网球选手比赛相持阶段知觉预测能力及ERP特征研究
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摘要
网球属于技能主导类隔网对抗性项目,技术精细、对抗性强,运动员需要在有限的时间内完成对每一次击球的预判与决策。随着网球运动技术的迅速发展,比赛中在一两拍之内结束对一分争夺的比率已大幅度降低,“相持阶段”中各项技术的成功使用和稳定发挥便是争夺这关键分的重要手段。因此从运动知觉预测与决策角度来看,网球运动需要参与者具备较高水平的心理博弈。基于网球运动决策所具有的时间压力和不确定性,对网球运动得失分关键环节的预测决策现象进行深入研究,有助于从认知加工角度探索优秀网球选手击球线路预判过程的信息加工特征,为检测运动员知觉预测能力提供方法支持,为改进训练方法提供理论依据。
本研究采用“专家—次专家—新手”研究范式,选取15名一级以上专业网球运动员组成专家,13名二级运动员作为次专家,16名网球初学者作为新手,以高水平运动员认知优势形成的后天经验说为理论基础,运用眼动记录技术和事件相关电位技术,记录不同级别网球选手在相持阶段多拍回合对抗过程中对技术动作、线路和落点预判过程中的视觉搜索及ERP数据,探索专家选手在比赛序列不同时间环节的认知加工特征及形成机制。
对网球选手知觉预测的视觉搜索特征研究发现：(1)在多拍回合对抗过程中,“持拍手臂及球拍”是专家运动员判断技术动作的主要依据,专家网球选手的注视点集中于任务目标本身；(2)在判断线路和落点的过程中,专家选手关注的重点区域是对方球员的下肢运动趋势,且对关键兴趣区域的总注视持续时间最长,注视点较稳定,注视目标能随任务目标的不同快速变化。
在此基础上,进一步对网球选手对击球线路能力的ERP特征进行研究,结果发现：(1)专家网球选手在比赛相持阶段判断击球线路时仅在对手触球前80ms表现出明显的反应速度优势,且在各时间点的判断准确率显著高于新手；(2)对P1、N1、N2、 P300成分的分析结果发现,专家网球选手在刺激材料呈现早期投入的认知资源少,对目标进行识别和编码的速度快；(3)对左右半球的LNC、 LPP成分分析发现,专家选手在确定方案之前,会消耗更多的时间和脑资源来建立对问题情境的表征,并对此进行评估和分类,同时专家选手的信息加工方式不同于二级组和新手,其大脑左右半球均有不同程度的激活；(4)对决策阶段N250成分的分析结果进一步印证了专家选手在任务难度较大时表现出更明显的决策优势。
对网球判断击球落点能力的ERP特征进行研究得出以下结果：(1)被试在球离拍后360ms判断球落点的反应时最短,准确率最高,二级组选手在球离拍后240ms的时刻反应速度加快,但判断准确率仍低于专家选手；(2)P1和N1成分的统计结果说明,专家选手在视觉搜索早期投入的心理资源少,在辨别任务阶段的唤醒状态和注意负荷量低,而晚期LNC结果表明,专家组网球选手在对任务的类比加工过程中投入的认知资源多。
通过上述结果归纳总结分析,本研究得出以下结论：(1)在判断技术动作环节,专家网球选手的反应速度快、判断准确率高,相比新手优势明显,这一差异主要源于专家选手快速简洁的视觉搜索模式。(2)在判断击球线路的环节,专家选手具有更好的外部注意能力,能较早把握时机,合理分配认知资源,同时善于将左右半球相结合进行整合加工,因此行为反应既快又准。(3)在判断落点的环节,专家网球选手具备经济有效的视觉搜索能力和空间感知能力,能根据特定任务提取与运动情境相关的知觉信息,表现出信息加工节省化、心理运算高效化特点决策模式,这种认知与决策优势源于其丰富的训练比赛经验的积累与整合,也是专家选手预判绩效高的主要原因。
本研究的主要理论贡献及创新是：(1)在实验设计上,以网球竞技单元中得失分比例较高的“相持阶段”为背景,采用了“一条线式”的纵向研究设计,将网球竞技单元中击球的时间序列作为切入点,逐层递进,进一步细致和深入的探索了运动员在判断技术动作、线路、落点三个不同环节的预判能力,弥补了已有研究的不足。(2)在实验方法上,综合运用了眼动记录技术和事件相关电位技术,从时间、空间角度探索视觉搜索行为的神经生理特征,从全方位多角度证实了专家选手的认知优势以及不同环节优势产生的机制。同时找出了专家新手判断击球落点过程中出现差异的关键时刻,为指导网球运动员科学训练提供了更加详尽的参考依据。
Tennis, classified as a skills-dominated across-net antagonistic sport event, needs athletes to anticipate and make decisions in very limited time. With the rapid development of tennis skills, situations in which winning within one or two hits have greatly reduced and the score of "stalemate stage" is becoming increasingly important. Because the decision time is so limited and there are all sorts of uncertainty in the match, research on prediction and decision could help us explore characteristics of cognitive processing, providing methods to detect anticipation ability and theoretical basis for tennis training.
The current research adopted the "experts—sub-experts—novices" paradigm,15tennis athletes at masters or first-class level were selected as experts,13second-class athletes as sub-experts,16tennis beginners as novices. The research is based on the theory of cognitive advantages of high level athletes, using the eye movement recording and event related potential technology, recording the visual search path and ERP data during the stalemate, in order to explore the expert players'cognitive processing characteristics and formation mechanism in different sequences.
