构造建模与速度建场技术在克拉苏构造带的应用
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摘要
库车坳陷克拉苏构造带是塔里木盆地天然气勘探的重点区带,由于地表地下地质结构复杂,合理构造建模和准确的速度建场难,是制约该区圈闭落实和油气发现的主要因素。围绕该区的构造建模和速度建场等两个关键技术问题,本文在技术路线和实际应用上采取了针对性措施,具体开展以下研究:
克拉苏构造带为山前冲断带,逆掩推覆剧烈,地震资料性噪比低,总体资料品质较差,很难客观真实的刻画地下地质构造特征。地震地质综合标定是构造建模的基础,在此基础上,本文应用地质剖面和遥感影像技术,精细标定表层构造,为地下地质构造的合理建模提供参考依据。克拉苏构造带发育的构造与盐岩发育密切相关,通过研究精细解释盐岩发育状况,结合断层相关褶皱理论,分区段建立了克拉苏构造带五个区段的构造解释模型。在构造建模过程中,运用了地震非地震联合解释、模型正演、数值模拟、处理解释一体化和平衡剖面等技术手段,确保构造建模的合理可靠。
速度建场的主要目标是进行准确的变速成图。层速度充填法速度建场是山前冲断带的一套建场方法,核心是准确求取层速度。在进一步完善建场方法的同时,本文主要对如何准确求取层速度进行深入分析研究,对钻井速度进行统计分析,并结合地震速度,采用模型迭代、正演分析、循环进行分析得到层速度在不同构造部位的变化梯度。在构造建模基础上,分块建立速度场,进行变速成图。
通过研究,建立了克拉苏构造带各区段的构造模式,深化了对克拉苏构造带的地质认识。在速度研究基础上,发现并落实了一批圈闭,综合评价后,提出了有利目标和井位建议。目前通过钻探,已经发现了大北3、克深2两个千亿方大气田,大北气田的评价勘探也取得良好效果。通过在克拉苏构造带的应用,山前复杂区构造建模和速度建场技术得到了发展和完善。
Kelasu tectonic belt in Kuqa Depression is a major zone of natural gas exploration in Tarim basin. Due to its complicated subsurface geological structure, it is very difficult to build reasonable structure model and correct velocity field. Moreover, the above two factors restrict the discovery of the traps and reservoirs further. Aiming to the reasonable structure model building and correct velocity field construction, this paper adopt corresponding methods in the application and the implement means in Kelasu tectonic belt .
Kelasu tectonic belt is a foothill thrust belt, which has strong overthrust nappe. For its low signal to noise ratio and general data of low quality, it is difficult to describe the complicated subsurface geological structure. Seismic-geologic comprehensive calibration is the basement of building a structure model, as a good reference for seismic-geologic comprehensive calibration of the subsurface geological structure, surficial structure of Kelasu tectonic belt have been finely calibrated by the using of geological profiles and remote sensing images. The structure of Kelasu tectonic belt and salt rock are closely related, through fine description of the salt rock’s development, together with the analysis of fault-related fold theoretic, a five sectional structure model of Kelasu tectonic belt has been built. In order to make sure the structure model is reasonable and reliable, a series of technical means have been used during the procedure of structure modeling, such as joint interpretation of seismic and non-seismic, forward modeling, numerical simulation, integration of processing and interpretation, balanced section technique, and so on.
Correct variable velocity mapping is the main target of building a velocity field construction. Interval velocity filling method velocity-field-built is very useful for foothill thrust belt, whose core is to acquire interval velocity correctly. Aiming to the correct change gradient of interval velocity in different parts of the structure, drilling velocity and seismic velocity have been analyzed by iteration model, forward analysis and cycle analysis. On the basement of the structure model, together with the correct interval velocity, a proper velocity field has been constructed, and the variable velocity mapping has been completed reasonably and correctly further.
Through the study of this subject, Kelasu tectonic belt’s sectional structure model has been set up; the understanding of Kelasu tectonic belt has been deepen; a series of traps has been discovered and implemented; a number of favorable targets and well locations have been suggested by through comprehensive evaluation; Dabei3 and Keshen2 gas fields have been discovered, and each one’s reserve is above one hundred billion cubic meters; and Dabei gas field has received good exploration assessment. At the same time, the technic of the build of reasonable structure model and correct velocity field in complex foothill area have been developed and refined practically.
