电力系统连锁故障机理及风险评估方法研究
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摘要
近年来,各国相继发生连锁大停电事故,造成巨大的社会经济损失。随着我国跨区互联电网的建成,连锁故障可能成为危及我国电网安全的新问题。因此,充分认识连锁故障机理,深入开展相关领域研究,有助于我国形成合理的电网网架结构,有助于实施相应的预防措施。
本文重点研究了系统状态搜索法、断路器拒分故障评估、相继故障演变模型以及电力系统连锁故障风险评估等内容。
文章归纳了连锁故障的一般物理过程。根据连锁故障各阶段的特点,提出了连锁故障研究的指导思想。
研究了针对连锁故障缓慢相继开断阶段的系统状态搜索法。首先概括了可能出现在缓慢相继开断阶段的元件故障模型。由于元件故障模型涉及系统网架、变电站结构两个层次,系统状态搜索必须协调好故障模型之间的关系,确保故障模型的完整性和一致性。本文通过功能组分解和事件树分析技术,实现了这个目的。特别研究了断路器拒分故障问题。文章对不同电气主接线正常运行方式下的断路器拒分故障进行了初步的风险评估。研究表明,双母线四分段、双母线四分段带旁路接线的风险最小,单母线无分段、桥式接线和角形接线的风险最大。
针对连锁故障快速相继开断阶段,提出了用于研究输电设备过负荷连锁跳闸问题的相继故障演变模型。该模型基于时序推理思想,给出了考虑时序性的故障路径搜索策略,从而使模型具有时序特征。
最后提出了一种电力系统连锁故障风险评估方法。调度和维修人员可以通过该方法,得到不同的风险指标,预防可能发生的连锁故障。仿真算例也表明,当断路器拒分概率和保护误动概率处于相同数量级时,断路器拒分故障更加危险;发电厂、变电站主接线在连锁故障研究中具有重要作用,这种作用可以通过断路器拒分故障表现出来。
In recent years, a series of cascading large blackouts have occurred in some countries, which caused huge social economy loss. When cross-region power network in our country is accomplished, cascading failures will possibly become a new question that endangers power system security. Therefore, both the full understanding of cascading failures mechanism and the deep study of related research area are beneficial to both form reasonable network configuration and implement corresponding preventive measure.
The dissertation studied a search method for system state, a risk evaluation of circuit breaker open-failure, a continual fault evolution model and a probabilistic risk assessment method for cascading failure.
A conclusion was derived from general physical process of cascading failures. According to characteristic of stages in cascading failures, a guiding principle of research on cascading failures was proposed.
A search method for system state was studied, which aimed at slow continual outage stage. First, element fault models which possibly appear in this stage were summarized. Because element fault models are involved with configurations of power network and substation, the method must coordinate relations among fault models; guarantee both integrity and uniformity of them. This goal has been realized by use of function group decomposition and event tree analysis technique.
The resist-operation on breaker was specially discussed. The preliminary risk assessment on breaker mal-operation with different electrical main wirings in normal operation way was brought forward. The result indicated that the risk of double bus four segment connection or double bus four segment connection with bypass is smallest; whereas that of single bus bar, bridge connection, or angle scheme is biggest.
In view of fast continual outage stage, a continual fault evolution model used to study cascading outages for electric transmission equipment’s over load was proposed. Based on temporal reasoning thought, the model proposed fault path search strategy considering time sequence, which enabled the model to have temporal characteristic.
Finally, a probabilistic risk assessment method for cascading failure of power system was introduced. Dispatch and maintenance staff can obtain different risk indicators to prevent possible cascading failures by use of this method. Simulation also indicated that if the probability of resist-operation on breaker is the same magnitude as that of misoperation of protection, the former is more dangerous. Bus configurations of power station and substation have an influential role in cascading failures research, which may display through open-failure of breaker.
本文重点研究了系统状态搜索法、断路器拒分故障评估、相继故障演变模型以及电力系统连锁故障风险评估等内容。
文章归纳了连锁故障的一般物理过程。根据连锁故障各阶段的特点,提出了连锁故障研究的指导思想。
研究了针对连锁故障缓慢相继开断阶段的系统状态搜索法。首先概括了可能出现在缓慢相继开断阶段的元件故障模型。由于元件故障模型涉及系统网架、变电站结构两个层次,系统状态搜索必须协调好故障模型之间的关系,确保故障模型的完整性和一致性。本文通过功能组分解和事件树分析技术,实现了这个目的。特别研究了断路器拒分故障问题。文章对不同电气主接线正常运行方式下的断路器拒分故障进行了初步的风险评估。研究表明,双母线四分段、双母线四分段带旁路接线的风险最小,单母线无分段、桥式接线和角形接线的风险最大。
针对连锁故障快速相继开断阶段,提出了用于研究输电设备过负荷连锁跳闸问题的相继故障演变模型。该模型基于时序推理思想,给出了考虑时序性的故障路径搜索策略,从而使模型具有时序特征。
最后提出了一种电力系统连锁故障风险评估方法。调度和维修人员可以通过该方法,得到不同的风险指标,预防可能发生的连锁故障。仿真算例也表明,当断路器拒分概率和保护误动概率处于相同数量级时,断路器拒分故障更加危险;发电厂、变电站主接线在连锁故障研究中具有重要作用,这种作用可以通过断路器拒分故障表现出来。
In recent years, a series of cascading large blackouts have occurred in some countries, which caused huge social economy loss. When cross-region power network in our country is accomplished, cascading failures will possibly become a new question that endangers power system security. Therefore, both the full understanding of cascading failures mechanism and the deep study of related research area are beneficial to both form reasonable network configuration and implement corresponding preventive measure.
The dissertation studied a search method for system state, a risk evaluation of circuit breaker open-failure, a continual fault evolution model and a probabilistic risk assessment method for cascading failure.
A conclusion was derived from general physical process of cascading failures. According to characteristic of stages in cascading failures, a guiding principle of research on cascading failures was proposed.
A search method for system state was studied, which aimed at slow continual outage stage. First, element fault models which possibly appear in this stage were summarized. Because element fault models are involved with configurations of power network and substation, the method must coordinate relations among fault models; guarantee both integrity and uniformity of them. This goal has been realized by use of function group decomposition and event tree analysis technique.
The resist-operation on breaker was specially discussed. The preliminary risk assessment on breaker mal-operation with different electrical main wirings in normal operation way was brought forward. The result indicated that the risk of double bus four segment connection or double bus four segment connection with bypass is smallest; whereas that of single bus bar, bridge connection, or angle scheme is biggest.
In view of fast continual outage stage, a continual fault evolution model used to study cascading outages for electric transmission equipment’s over load was proposed. Based on temporal reasoning thought, the model proposed fault path search strategy considering time sequence, which enabled the model to have temporal characteristic.
Finally, a probabilistic risk assessment method for cascading failure of power system was introduced. Dispatch and maintenance staff can obtain different risk indicators to prevent possible cascading failures by use of this method. Simulation also indicated that if the probability of resist-operation on breaker is the same magnitude as that of misoperation of protection, the former is more dangerous. Bus configurations of power station and substation have an influential role in cascading failures research, which may display through open-failure of breaker.
引文
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