In visual search features of tennis players we found that:(1) In the process of take turn against, arm and tennis racket were the main judging basis for professional athletes and the gaze of expert tennis player focused on the task itself;(2) In the process of judging circuit and dropping point, focus area of expert players was the lower limb movement trend of his opponent. They gazed in the interested key regions for the longest total time and had more stable fixation target to different mission objectives that change quickly.
Based on above, we examined the ERP characteristics of tennis players, the results showed that:(1) In the game stalemate, expert tennis players not only showed a significant reaction advantage only at80ms before the opponent contact the ball but also with a higher accuracy rate compared to novice at various time points;(2) The P1and N1, N2, P300component showed that expert players input few cognitive resources in the early stimulus presented time;(3) The analysis of LNC, LPP in left and right hemisphere demonstrated that experts consumed more time and resources to build the representation of the problem situation, assessment and classification. The information processing of experts was different from the sub-experts and the novices and their left and right brain hemispheres had different degree of activation;(4) The N250composition further confirmed the expert players exhibited apparent advantage when the task was difficult.
The behavior and ERP data characteristics in anticipating point of ball showed that:(1) The participants'reaction time in the point of ball leaving racket360ms was the shortest and the accuracy was significantly the highest. The sub-expert responded faster240ms after the ball left racket, but the accuracy was still lower than expert players;(2) The analyze of P1and N1components showed that expert players input less cognitive resource in the early period of visual search, paying less attention in discrimination phase and the results of late LNC showed that the expert players used more cognitive resources during the process of analogy.
From these three experiments, we concluded that:(1) During judging technical movement period, expert players had a faster reaction speed and higher judgment accuracy compared to novices. These differences mainly derived from the expert players'quick and simple visual search pattern.(2) In the stage of ball routes anticipation, expert players had better external attention ability, thus could grasp the right timing and reasonably allocate cognitive resources. Experts were also good at integrating left and right hemisphere processing, so the behavioral response was fast and accurate.(3) In the stage of determine point of ball, the experts had economic and effective visual search ability that could quickly extract information closely related to task. Experts was characterized to have efficiency psychological operation, concise information processing. The superior ability might attribute to their professional training.
