自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控
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摘要
已有大量研究表明个人重要信息调控高级认知加工过程,如面孔识别、记忆、思维等。本研究利用四个研究系统地测量了个人重要信息对知觉选择的调控作用及其神经机制。研究采用最近发展的自我连接学习范式,让中性几何图形与不同人(自我、朋友、陌生人)建立联系;图形-标签连接完成后,以复合图形(局部小图形组成整体大图形)作为实验刺激,被试完成整体/局部图形判断任务,通过评估个体对具有不同社会意义图形(目标vs.分心物水平)的感知差异,测量个人重要信息对注意选择的调控作用。
研究一采用三个行为实验,分别利用集中注意或分散注意任务,系统地考察自我相关信息作为目标和作为分心物两种条件下,其对整体优先效应的调控。结果发现,与他人相关图形相比,自我相关图形作为分心物调控整体优先效应,这种效应一致地发生在整体和局部水平上,并且不受注意任务的影响。这些行为结果提示社会信息对认知的调控作用发生在早期视觉选择水平上。
研究二采用两个行为实验,直接比较自我相关信息在两个不同注意任务下对整体优先效应的调控作用的差异（集中注意和分散注意作为被试间变量）。结果发现,当社会信息作为分心物出现的时候,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控在分散注意任务大于集中注意任务条件。结果表明社会信息对注意策略的调控作用。
研究三利用事件相关电位技术,结合自我相关信息在分散注意任务产生较大调控作用的实验结果，考察这种效应是否发生在知觉选择的早期阶段。结果发现,在分散注意任务中，当社会信息作为分心物的时候,与前人研究一致：整体与局部水平的加工差异发生在P1和N1早成分上,而自我对整体/局部加工的调控发生主要发生在N1成分上。这表明自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控发生在视觉早期感知加工过程中。
研究四采用功能性核磁共振(fMRI)方法记录在分散注意条件下,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控时大脑活动的变化。结果发现,当自我信息作为分心物出现的时候,内侧前额叶（自我加工脑区）的激活大于朋友作为分心物的时候；朋友作为分心物出现的时候,加工整体与加工局部水平引起左侧顶内沟（注意加工脑区）活动的差异,而并未在自我作为分心物的条件下发现；自我作为目标出现的时候,比朋友作为目标的条件下引发右侧顶内沟更高的激活。结果表明,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控受到自我相关的神经机制——内侧前额叶皮层以及对突显信息注意机制——双侧顶内沟的调节。综上所述,研究采用四个研究七个实验分别从行为,脑电,以及fMRI三个方面考察自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控作用。结果表明自我相关信息能够对知觉选择起到调控的作用。并且自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控在集中与分散两种注意方式上类似,但是在分散注意中影响程度更大。这一调控过程发生在初级感知阶段,并且受到自我网络和注意网络的双重调节。
It has been well documented that that personal significance modulates the high-level cognitiveprocesses, including face recognition, memory and thinking. Whetherpersonal significance (i.e., theself-salience) modulates the visual selection remains poorly understood, however. Here by combiningrecent developed self-associative learning approach and a global-local task, this studypresents the evidencethat self-salience impacted on visual selection by modulatingthe effect of global advantage.Thiseffectconsistently occurred in both divided and focused attention tasks. In contrast, this was not thecase for friend-associations.The present study reported4studies to test wehther and how the self-salienceaffectedthe selection of attention at both behavioral and neural levels.
Wefirst developed threeexperimentsto measure wether self related information modulated the globaladvantage effect when it was used as target vs. distractorin divided attention task and focused attentiontasks in order to create a behavioral marker on the effect of social salience on attentional selection. In eachexperiment participants carried out two tasks–a self-associative learning task following by a global-localtask. The results in study1showed faster responses to global than local (a global advantage effect)targetswhen both the self-or friend-associated shapes weretargetsand a stranger-associated shapes appreared asdistractors. In contrast, there was no global advantage to stranger-associated shapes in the presence ofself-related distractors while the global advantage effect to stranger-associated shapes survived in thepresence of friend-related distractors. This interference effect of self-salience was verified in the focusedattention task.
In study2,by comparing divided attention and focused attention as within subject variable, we testedthe relation between self-salience and attention levels (focus vs. divided attention). The results on reactiontimesin study2indicated an enhanced interference effect in the divided than focus attention tasks whenself-associated shapes appeared as distractors.
The enhanced interference effect was measures in Study3by employing ERPtechnique, in order tomeasure how early the interference effect in visual selection occurs in the brain. The result found that theglobal advangtage of oscillation amplitude took place in the early ERP components P1and N1. Incontrast,The intereference effect of self associated shapeson visual selction occurred in N1. The dataindicated that the modulation of self related in visual search turn out in the early primary visual processstage.
In order to investagete theneuralbasisunderlying the modulation of self related information inglobal/local process, in Study4we adopted fMRI technique recording the brain activition when participantscarried out a global-local task in an divided attention task. The ROI analyses demonstrated that there wasenhanced activity inbrain regions linked to self-representation [the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)] in self-associated shapes compared to friend-associated shapes when they appeared as distractors.There was also increased activity in the left intraparietal cortex sulcusin friend-associated shapes but not inself-associated shapes when they displayed as distractors.In contrast, the activity in the right intraparietalcortexwas enhanced when self-associated shapes were targets compared with when friend-associatedshapes ere targets..
