北武夷天华山盆地火山—侵入岩的成因及其与成矿关系的研究
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摘要
北武夷火山岩带是受北武夷山东西向基底隆起控制的一条重要的火山岩带，该带中发育天华山、黄岗山、铜锣山(梨子坑)、仙霞岭等一系列北北东向的火山盆地。在这些盆地中，发育众多与晚中生代岩浆活动有关的中型、大型甚至超大型金属矿床，如冷水坑银铅锌矿、生米坑铅锌矿、焦塘铅锌矿、金竹坪钼多金属矿等，构成了北武夷多金属成矿带。位于天华山盆地中的冷水坑矿田是一个超大型银、铅、锌矿田，成矿作用与晚中生代的岩浆活动密切相关，其中花岗斑岩是重要的含矿斑岩，火山岩地层是主要的赋矿地层。前人对冷水坑的矿床类型、成因等做了很多研究，然而对其所在盆地的岩浆岩，特别是火山岩的研究程度较低。据此本论文选取了武夷山地区天华山盆地火山-侵入岩及相关的矿床为研究对象，厘定整个北武夷天华山盆地的岩浆岩形成时限，探讨本区与成矿作用密切相关的火山-侵入岩的岩浆属性及岩石成因，并通过总结前人的资料，对冷水坑矿床的成因进行了初步探讨。主要得出以下几点认识：
（1）根据野外接触关系和精确的锆石定年工作，北武夷地区天华山盆地的火山侵入活动是幕式的，主要分为两期：157~158Ma的花岗斑岩和144~137Ma的火山岩及相关的侵入岩。
（2）天华山盆地火山-侵入岩最有可能是由元古代地层经部分熔融而成，其中有不同比例地幔物质的加入以及上地壳的混染。这些岩石可能形成于与古太平洋板块折返有关的大陆伸展环境。赣杭带北西部的大陆伸展在晚侏罗世相对较弱，随着古太平洋板块进一步的折返，在早白垩世岩石圈发生了更加强烈的伸展，诱发了更广泛的地幔上涌，进一步促进了壳-幔相互作用和广泛的地壳熔融。
（4）冷水坑矿床主要硫化物的特征如下：本区闪锌矿为富铁闪锌矿，可划分为三个世代，从Ⅰ世代到Ⅲ世代Fe含量逐渐减少，Zn含量逐渐增高，二者呈现出很好的反消长关系；方铅矿分为中粗粒和细粒两种，以前者为主；而黄铁矿根据矿物组合和产出状态分为三个阶段。
（5）冷水坑矿田成矿时间应为早白垩世，成岩成矿相差10~25Ma。流体包裹体特征显示成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度的特点。早阶段流体以岩浆水为主，随着成矿作用的进行，越来越多大气水加入。成矿流体主要是来自于火山热液。
The North Wuyi Volcanic Belt of southeastern China is distributed along regionalE-W-trending basement uplift, and is represented by a prominent NNE-trending series of volcanicbasins that includes the Tianhuashan, Huanggangshan, Tongluoshan (Lizikeng), and Xianxialingbasins. Many ore deposits, ranging in size from ‘medium’ to ‘giant’, are developed within thesevolcanic basins, including the Lengshuikeng, Shengmikeng, Jiaotang, Jinzhuping, andHuangbaikeng deposits, which collectively form the North Wuyi Polymetallic Metallogenic Belt.Among these, the Lengshuikeng large Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit was developed during the LateMesozoic within the Tianhuashan Basin. The formation of this ore deposit was linked with LateMesozoic magmatic activity, and intrusions of granite porphyry, along with volcanic rocks of theTianhuashan Basin, are considered to represent the main ore-bearing porphyry and ore-hostingstrata, respectively. Many previous researches on the Lengshuikeng ore deposit have focused onunderstanding the metallogeny of the deposit and evaluating the type of deposit it represents, butstudies on the igneous host rocks, particularly the volcanic rocks of the Tianhuashan Basin, arecomparatively lacking. In this contribution, we set the old basement, Late Mesozoicvolcanic-intrusive complex and Lengshuikeng Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Tianhuashan basinwithin the Wuyi area as an example, to identify the ages of these igneous rocks,timing of the formation of these basins, and discuss the petrogenetic processes ofthese igneous rocks which are associtated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and theirsignificance in understanding the geodynamic setting of late Mesozoic tectonics andmagmatism in SE China.. The following achievements and conclusions have beenmade.
(1) Based on field contact relationship and zircon dating, we identified thevolcanic-intrusive activity in the Tianhuashan basin has been episodic and can bedivided into two stages:~157-158Ma granite porphyry and144-137Ma volcanic andassociated intrusive rocks.
(2) The Tianhuashan volcanic-intrusive complex has relatively consistentgeochemical features and Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, implying they were probablyderived from chemically similar source materials. These rocks were most likely generated by partial melting of Proterozoic crust with the involvement of some mantlecomponents in different proportions, and supracrustal assimilation. These rocks in theTianhuashan basin likely formed in a continental extensional setting associated withroll-back of the Palaeo-Pacific slab.
(3) The continental extension along the northwest of Qinhang zone wasextremely weak during Late Jurassic. In the Early Cretaceous, development of slabroll-back lead to gradual lithospheric extension, triggering more extensive upwellingof asthenosphere which was responsible for a progressive role of mantle-crustinteraction and widespread crustal melting.
(4) The sphalerate in the early stage is rich in Fe, Cd, and has low ratios ofZn/Cd and In/Ge, similarly with the one in the magmatic hydrothermal deposit. TheGalena main formed in the mineralization medium-term with low temperature. Thegenesis of the galena is volcanogere hydrothermal, and might be transformated bypost-fluid. The content of pyrite is too low to be used for judging the genesis,implying that trace elements in the late stage have been precipitated. Overall, thecharactarestics of sulfide trace element revealed that the Lengshuikeng is anmesothermal-low temerasture hydrothermal deposit.