The main contribution and innovation of our research is that:(1) In the design of experiment, we adopted "a line type" design in the background of "stalemate", exploring the athletes'anticipation ability in judging technical actions, routes, point step by step, further detailed and in-depth.(2) In the aspect of experimental method, integrating eye movement recording and event related potential technology to explore neural physiological features of visual search behavior and demonstrating the expert's cognitive advantages from the perspective of time and space. Meanwhile, we sought out the critical moment of experts'anticipation, providing a more detailed reference to guide tennis athlete's scientific training.
本研究采用“专家—次专家—新手”研究范式,选取15名一级以上专业网球运动员组成专家,13名二级运动员作为次专家,16名网球初学者作为新手,以高水平运动员认知优势形成的后天经验说为理论基础,运用眼动记录技术和事件相关电位技术,记录不同级别网球选手在相持阶段多拍回合对抗过程中对技术动作、线路和落点预判过程中的视觉搜索及ERP数据,探索专家选手在比赛序列不同时间环节的认知加工特征及形成机制。
对网球选手知觉预测的视觉搜索特征研究发现：(1)在多拍回合对抗过程中,“持拍手臂及球拍”是专家运动员判断技术动作的主要依据,专家网球选手的注视点集中于任务目标本身；(2)在判断线路和落点的过程中,专家选手关注的重点区域是对方球员的下肢运动趋势,且对关键兴趣区域的总注视持续时间最长,注视点较稳定,注视目标能随任务目标的不同快速变化。
在此基础上,进一步对网球选手对击球线路能力的ERP特征进行研究,结果发现：(1)专家网球选手在比赛相持阶段判断击球线路时仅在对手触球前80ms表现出明显的反应速度优势,且在各时间点的判断准确率显著高于新手；(2)对P1、N1、N2、 P300成分的分析结果发现,专家网球选手在刺激材料呈现早期投入的认知资源少,对目标进行识别和编码的速度快；(3)对左右半球的LNC、 LPP成分分析发现,专家选手在确定方案之前,会消耗更多的时间和脑资源来建立对问题情境的表征,并对此进行评估和分类,同时专家选手的信息加工方式不同于二级组和新手,其大脑左右半球均有不同程度的激活；(4)对决策阶段N250成分的分析结果进一步印证了专家选手在任务难度较大时表现出更明显的决策优势。
对网球判断击球落点能力的ERP特征进行研究得出以下结果：(1)被试在球离拍后360ms判断球落点的反应时最短,准确率最高,二级组选手在球离拍后240ms的时刻反应速度加快,但判断准确率仍低于专家选手；(2)P1和N1成分的统计结果说明,专家选手在视觉搜索早期投入的心理资源少,在辨别任务阶段的唤醒状态和注意负荷量低,而晚期LNC结果表明,专家组网球选手在对任务的类比加工过程中投入的认知资源多。
通过上述结果归纳总结分析,本研究得出以下结论：(1)在判断技术动作环节,专家网球选手的反应速度快、判断准确率高,相比新手优势明显,这一差异主要源于专家选手快速简洁的视觉搜索模式。(2)在判断击球线路的环节,专家选手具有更好的外部注意能力,能较早把握时机,合理分配认知资源,同时善于将左右半球相结合进行整合加工,因此行为反应既快又准。(3)在判断落点的环节,专家网球选手具备经济有效的视觉搜索能力和空间感知能力,能根据特定任务提取与运动情境相关的知觉信息,表现出信息加工节省化、心理运算高效化特点决策模式,这种认知与决策优势源于其丰富的训练比赛经验的积累与整合,也是专家选手预判绩效高的主要原因。
本研究的主要理论贡献及创新是：(1)在实验设计上,以网球竞技单元中得失分比例较高的“相持阶段”为背景,采用了“一条线式”的纵向研究设计,将网球竞技单元中击球的时间序列作为切入点,逐层递进,进一步细致和深入的探索了运动员在判断技术动作、线路、落点三个不同环节的预判能力,弥补了已有研究的不足。(2)在实验方法上,综合运用了眼动记录技术和事件相关电位技术,从时间、空间角度探索视觉搜索行为的神经生理特征,从全方位多角度证实了专家选手的认知优势以及不同环节优势产生的机制。同时找出了专家新手判断击球落点过程中出现差异的关键时刻,为指导网球运动员科学训练提供了更加详尽的参考依据。
Tennis, classified as a skills-dominated across-net antagonistic sport event, needs athletes to anticipate and make decisions in very limited time. With the rapid development of tennis skills, situations in which winning within one or two hits have greatly reduced and the score of "stalemate stage" is becoming increasingly important. Because the decision time is so limited and there are all sorts of uncertainty in the match, research on prediction and decision could help us explore characteristics of cognitive processing, providing methods to detect anticipation ability and theoretical basis for tennis training.
