘖总产的80%以上,H97-322的优势蘖产量占分蘖总产的75%以上;弱势蘖产量BT-15处理显著高于其它处理,弱势蘖产量贡献较小,占总产量15~20%;无效蘖产量贡献极小,但是无效蘖和弱势蘖对群体质量影响很大,不仅耗散营养,而且影响通风透光,易诱发病虫害。
     3.氮素基蘖肥用量与水稻氮素吸收利用效率互相作用,互相影响。氮素基蘖肥用量多,水稻吸氮多。拔节前,群体内个体之间相互制约性小,增加吸收的氮素主要用于分蘖数和植株氮素营养水平的提高;拔节后,随着个体增大,高氮素基蘖肥处理群体单茎平均重量的增加不得不以增加分蘖的死亡为代价,水稻吸氮总量反而下降。水稻在整个生育期相对吸氮速率随生育进程推进而降低,速度降低趋势随氮素基蘖肥占总施氮量比重增大而显著加强。增施氮素基蘖肥,主要增大了拔节前水稻相对吸氮速率,减小了拔节后水稻相对吸氮速率。高产群体,相对吸氮速率随生育进程推进平稳减小,各生育阶段吸氮比例协调。植株氮素营养水平亦随生育进程推进而降低。
     氮素基蘖肥用量多的处理,植株氮素营养水平持续居高不下,叶片黄黑变化不明显,在水稻整个生育期,群体的氮代谢旺盛,非结构性碳水化合物积累不足,颖花分化数虽多,但退化数大,退化率也高,抽穗后启动灌浆速度慢,成熟延迟,结实率低、千粒重小,产量显著降低。增施氮素基蘖肥,虽然有利拔节前氮素基蘖肥利用率的提高,但不利整个生育期的氮素基蘖肥利用率和总氮肥利用率的提高,不利氮素利用率和产谷效率协同提高。研究还表明目前一般的氮素基蘖肥用量存在偏高现象。
     4.水稻氮肥高效利用的生理特征显著不同于氮肥利用效率低的。氮肥吸收利用效率高的,抽穗期不同叶位叶碳氮分布呈规律性变化,叶色随时间推移黄黑交替明显。不同器官含
    
    基集氮肥对水稻群体质t影响及氮肥高效利用机理研究
    氮量叶片>穗>茎鞘,非结构性碳水化合物含量茎鞘>穗>叶片。氮素和非结构性碳水化合
    物的表观运转率低,氮素收获指数和经济系数高;氮肥利用率高的,碳氮代谢关键调节酶活
    性高,但酶活随叶位下降而降低;氮肥利用率高的,叶绿素源总量和高叶绿素源总量持续时
    间适宜,根系活力强,干物质生产量大,氮素产谷效率和氮素生产干物质效率高。
     5.氮素基莫肥用量对稻米品质有一定的影响。氮素基粟肥多,氮素穗肥相对不足的,出
    糙率和整精米率高,直链淀粉含量高,蛋白质含量低,赖氨酸含量高,胶稠度小;氮素基集
    肥多的,氮素穗肥又相对充足的,出糙率和整精米率低,直链淀粉含量低,蛋白质含量高,
    赖氨酸含量低,胶稠度较大。因此,只有适当减少基莫肥用量,氮素穗肥比例合理—武香
    粳9号基葵肥126.00kg/hmZ,穗肥121.50kg/hmZ;H97一322基莫肥105.ZOkg/hmZ,穗肥
    101.25kg/hmZ,才有利于稻米综合品质提高。
This experiments were carried out in 2001 and 2002, at NUE experiment station , with tow rice cultivars Wuxiangjing 9 (Japanica) and H97-322 (Indicd) to study the effects of the amount of basic and tillering nitrogen (BT) on the population quality , yield and physiological characteristics in nitrogen uptake of rice . The results are as follows:
    1. (BT) played a decisive role to establish the foundation of the rice population quantity. With the amount of BT increasing , the increment of number of from critical stage of productive tillering(N-n) to enlongation satge(n-2) was more significant than from transplantation stage(SN) to N-n .Since the tiller emerged from N-n stage is harmful to rice population quality , BT should be decreased to promote the construction of nice rice population.
    2. The population quantity was determined not only by the number of individuals and the ratio of main stems to tillers, also depended on the rate of superior tiller (ST),inferior tiller (IT) and ineffective tiller (IET). The yield of ST of Wuxiangjing 9 was above 80% , and that of H97-322 was above 75% of total yield . By a contrast, IT and IET is not so important for grain yield of rice . But the existence of IT and IET exhausted the nutrition restricted aeration in rice canopy and induced serious pest . As a result, we indicated the nice rice population should increase the number of ST as high as possible and decreased the number of FT and BET as less as possible.
    3. The amount of N-uptake by rice was primarily affected by the amount of BT . The average weight of the individual had no significant difference among the treatments with different nitrogen level, and the N-uptake increased primarily depended on tillers increased. The more nitrogen was applied, the nitrogen contain of plant was higher and the more tillers was dying after n-2 stage resulting from the mechanism of population auto-regulation . The suitable percentage of the rice N-uptake should be above 45% in the period from n-2 to heading stage (HS). The relative rates of population absorbing nitrogen(RRA) of all treatments decreased with the development of rice , the greater ratio of BT to TN applied, the more faster their declining speed became. When the amount of BT was increased , the uptake of nitrogen by rice before n-2 stage was increased significantly , By contrast with this , the uptake of nitrogen by rice was inhibited after n-2 stage , In high yield rice population, the amount of BT was at the opt
    imal level, RRA decreased stably and reasonably, the N-uptake during its each stage was fit for the rhythm of population growth and development, nitrogen use efficiency and productivity of grains were improved coordinately .
    4.The population with high NUE had special physiology characteristic such as the nitrogen content of leaf distributed in a spatial order , the leaf color changed from yellow to heavy green in a reasonable rhythm . The nitrogen content of the different organ declined in sequence as leaf > panicle > culm and sheath, the NSC content of leaf in sequence as culm and sheath > panicle > leaf . The apparent transportation percentage of nitrogen and NSC were both low ,but NHI and HI were both high ; The enzyme of the carbon and nitrogen metabolism catalyzed relative reaction actively, while their activities subsided with the leaf location descending from the top stem , the roots were vigorously in physiology, the dry matter was produced more than that of treatments with low NUE, nitrogen use efficiency and productivity of grains were both high.
    5. BT had a definite influence on rice quality.The more BT and less PN relatively was applied , the lower the filling rate, the brown rate and the head milling rice rate were , the lower the crude protein content and the shorter the Gel. consistency were , the higher the amylose and lysine content were ; the more BT and PN relatively was applied, the lower the filling rate, the brown rate and the head milling rice rate were , the lower
    
    
    the amylose and lysine content were too , the lower the crude
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