(5) The Lengshuikeng Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, was formed in the Early Cretaceous.The metallogenic time is obviously later than the the volcanic-intrusive rocks by15~25Ma. The ore-forming fluid in the main mineralzation stage is characterized byepithermal, low salinities. The ore-forming fluid in the early stage is mainly magmaticwater with more involment of atmospheric water in the late stage. The stratiform orebody is the center of the mineralization and alteration, and ore-forming fluid is mainlyfrom volcanic hydrothermal.
（1）根据野外接触关系和精确的锆石定年工作，北武夷地区天华山盆地的火山侵入活动是幕式的，主要分为两期：157~158Ma的花岗斑岩和144~137Ma的火山岩及相关的侵入岩。
（2）天华山盆地火山-侵入岩最有可能是由元古代地层经部分熔融而成，其中有不同比例地幔物质的加入以及上地壳的混染。这些岩石可能形成于与古太平洋板块折返有关的大陆伸展环境。赣杭带北西部的大陆伸展在晚侏罗世相对较弱，随着古太平洋板块进一步的折返，在早白垩世岩石圈发生了更加强烈的伸展，诱发了更广泛的地幔上涌，进一步促进了壳-幔相互作用和广泛的地壳熔融。
（4）冷水坑矿床主要硫化物的特征如下：本区闪锌矿为富铁闪锌矿，可划分为三个世代，从Ⅰ世代到Ⅲ世代Fe含量逐渐减少，Zn含量逐渐增高，二者呈现出很好的反消长关系；方铅矿分为中粗粒和细粒两种，以前者为主；而黄铁矿根据矿物组合和产出状态分为三个阶段。
（5）冷水坑矿田成矿时间应为早白垩世，成岩成矿相差10~25Ma。流体包裹体特征显示成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度的特点。早阶段流体以岩浆水为主，随着成矿作用的进行，越来越多大气水加入。成矿流体主要是来自于火山热液。
The North Wuyi Volcanic Belt of southeastern China is distributed along regionalE-W-trending basement uplift, and is represented by a prominent NNE-trending series of volcanicbasins that includes the Tianhuashan, Huanggangshan, Tongluoshan (Lizikeng), and Xianxialingbasins. Many ore deposits, ranging in size from ‘medium’ to ‘giant’, are developed within thesevolcanic basins, including the Lengshuikeng, Shengmikeng, Jiaotang, Jinzhuping, andHuangbaikeng deposits, which collectively form the North Wuyi Polymetallic Metallogenic Belt.Among these, the Lengshuikeng large Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit was developed during the LateMesozoic within the Tianhuashan Basin. The formation of this ore deposit was linked with LateMesozoic magmatic activity, and intrusions of granite porphyry, along with volcanic rocks of theTianhuashan Basin, are considered to represent the main ore-bearing porphyry and ore-hostingstrata, respectively. Many previous researches on the Lengshuikeng ore deposit have focused onunderstanding the metallogeny of the deposit and evaluating the type of deposit it represents, butstudies on the igneous host rocks, particularly the volcanic rocks of the Tianhuashan Basin, arecomparatively lacking. In this contribution, we set the old basement, Late Mesozoicvolcanic-intrusive complex and Lengshuikeng Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Tianhuashan basinwithin the Wuyi area as an example, to identify the ages of these igneous rocks,timing of the formation of these basins, and discuss the petrogenetic processes ofthese igneous rocks which are associtated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and theirsignificance in understanding the geodynamic setting of late Mesozoic tectonics andmagmatism in SE China.. The following achievements and conclusions have beenmade.
(1) Based on field contact relationship and zircon dating, we identified thevolcanic-intrusive activity in the Tianhuashan basin has been episodic and can bedivided into two stages:~157-158Ma granite porphyry and144-137Ma volcanic andassociated intrusive rocks.
(2) The Tianhuashan volcanic-intrusive complex has relatively consistentgeochemical features and Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, implying they were probablyderived from chemically similar source materials. These rocks were most likely generated by partial melting of Proterozoic crust with the involvement of some mantlecomponents in different proportions, and supracrustal assimilation. These rocks in theTianhuashan basin likely formed in a continental extensional setting associated withroll-back of the Palaeo-Pacific slab.
(3) The continental extension along the northwest of Qinhang zone wasextremely weak during Late Jurassic. In the Early Cretaceous, development of slabroll-back lead to gradual lithospheric extension, triggering more extensive upwellingof asthenosphere which was responsible for a progressive role of mantle-crustinteraction and widespread crustal melting.
(4) The sphalerate in the early stage is rich in Fe, Cd, and has low ratios ofZn/Cd and In/Ge, similarly with the one in the magmatic hydrothermal deposit. TheGalena main formed in the mineralization medium-term with low temperature. Thegenesis of the galena is volcanogere hydrothermal, and might be transformated bypost-fluid. The content of pyrite is too low to be used for judging the genesis,implying that trace elements in the late stage have been precipitated. Overall, thecharactarestics of sulfide trace element revealed that the Lengshuikeng is anmesothermal-low temerasture hydrothermal deposit.
(5) The Lengshuikeng Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, was formed in the Early Cretaceous.The metallogenic time is obviously later than the the volcanic-intrusive rocks by15~25Ma. The ore-forming fluid in the main mineralzation stage is characterized byepithermal, low salinities. The ore-forming fluid in the early stage is mainly magmaticwater with more involment of atmospheric water in the late stage. The stratiform orebody is the center of the mineralization and alteration, and ore-forming fluid is mainlyfrom volcanic hydrothermal.
引文
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