克拉苏构造带为山前冲断带,逆掩推覆剧烈,地震资料性噪比低,总体资料品质较差,很难客观真实的刻画地下地质构造特征。地震地质综合标定是构造建模的基础,在此基础上,本文应用地质剖面和遥感影像技术,精细标定表层构造,为地下地质构造的合理建模提供参考依据。克拉苏构造带发育的构造与盐岩发育密切相关,通过研究精细解释盐岩发育状况,结合断层相关褶皱理论,分区段建立了克拉苏构造带五个区段的构造解释模型。在构造建模过程中,运用了地震非地震联合解释、模型正演、数值模拟、处理解释一体化和平衡剖面等技术手段,确保构造建模的合理可靠。
速度建场的主要目标是进行准确的变速成图。层速度充填法速度建场是山前冲断带的一套建场方法,核心是准确求取层速度。在进一步完善建场方法的同时,本文主要对如何准确求取层速度进行深入分析研究,对钻井速度进行统计分析,并结合地震速度,采用模型迭代、正演分析、循环进行分析得到层速度在不同构造部位的变化梯度。在构造建模基础上,分块建立速度场,进行变速成图。
通过研究,建立了克拉苏构造带各区段的构造模式,深化了对克拉苏构造带的地质认识。在速度研究基础上,发现并落实了一批圈闭,综合评价后,提出了有利目标和井位建议。目前通过钻探,已经发现了大北3、克深2两个千亿方大气田,大北气田的评价勘探也取得良好效果。通过在克拉苏构造带的应用,山前复杂区构造建模和速度建场技术得到了发展和完善。
Kelasu tectonic belt in Kuqa Depression is a major zone of natural gas exploration in Tarim basin. Due to its complicated subsurface geological structure, it is very difficult to build reasonable structure model and correct velocity field. Moreover, the above two factors restrict the discovery of the traps and reservoirs further. Aiming to the reasonable structure model building and correct velocity field construction, this paper adopt corresponding methods in the application and the implement means in Kelasu tectonic belt .
Kelasu tectonic belt is a foothill thrust belt, which has strong overthrust nappe. For its low signal to noise ratio and general data of low quality, it is difficult to describe the complicated subsurface geological structure. Seismic-geologic comprehensive calibration is the basement of building a structure model, as a good reference for seismic-geologic comprehensive calibration of the subsurface geological structure, surficial structure of Kelasu tectonic belt have been finely calibrated by the using of geological profiles and remote sensing images. The structure of Kelasu tectonic belt and salt rock are closely related, through fine description of the salt rock’s development, together with the analysis of fault-related fold theoretic, a five sectional structure model of Kelasu tectonic belt has been built. In order to make sure the structure model is reasonable and reliable, a series of technical means have been used during the procedure of structure modeling, such as joint interpretation of seismic and non-seismic, forward modeling, numerical simulation, integration of processing and interpretation, balanced section technique, and so on.
Correct variable velocity mapping is the main target of building a velocity field construction. Interval velocity filling method velocity-field-built is very useful for foothill thrust belt, whose core is to acquire interval velocity correctly. Aiming to the correct change gradient of interval velocity in different parts of the structure, drilling velocity and seismic velocity have been analyzed by iteration model, forward analysis and cycle analysis. On the basement of the structure model, together with the correct interval velocity, a proper velocity field has been constructed, and the variable velocity mapping has been completed reasonably and correctly further.
Through the study of this subject, Kelasu tectonic belt’s sectional structure model has been set up; the understanding of Kelasu tectonic belt has been deepen; a series of traps has been discovered and implemented; a number of favorable targets and well locations have been suggested by through comprehensive evaluation; Dabei3 and Keshen2 gas fields have been discovered, and each one’s reserve is above one hundred billion cubic meters; and Dabei gas field has received good exploration assessment. At the same time, the technic of the build of reasonable structure model and correct velocity field in complex foothill area have been developed and refined practically.
