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冬小麦低温灾害影响与诊断方法研究
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摘要
为探索小麦低温灾害的影响及诊断方法,本研究于2010~2011年在北京市小汤山国家精准农业示范基地进行了播期品种试验,分别于2008~2009年、2010年在河南省商丘市农科所试验基地进行了播期品种密度试验、人工霜箱低温胁迫模拟试验,分析了越冬冻害和晚霜冻害对小麦生长发育和产量的影响。在试验研究的基础上,基于农业无线远程监控系统对田间气象数据的实时监控,探索与之相适应的小麦低温灾害诊断方法,并对有利于减轻低温灾害、提高产量的品种选择、适宜播期播量进行了分析。结果表明:
     1.小麦越冬期的冻害程度与冬前苗情基础和越冬期间的气象条件有关。冬前生长期,尤其是出苗~越冬期的气象条件决定了冬前苗情基础。当冬前积温小于310.19℃·d、累积日照时数小于258h时,冬后一般不会发生严重冻害。小麦死苗(蘖)率与越冬期间的负积温、极端最低气温、降水量等因子显著相关,可以作为越冬期间冻害预警的气象指标。小麦越冬期苗情指标主要有群体茎蘖、主茎叶龄、次生根数、单株分蘖,进一步构建苗情指数(I),定量化评价越冬期苗情状况。冬季冻害造成小麦叶片干枯,严重时出现死苗死蘖,越冬损耗明显,冬季冻害主要影响小麦成穗率和成穗数。
     2.雌雄蕊末到药隔初期是小麦霜冻害的敏感时期,人工霜箱低温胁迫模拟试验结果表明,-5℃是药隔期发生霜冻害的临界温度,温度越低幼穗冻死率越高。小麦拔节后,植株进入幼穗分化期,此时抗霜能力较弱,若遇霜冻害对幼穗的影响最大,严重影响产量。以拔节后的天数和最低气温为小麦霜冻指标,进一步构建晚霜冻害指数(F),准确预测霜冻害的程度,以Web网站访问、Wap手机访问、SMS短信发送等方式及时预警。
     3.选用抗寒性强的品种、适时适期播种是防止小麦越冬冻害和晚霜冻害、提高产量的有效措施。在北京地区,强冬性品种京9843和冬性品种中优206在遭遇越冬期冻害后仍能获得较高的产量,适宜播期应控制在9月28日~10月3日;弱春性品种豫农949受越冬冻害影响严重、产量不稳定,不推荐种植。在河南商丘地区,受轻霜冻影响半冬性品种矮抗58比弱春性品种豫农949更易获得高产,2个品种适宜播期在10月中上旬,适宜播量60~120万株/hm~2。
In order to explore low temperature diagnosis method of winter wheat, sowing date-varietyinteraction experiment was conducted at National Precise Agriculture Demonstration Base in Beijing,while sowing date-variety-plant density interactive experiment and controlled experiment with artificialfrost chamber were conducted at Shangqiu Agriculture Technology Research Institute in Henanprovince in2009and2010, respectively. The effect of winter freezing damage and frost damage ongrowth and development and yield formation of winter wheat was analysed during these experiment.Based on the experiment research, explore low temperature diagnosis method of winter wheatappropriate to agriculture wireless remote monitoring system and give advices on suitable variety,optimal sowing date and plant density. The results showed that:
     1. The winter freezing damage of wheat was related to seedling situation and weather conditionsbefore winter. Wheat seedling situation before winter depended on weather conditions of growth stagebefore winter, especially from seedling to over-winter stage. There was no severe freezing injury whenaccumulated temperature before winter is less than310.19℃·d and cumulative sunshine hours is lessthan258h. Dead seedling rate was related to negative accumulative temperature, extreme lowtemperature and precipitation which were the key indicators of winter freezing damage warning. Mainindicators of over-winter seedling situation of winter wheat were group tiller, main stem leaf age,secondary radical root and tiller number per plant. In further, build seedling situation index (I) toquantitatively evaluate over-winter seedling situation. Winter freezing injury caused leaves dry up, insevere cases death of seedling or tiller, so over-winter loss is significant. Winter freezing injury mainlyaffected the number and percentage of ears.
     2. The stage from late differentiation of stamen and pistil to early another connective stage wasfrost sensitive. The results of controlled experiment with artificial frost chamber showed that-5℃is thecritical temperature when frost damage happened at another connective stage, and the lower thetemperature, the higher dead seedling percentage. When winter wheat developed into young panicledifferentiation stage, frost resistance become weaker. At this time, frost injury did harm to young ear,and then affected final production. Define days after jointing stage and minimum temperature as frostindicators, and then construct frost injury index (F) to precisely estimate the degree of frost injury whichcan be showed on website or mobile phone.
     3. Varieties with strong cold resistance and appropriate sowing date and pant density were the mosteffective measures to prevent winter freezing damage and frost damage of winter wheat. In Beijing,winter variety ‘Jing9843’ and semi winter variety ‘Zhongyou206’ could gain higher production affectedby winter freezing damage, and the suitable sowing date was between September28thand October3th.Weak spring variety ‘Yunong949’ was not recommended in Beijing for it was severely affected bywinter freezing injury and its product could not remain stable. In Shangqiu of Henan Province, underweak frost injury semi winter variety ‘Aikang58’ had higher production than ‘Yunong949’. Through the analysis of the combination of density and seedtime, the reasonable sowing dates were during the firstand second ten days of October. And planting density of60to120kg per hm2was more appropriate.
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