渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩特征及成因研究
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摘要
本论文以渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩为研究对象,详细研究了硅质岩石英的结构类型、结构组合、结构演化及扫描电镜特征;从岩相学特征明确了震旦系灯影组硅质岩是以交代为主;详细研究了震旦系灯影组硅质岩石英主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及同位素地球化学特征;揭示了震旦系灯影组硅质岩成因为热水与海水、沉积与成岩共同作用的产物;探讨了硅质岩的形成机理及其形成时间,总结了硅质岩在油气地质中的作用。主要取得了以下研究成果:
渝东地区震旦系硅质岩主要分布在灯影组三段,在剖面结构上常与白云岩呈互层状产出,且与相邻白云岩具明显的界线差异。在偏光显微镜下,灯影组硅质岩显示出明显的隐晶质石英、玉髓、微晶石英及巨晶石英的各种不同形态和不同颗粒大小的石英晶体的结构元素特征;具有明显的隐晶、微晶和镶嵌结构(纹层状镶嵌、窗状孔镶嵌及打断、绕曲纹层镶嵌结构)类型特征。在扫描电子显微镜下,石英晶体内可见有残存的白云石晶体,或部分石英仍保存着白云石晶体的形态、未完全被硅质交代的残余白云石晶体形态,以及代表热水沸腾作用的针状孔较发育。
渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩主量元素中除SiO_2、TFe_2O_3、CaO、MgO及LOI(烧失量)含量较高外,其它组分含量均较低。Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,在Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的图解上,均显示出具热水成因特征。
灯影组硅质岩微量元素中Ba、As元素呈明显亏损、Cr元素呈明显富集特征,与典型的热水沉积硅质岩具有一定的差异。灯影组硅质岩的∑REE总量较低;具明显的LREE富集,HREE元素亏损;灯影组硅质岩大部分样品有δCe负异常或δCe异常不明显,少数为正δCe异常;δEu具有明显负异常,这一结果与传统热液成因的硅质岩具有δEu弱正异常的特征具有一定出入。这主要受控于原始的沉积环境,及与其所受热流体活动逐渐减弱相关。
灯影组硅质岩的δ~(30)Si值变化范围在-0.6‰～0.8‰,属于热水来源的硅质岩中的δ~(30)Si值范围;晶洞中石英单矿物的硅同位素组成变化范围在-0.4‰～0.5‰之间,与硅质岩的硅同位素组成一致。这表明两者具有共同的来源,只是沉淀方式的不同,硅质岩以热水交代为主,而晶洞中则以充填为主。
硅质岩的δ~(18)O值为15‰～23.5‰,利用氧同位素计算得出研究区硅质岩的形成温度为60～140℃。
岩石学和地球化学特征总体揭示渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩成因为热水与海水、沉积与成岩共同作用的产物。与灯影组同时异相的留茶坡组硅质岩相比较,灯影组硅质岩岩石学特征强烈表明在四川盆地周缘的震旦系硅质岩主要为交代成因,形成时间为晚震旦世-早寒武世(536.3±5.5Ma)。这与兴凯地裂运动早期的构造热流体活动有着紧密的相关性。流体来源主要为深部富含硅质的热流体,通过台地边缘斜坡带同沉积深大断裂和渗透性地层进行交代。
硅质岩对震旦系灯影组油气勘探具有重要意义。大量的富硅热流体可致使局部呈缺氧环境从而有利于大量有机质的埋藏和保存。同时,富硅的热流体可以溶蚀碳酸盐岩、改善储层性质,适度的硅化作用和较强的硅质新生变形作用可形成有利的储层,可作为天然气的有效储层。但,石英充填于原生孔隙中产生破坏性作用,主要是导致储集岩岩石更加致密;另一方面致密的硅质岩层对其上覆的烃源流体向下运移具有明显的封堵作用。
In this thesis, we have aimed the Sinian Dengying formation chert in East Chongqing, and studied the texture types, group, evolution characteristics under polarizing microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Petrological characteristics have showed that chert is an origin of replacement of dolomite. Geochemical characteristics of minor elements, and REE have been detailed studied, and revealed that formation of chert is related to hydrothermal fluids and seawater, controlling the sedimentary facies and diagenesis process. Formation mechanism and time of chert have also been discussed, so is the role of chert in petroleum geology. The following conclusions have been listed:
Chert is mainly distributed in 3rd member of Dengying formation, and always interbeds with dolomite. The lithological boundary between dolomite and chert is very clear, and with significant differences. In thin section scale, aphanitic quartz, chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz and mega quarz, whose are characterized by varied crystal form and size, have been showed different texture element features. The texture elements features includes cryptocrystalline , microcrystalline, mosaic (include laminated,fenestrae, broken or curved laminated texture ) and so on. And in the scanning electron microscope scale, residual dolomite crystals have been found in quartz. Quartz have still hold the form of dolomite and some dolomite crystals are very whole because of partly silicification.