引文
[1]高瑞祺,赵政璋等.中国油气新区勘探.第一卷,塔里木盆地库车坳陷大气田勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[2]贾承造,魏国齐,姚慧君等.盆地构造演化与区域构造地质[M].塔里木盆地油气勘探丛书,北京:石油工业出版社,1996.
[3]贾承造等.塔里木盆地天然气成藏与勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004..
[4]漆家福.油区构造解析[M].北京:石油大学,2001年2月.
[5]贾承造,何登发,雷振宇等.前陆冲断带油气勘探[M].石油工业出版社,2000年10月.
[6]刘和甫等.走滑构造体系盆山耦合与区带分析[J].现代地质,中国地质大学,2004年6月.
[7]余一欣,汤良杰等,库车坳陷盐相关构造与有利油气勘探领域[J].大地构造与成矿学2007,31(4)410~411
[8]汤良杰,余一欣,陈书平等,含油气盆地盐构造研究进展[J].地学前缘2005 12(4).
[9]余一欣,汤良杰,王清华等,库车坳陷盐构造及相关成藏模式[J].煤田地质与勘探2005 33(6).
[10]胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明惠等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系[J].地质科学2004 39(4):580~588.
[11]邬光辉,蔡振中等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造成因机制探讨[J].新疆地质2006 24(2)182~186.
[12]陈书平,漆家福等,盐在变形中的作用:库车坳陷与东濮坳陷盐构造对比研究[J].地质学报2007 81(6)745~755.
[13]李景明,刘树根,李本亮等.中国西部C-型前陆盆地形成演化与油气聚集[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006.
[14]高长林等.天山微板块构造与塔北盆地[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[15]徐士林,吕修祥,皮学军等.新疆库车坳陷克拉苏构造带异常高压及其成藏效应[J].现代地质,2002,16(3):282～286.
[16]宋岩,贾承造,赵孟军,田作基.库车煤成烃前陆盆地冲断带大气田形成的控制因素.科学通报.2002,47(增刊):64-69.
[17]Suppe J. Geometry and kinematics of fault bend folding. Amer. Jour. Sci[M],1983,283:684~721.
[18] Suppe J and Medwedeff D A. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclog. Geol. Helv., 1990,83:409~454.
[19]刘和甫,梁慧社,菜立国等.天山两侧前陆冲断系构造样式与前陆盆地演化[J].地球科学,1994.
[20]何国琦,李茂松,韩宝福.中国西南天山及邻区大地构造研究[J].新疆地质,2001年3月.
[21]Hendrix M S, et al. Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tianshan :evidence from Mesozoic strata of the North Tarim, South Junggar and Turpan Basin, Northwest China. Geol. Soc. America Bulletin, 1992,11:127~146.
[22]Yin A, Nie S, Craig P, Harrisson TM, Ryerson F T, Qian Xianglin and Yang Geng. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan. Tectonics,1998, 17:1~27.
[23]张仲培,林伟,王清晨.库车坳陷克拉苏-依奇克里克构造带的构造演化[J].大地构造与成矿学. 2003,27(4).327-33.
[24]贾承造,赵文智等,盐构造与油气勘探[J]石油勘探开发2003,30(2):17~19.
[25]汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.南天山库车褶皱带构造几何学和运动学[J].地质科学,2002年7月.
[26]刘本培,王自强,张传恒等.西南天山构造格局与演化[M].武汉:中国地质大学(武汉)出版社,1996.64～85.
[27]肖安成,贾承造等.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征[J].沉积学报,2000年9月.
[28]王招明,夏维书等.塔里木盆地乌什凹陷及周边露头区油气地质[M].石油工业出版社,2002年11月.
[29]周兴熙,张光亚,李洪辉等,塔里木盆地库车油气系统的成藏作用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[30]田作基,胡见义,宋建国.塔里木库车前陆盆地构造格架和含油气系统[J].新疆石油地质,2000.
[31]R. J. Chalaturnyk,J. D. Scott著,单钰铭译.根据地质力学试验评价储层性质[J].天然气勘探与开发,1994,16(3);117～129.
[32]N. A. Yassir,J. S. Bell著魏小薇,王丽英译.沉积盆地中异常流体高压与孔隙度和应力场的关系[J].天然气勘探与开发,1999,22(2):26～33.