In conclusion, the results demonstrated a reliable rapid learning effect in self-compared with friendassociated shapes. Once participants learnt associations,, the newly learnt self information immediatelymodulatedvisual selction. The effect emerged at the early visual processing (N1) by modulating theinteraction between self-(vmPFC) and attentional (intraparietal cortex)-networks in the brain.
研究一采用三个行为实验,分别利用集中注意或分散注意任务,系统地考察自我相关信息作为目标和作为分心物两种条件下,其对整体优先效应的调控。结果发现,与他人相关图形相比,自我相关图形作为分心物调控整体优先效应,这种效应一致地发生在整体和局部水平上,并且不受注意任务的影响。这些行为结果提示社会信息对认知的调控作用发生在早期视觉选择水平上。
研究二采用两个行为实验,直接比较自我相关信息在两个不同注意任务下对整体优先效应的调控作用的差异（集中注意和分散注意作为被试间变量）。结果发现,当社会信息作为分心物出现的时候,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控在分散注意任务大于集中注意任务条件。结果表明社会信息对注意策略的调控作用。
研究三利用事件相关电位技术,结合自我相关信息在分散注意任务产生较大调控作用的实验结果，考察这种效应是否发生在知觉选择的早期阶段。结果发现,在分散注意任务中，当社会信息作为分心物的时候,与前人研究一致：整体与局部水平的加工差异发生在P1和N1早成分上,而自我对整体/局部加工的调控发生主要发生在N1成分上。这表明自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控发生在视觉早期感知加工过程中。
研究四采用功能性核磁共振(fMRI)方法记录在分散注意条件下,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控时大脑活动的变化。结果发现,当自我信息作为分心物出现的时候,内侧前额叶（自我加工脑区）的激活大于朋友作为分心物的时候；朋友作为分心物出现的时候,加工整体与加工局部水平引起左侧顶内沟（注意加工脑区）活动的差异,而并未在自我作为分心物的条件下发现；自我作为目标出现的时候,比朋友作为目标的条件下引发右侧顶内沟更高的激活。结果表明,自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控受到自我相关的神经机制——内侧前额叶皮层以及对突显信息注意机制——双侧顶内沟的调节。综上所述,研究采用四个研究七个实验分别从行为,脑电,以及fMRI三个方面考察自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控作用。结果表明自我相关信息能够对知觉选择起到调控的作用。并且自我相关信息对知觉选择的调控在集中与分散两种注意方式上类似,但是在分散注意中影响程度更大。这一调控过程发生在初级感知阶段,并且受到自我网络和注意网络的双重调节。
It has been well documented that that personal significance modulates the high-level cognitiveprocesses, including face recognition, memory and thinking. Whetherpersonal significance (i.e., theself-salience) modulates the visual selection remains poorly understood, however. Here by combiningrecent developed self-associative learning approach and a global-local task, this studypresents the evidencethat self-salience impacted on visual selection by modulatingthe effect of global advantage.Thiseffectconsistently occurred in both divided and focused attention tasks. In contrast, this was not thecase for friend-associations.The present study reported4studies to test wehther and how the self-salienceaffectedthe selection of attention at both behavioral and neural levels.
Wefirst developed threeexperimentsto measure wether self related information modulated the globaladvantage effect when it was used as target vs. distractorin divided attention task and focused attentiontasks in order to create a behavioral marker on the effect of social salience on attentional selection. In eachexperiment participants carried out two tasks–a self-associative learning task following by a global-localtask. The results in study1showed faster responses to global than local (a global advantage effect)targetswhen both the self-or friend-associated shapes weretargetsand a stranger-associated shapes appreared asdistractors. In contrast, there was no global advantage to stranger-associated shapes in the presence ofself-related distractors while the global advantage effect to stranger-associated shapes survived in thepresence of friend-related distractors. This interference effect of self-salience was verified in the focusedattention task.
In study2,by comparing divided attention and focused attention as within subject variable, we testedthe relation between self-salience and attention levels (focus vs. divided attention). The results on reactiontimesin study2indicated an enhanced interference effect in the divided than focus attention tasks whenself-associated shapes appeared as distractors.
The enhanced interference effect was measures in Study3by employing ERPtechnique, in order tomeasure how early the interference effect in visual selection occurs in the brain. The result found that theglobal advangtage of oscillation amplitude took place in the early ERP components P1and N1. Incontrast,The intereference effect of self associated shapeson visual selction occurred in N1. The dataindicated that the modulation of self related in visual search turn out in the early primary visual processstage.
In order to investagete theneuralbasisunderlying the modulation of self related information inglobal/local process, in Study4we adopted fMRI technique recording the brain activition when participantscarried out a global-local task in an divided attention task. The ROI analyses demonstrated that there wasenhanced activity inbrain regions linked to self-representation [the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)] in self-associated shapes compared to friend-associated shapes when they appeared as distractors.There was also increased activity in the left intraparietal cortex sulcusin friend-associated shapes but not inself-associated shapes when they displayed as distractors.In contrast, the activity in the right intraparietalcortexwas enhanced when self-associated shapes were targets compared with when friend-associatedshapes ere targets..
In conclusion, the results demonstrated a reliable rapid learning effect in self-compared with friendassociated shapes. Once participants learnt associations,, the newly learnt self information immediatelymodulatedvisual selction. The effect emerged at the early visual processing (N1) by modulating theinteraction between self-(vmPFC) and attentional (intraparietal cortex)-networks in the brain.
引文
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