Main elements in chert have showed that content of SiO_2、TFe_2O_3、CaO、MgO and LOI is high, but the others is low. According to the diagrams of Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn, there is clear that chert originates from hydrothermal fluids.
Elements of Ba and As show significant depletion in chert, but richment of Cr. This is very different from the chert deposited directly from hydrothermal fluid. The content of REE is low, with richment of LREE and depletion of HREE. Most chert sample have showed negative anomalies and not clear anomalies ofδCe, even positive anomalies ofδCe. The value ofδEu is obvious negative anomalies, which has different from traditional hydrothermal cherts (with weak positive anomaly). The above distribution characteristics of main, minor and REE have been argely controlled by the original depositional environment and the activity grade of hydrothermal fluid.
The values ofδ~(30)Si have varied from -0.6‰~ 0.8‰, belong to the range of chert origin from hydrothermal fluid. The values ofδ~(30)Si of quartz in caves have ranged from -0.4‰~ 0.5‰. The similar composition between chert and quartz mineral have showed that their have the same fluid source, but precipitation in different ways: replacement of dolomite and filling /deposited in pores water. The value ofδ~(18)O in chert have ranged from 15‰to 23.5‰. Calculating formation temperature of chert have ranged from 60℃to 140℃according to the values ofδ~(18)O in chert. Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of chert have revealed that its origin has been controlled by the sedimentary -diagenesis process and seawater-hydrothermal fluids. Comparison to the traditional upper Sinian Liuchapo formation chert, the characteristics of chert around Sichuan basin show obvious origin of replacement of dolomite. And the formation time of chert has ranged from late Sinian to early Cambrian(536.3±5.5Ma). The hydrothermal fluid has been related to the early Xingkai taphrogenesis thermal activity. And the main source of fluids rich in silica is deep thermal fluid through the deep faults on platform margin slope belts and permeable sedimentary strata.
Chert has very important effect on the oil&gas exploration of Sinian Dengying formation. Large amount of hydrothermal fluids have caused a local hypoxic environment, where is much helpful to the burial and preservation of organic matter.
Meanwhile, the hydrothermal fluids rich in silica have improved the reservoir rocks by dissolution, Moderate silicification and strong neomorphism of silica. The reservoir rocks can be an effective for nature gas accumulation. However, quartz infilling the primary pores or cavies has destroyed the storage spaces, and caused the reservoir rocks more dense. On the other hand, dense cherts have a significant sealing effective on the downward movement of hydrocarbon fluids.
渝东地区震旦系硅质岩主要分布在灯影组三段,在剖面结构上常与白云岩呈互层状产出,且与相邻白云岩具明显的界线差异。在偏光显微镜下,灯影组硅质岩显示出明显的隐晶质石英、玉髓、微晶石英及巨晶石英的各种不同形态和不同颗粒大小的石英晶体的结构元素特征;具有明显的隐晶、微晶和镶嵌结构(纹层状镶嵌、窗状孔镶嵌及打断、绕曲纹层镶嵌结构)类型特征。在扫描电子显微镜下,石英晶体内可见有残存的白云石晶体,或部分石英仍保存着白云石晶体的形态、未完全被硅质交代的残余白云石晶体形态,以及代表热水沸腾作用的针状孔较发育。
渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩主量元素中除SiO_2、TFe_2O_3、CaO、MgO及LOI(烧失量)含量较高外,其它组分含量均较低。Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,在Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)的图解上,均显示出具热水成因特征。
灯影组硅质岩微量元素中Ba、As元素呈明显亏损、Cr元素呈明显富集特征,与典型的热水沉积硅质岩具有一定的差异。灯影组硅质岩的∑REE总量较低;具明显的LREE富集,HREE元素亏损;灯影组硅质岩大部分样品有δCe负异常或δCe异常不明显,少数为正δCe异常;δEu具有明显负异常,这一结果与传统热液成因的硅质岩具有δEu弱正异常的特征具有一定出入。这主要受控于原始的沉积环境,及与其所受热流体活动逐渐减弱相关。
灯影组硅质岩的δ~(30)Si值变化范围在-0.6‰～0.8‰,属于热水来源的硅质岩中的δ~(30)Si值范围;晶洞中石英单矿物的硅同位素组成变化范围在-0.4‰～0.5‰之间,与硅质岩的硅同位素组成一致。这表明两者具有共同的来源,只是沉淀方式的不同,硅质岩以热水交代为主,而晶洞中则以充填为主。
硅质岩的δ~(18)O值为15‰～23.5‰,利用氧同位素计算得出研究区硅质岩的形成温度为60～140℃。
岩石学和地球化学特征总体揭示渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩成因为热水与海水、沉积与成岩共同作用的产物。与灯影组同时异相的留茶坡组硅质岩相比较,灯影组硅质岩岩石学特征强烈表明在四川盆地周缘的震旦系硅质岩主要为交代成因,形成时间为晚震旦世-早寒武世(536.3±5.5Ma)。这与兴凯地裂运动早期的构造热流体活动有着紧密的相关性。流体来源主要为深部富含硅质的热流体,通过台地边缘斜坡带同沉积深大断裂和渗透性地层进行交代。
硅质岩对震旦系灯影组油气勘探具有重要意义。大量的富硅热流体可致使局部呈缺氧环境从而有利于大量有机质的埋藏和保存。同时,富硅的热流体可以溶蚀碳酸盐岩、改善储层性质,适度的硅化作用和较强的硅质新生变形作用可形成有利的储层,可作为天然气的有效储层。但,石英充填于原生孔隙中产生破坏性作用,主要是导致储集岩岩石更加致密;另一方面致密的硅质岩层对其上覆的烃源流体向下运移具有明显的封堵作用。