[2]贾承造,魏国齐,姚慧君等.盆地构造演化与区域构造地质[M].塔里木盆地油气勘探丛书,北京:石油工业出版社,1996.
[3]贾承造等.塔里木盆地天然气成藏与勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004..
[4]漆家福.油区构造解析[M].北京:石油大学,2001年2月.
[5]贾承造,何登发,雷振宇等.前陆冲断带油气勘探[M].石油工业出版社,2000年10月.
[6]刘和甫等.走滑构造体系盆山耦合与区带分析[J].现代地质,中国地质大学,2004年6月.
[7]余一欣,汤良杰等,库车坳陷盐相关构造与有利油气勘探领域[J].大地构造与成矿学2007,31(4)410~411
[8]汤良杰,余一欣,陈书平等,含油气盆地盐构造研究进展[J].地学前缘2005 12(4).
[9]余一欣,汤良杰,王清华等,库车坳陷盐构造及相关成藏模式[J].煤田地质与勘探2005 33(6).
[10]胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明惠等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系[J].地质科学2004 39(4):580~588.
[11]邬光辉,蔡振中等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造成因机制探讨[J].新疆地质2006 24(2)182~186.
[12]陈书平,漆家福等,盐在变形中的作用:库车坳陷与东濮坳陷盐构造对比研究[J].地质学报2007 81(6)745~755.
[13]李景明,刘树根,李本亮等.中国西部C-型前陆盆地形成演化与油气聚集[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006.
[14]高长林等.天山微板块构造与塔北盆地[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[15]徐士林,吕修祥,皮学军等.新疆库车坳陷克拉苏构造带异常高压及其成藏效应[J].现代地质,2002,16(3):282～286.
[16]宋岩,贾承造,赵孟军,田作基.库车煤成烃前陆盆地冲断带大气田形成的控制因素.科学通报.2002,47(增刊):64-69.
[17]Suppe J. Geometry and kinematics of fault bend folding. Amer. Jour. Sci[M],1983,283:684~721.
[18] Suppe J and Medwedeff D A. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclog. Geol. Helv., 1990,83:409~454.
[19]刘和甫,梁慧社,菜立国等.天山两侧前陆冲断系构造样式与前陆盆地演化[J].地球科学,1994.
[20]何国琦,李茂松,韩宝福.中国西南天山及邻区大地构造研究[J].新疆地质,2001年3月.
[21]Hendrix M S, et al. Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tianshan :evidence from Mesozoic strata of the North Tarim, South Junggar and Turpan Basin, Northwest China. Geol. Soc. America Bulletin, 1992,11:127~146.
[22]Yin A, Nie S, Craig P, Harrisson TM, Ryerson F T, Qian Xianglin and Yang Geng. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan. Tectonics,1998, 17:1~27.
[23]张仲培,林伟,王清晨.库车坳陷克拉苏-依奇克里克构造带的构造演化[J].大地构造与成矿学. 2003,27(4).327-33.
[24]贾承造,赵文智等,盐构造与油气勘探[J]石油勘探开发2003,30(2):17~19.
[25]汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.南天山库车褶皱带构造几何学和运动学[J].地质科学,2002年7月.
[26]刘本培,王自强,张传恒等.西南天山构造格局与演化[M].武汉:中国地质大学(武汉)出版社,1996.64～85.
[27]肖安成,贾承造等.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征[J].沉积学报,2000年9月.
[28]王招明,夏维书等.塔里木盆地乌什凹陷及周边露头区油气地质[M].石油工业出版社,2002年11月.
[29]周兴熙,张光亚,李洪辉等,塔里木盆地库车油气系统的成藏作用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[30]田作基,胡见义,宋建国.塔里木库车前陆盆地构造格架和含油气系统[J].新疆石油地质,2000.
[31]R. J. Chalaturnyk,J. D. Scott著,单钰铭译.根据地质力学试验评价储层性质[J].天然气勘探与开发,1994,16(3);117～129.
[32]N. A. Yassir,J. S. Bell著魏小薇,王丽英译.沉积盆地中异常流体高压与孔隙度和应力场的关系[J].天然气勘探与开发,1999,22(2):26～33.