The current research adopted the "experts—sub-experts—novices" paradigm,15tennis athletes at masters or first-class level were selected as experts,13second-class athletes as sub-experts,16tennis beginners as novices. The research is based on the theory of cognitive advantages of high level athletes, using the eye movement recording and event related potential technology, recording the visual search path and ERP data during the stalemate, in order to explore the expert players'cognitive processing characteristics and formation mechanism in different sequences.
In visual search features of tennis players we found that:(1) In the process of take turn against, arm and tennis racket were the main judging basis for professional athletes and the gaze of expert tennis player focused on the task itself;(2) In the process of judging circuit and dropping point, focus area of expert players was the lower limb movement trend of his opponent. They gazed in the interested key regions for the longest total time and had more stable fixation target to different mission objectives that change quickly.
Based on above, we examined the ERP characteristics of tennis players, the results showed that:(1) In the game stalemate, expert tennis players not only showed a significant reaction advantage only at80ms before the opponent contact the ball but also with a higher accuracy rate compared to novice at various time points;(2) The P1and N1, N2, P300component showed that expert players input few cognitive resources in the early stimulus presented time;(3) The analysis of LNC, LPP in left and right hemisphere demonstrated that experts consumed more time and resources to build the representation of the problem situation, assessment and classification. The information processing of experts was different from the sub-experts and the novices and their left and right brain hemispheres had different degree of activation;(4) The N250composition further confirmed the expert players exhibited apparent advantage when the task was difficult.
The behavior and ERP data characteristics in anticipating point of ball showed that:(1) The participants'reaction time in the point of ball leaving racket360ms was the shortest and the accuracy was significantly the highest. The sub-expert responded faster240ms after the ball left racket, but the accuracy was still lower than expert players;(2) The analyze of P1and N1components showed that expert players input less cognitive resource in the early period of visual search, paying less attention in discrimination phase and the results of late LNC showed that the expert players used more cognitive resources during the process of analogy.
From these three experiments, we concluded that:(1) During judging technical movement period, expert players had a faster reaction speed and higher judgment accuracy compared to novices. These differences mainly derived from the expert players'quick and simple visual search pattern.(2) In the stage of ball routes anticipation, expert players had better external attention ability, thus could grasp the right timing and reasonably allocate cognitive resources. Experts were also good at integrating left and right hemisphere processing, so the behavioral response was fast and accurate.(3) In the stage of determine point of ball, the experts had economic and effective visual search ability that could quickly extract information closely related to task. Experts was characterized to have efficiency psychological operation, concise information processing. The superior ability might attribute to their professional training.
The main contribution and innovation of our research is that:(1) In the design of experiment, we adopted "a line type" design in the background of "stalemate", exploring the athletes'anticipation ability in judging technical actions, routes, point step by step, further detailed and in-depth.(2) In the aspect of experimental method, integrating eye movement recording and event related potential technology to explore neural physiological features of visual search behavior and demonstrating the expert's cognitive advantages from the perspective of time and space. Meanwhile, we sought out the critical moment of experts'anticipation, providing a more detailed reference to guide tennis athlete's scientific training.
引文
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