In this thesis, we have aimed the Sinian Dengying formation chert in East Chongqing, and studied the texture types, group, evolution characteristics under polarizing microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Petrological characteristics have showed that chert is an origin of replacement of dolomite. Geochemical characteristics of minor elements, and REE have been detailed studied, and revealed that formation of chert is related to hydrothermal fluids and seawater, controlling the sedimentary facies and diagenesis process. Formation mechanism and time of chert have also been discussed, so is the role of chert in petroleum geology. The following conclusions have been listed:
Chert is mainly distributed in 3rd member of Dengying formation, and always interbeds with dolomite. The lithological boundary between dolomite and chert is very clear, and with significant differences. In thin section scale, aphanitic quartz, chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz and mega quarz, whose are characterized by varied crystal form and size, have been showed different texture element features. The texture elements features includes cryptocrystalline , microcrystalline, mosaic (include laminated,fenestrae, broken or curved laminated texture ) and so on. And in the scanning electron microscope scale, residual dolomite crystals have been found in quartz. Quartz have still hold the form of dolomite and some dolomite crystals are very whole because of partly silicification.
Main elements in chert have showed that content of SiO_2、TFe_2O_3、CaO、MgO and LOI is high, but the others is low. According to the diagrams of Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn, there is clear that chert originates from hydrothermal fluids.
Elements of Ba and As show significant depletion in chert, but richment of Cr. This is very different from the chert deposited directly from hydrothermal fluid. The content of REE is low, with richment of LREE and depletion of HREE. Most chert sample have showed negative anomalies and not clear anomalies ofδCe, even positive anomalies ofδCe. The value ofδEu is obvious negative anomalies, which has different from traditional hydrothermal cherts (with weak positive anomaly). The above distribution characteristics of main, minor and REE have been argely controlled by the original depositional environment and the activity grade of hydrothermal fluid.
The values ofδ~(30)Si have varied from -0.6‰~ 0.8‰, belong to the range of chert origin from hydrothermal fluid. The values ofδ~(30)Si of quartz in caves have ranged from -0.4‰~ 0.5‰. The similar composition between chert and quartz mineral have showed that their have the same fluid source, but precipitation in different ways: replacement of dolomite and filling /deposited in pores water. The value ofδ~(18)O in chert have ranged from 15‰to 23.5‰. Calculating formation temperature of chert have ranged from 60℃to 140℃according to the values ofδ~(18)O in chert. Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of chert have revealed that its origin has been controlled by the sedimentary -diagenesis process and seawater-hydrothermal fluids. Comparison to the traditional upper Sinian Liuchapo formation chert, the characteristics of chert around Sichuan basin show obvious origin of replacement of dolomite. And the formation time of chert has ranged from late Sinian to early Cambrian(536.3±5.5Ma). The hydrothermal fluid has been related to the early Xingkai taphrogenesis thermal activity. And the main source of fluids rich in silica is deep thermal fluid through the deep faults on platform margin slope belts and permeable sedimentary strata.
Chert has very important effect on the oil&gas exploration of Sinian Dengying formation. Large amount of hydrothermal fluids have caused a local hypoxic environment, where is much helpful to the burial and preservation of organic matter.
Meanwhile, the hydrothermal fluids rich in silica have improved the reservoir rocks by dissolution, Moderate silicification and strong neomorphism of silica. The reservoir rocks can be an effective for nature gas accumulation. However, quartz infilling the primary pores or cavies has destroyed the storage spaces, and caused the reservoir rocks more dense. On the other hand, dense cherts have a significant sealing effective on the downward movement of hydrocarbon fluids.
引文
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