污泥农用对作物生长和土壤重金属累积影响的研究
摘要
污泥是污水净化过程中产生的一种副产品,它自身含有植物生长所需的各种矿质养分和丰富的有机物质,如果将污泥进行农业利用,这是一种有效的资源循环再利用途径,但污泥中较高浓度的重金属含量又成了限制其资源化利用的重要因素。本文以长期定位试验和盆栽试验为基础,通过从作物(小麦、玉米、油菜)产量、养分、重金属含量、蔬菜品质以及土壤环境五方面入手,研究了污泥长期施用后作物和土壤养分、重金属累积的特征变化,分析了污泥施用下的油菜品质变化(可溶性糖、还原性Vc),最后针对污泥施用后的作物和土壤的重金属含量进行了安全性初步评价,得出以下结论:
1、大田试验中:施用污泥能提高作物养分和产量,增产效果不及鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆处理,但经过多年施用后肥效与化肥接近。盆栽试验中,适宜污泥用量可以明显提高油菜产量,最佳施用量为50-80g污泥/盆,相当于7500-12000kg/hm2。施用量超过100g污泥/盆,油菜产量呈现降低趋势。
2、污泥处理下的土壤全氮和有机质含量逐年变化不明显,但均高于化肥和对照,而不及鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆处理。土壤速效磷和速效钾含量相对逐年增加,但土壤速效磷含量均低于鸡粪处理,速效钾含量均低于秸秆处理。
3、污泥适量施用可以改善蔬菜的品质指标,当污泥用量为50-80g污泥/盆时能明显提高油菜还原性Vc和可溶性糖含量,肥效接近化肥但不及鸡粪。
4、分析污泥处理下的作物籽粒重金属含量发现:作物籽粒中Cr、As、Zn和Ni含量随施用年限而增加,Cr和Hg含量下降,Pb和Cu含量基本不变。施用污泥后作物籽粒中Cr、Hg、Cu和Zn含量要明显高于化肥、垃圾肥和秸秆,但Pb含量要明显低于鸡粪处理。另外,与《粮食卫生标准》(GB2715-2005)和《食品卫生标准》(GB2762-2005)中对杂粮作物中重金属含量的限制标准比较,污泥处理下的作物籽粒中Cd、Pb、Hg含量均在该限制范围内,符合该安全标准。根据作物不同部位的重金属含量可得出迁移趋势:在小麦中,Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、As和Ni主要趋向于秸秆积累,Cu和Zn主要在籽粒重积累。在玉米中,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni主要分布顺序为:秸秆>玉米芯>籽粒,Cr和Hg则主要分部于:秸秆>籽粒>玉米芯。
5、污泥处理的油菜Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni含量均没超过蔬菜安全标准(内控标准-94、GB14935-94、GB14961-94、GB15201-94、GB3106-91)。当污泥用量超过80g/盆时,油菜的Pb和As含量均出现下降趋势,但所有污泥处理下的油菜中As含量明显高于鸡粪和对照。当用量超过50g污泥/盆时,油菜中Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni含量要显著高于化肥和对照。超过100g污泥/盆时,油菜中Hg含量要显著高于化肥和对照处理。
6、大田土壤中Cd和Zn含量逐年增加,Cr、Pb和Ni含量逐年降低,而Hg、As和Cu含量基本处于稳定状态。盆栽土壤中,污泥施用后的土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和Zn含量随污泥用量的增加而增加,当污泥用量超过80g/盆时,油菜土壤中Cd、Cr、Hg和Zn含量明显高于化肥和鸡粪处理。
连续施用污泥的土壤中Hg含量均显著高于对照、化肥、鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆五个处理,2008年污泥处理的土壤中Pb和Zn含量明显高于化肥和垃圾肥处理。2009年Cr含量逐渐在土壤中积累,明显高于化肥和鸡粪处理。2010年土壤中Cr含量下降,Cd含量增加,并明显高于化肥处理。综上所述,Hg和Cd是限制污泥农用的一个重要因子,所以在进行堆肥过程中要特别注意Hg和Cd含量变化情况,并及时采取相应控制措施。
另外,所有处理下的大田土壤和盆栽土壤中重金属含量均没超出土壤环境质量二级标准(pH>7.5,GB15618-1995)的限定范围。
Sewage sludge ws a by-product in the wastewater treatment process, which contained a variety of mineral nutrients and rich organic matter that needs for plant growth. if be used in agriculture, it was an effective resource recycling pathway for sludge, but the higher concentration of heavy metal in sludge had become an important factor which limits sludge being used in agriculture. In this paper, basing on the long-term experiments and pot experiments,through studying from the yields ,nutrient and heavy metal content of crop (wheat, corn, rape) , the quality of vegetables and soil environment, we studyed characteristics of nutrient and heavy mental accumulation in soil and crop after long-term application of sewage sludge , analyzed the rape quality (soluble sugar, the reduced Vc) under different sludge applications, Finally,evaluated the safety of crop and soil in heavy mental content after sludge application.The main results obtained was as follows:
1. In the field test: the application of sewage sludge could increase nutrient and yield of crop,the effect was less than chicken manure, waste fertilizer and straw , but near to chemical fertilizer after application of sludge for many years. In the pot experiment, the appropriate amount of sludge could significantly improve the biological production of rape, the best application rate was 50- 80g sludge / pot, equivalent to 7500 -12000 kg﹒hm-2 .when the amount of sludge used more than 80 g/pot,the rape yield would show decreasing.
2. The nitrogen and organic matter content of soil under three years of sludge treatment did not change significantly year to year.It was higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment and the control treatment, but less than fertilizer, chicken manure and straw.Available P and available K content in soil was relatively increased year by year.The content of availablb P in sludge treatment soil was less than chicken manure ,and the content of availablb K was lower than straw.
3. The certain amount of sludge could improve the vegetable qualities(reduced Vc ,soluble sugar and so on).When the sludge amount reached to 50-80g sludge / pot,the effect was better than fertilizer but less than chicken manure.
4. The analysis of heavy metals in grain crops under sludge treatment displayed that: the contents of Cr,As, Zn and Ni in grain crops were increased with the application period ,while the contents of Cr and Hg were decreased , the contents of Pb and Cu were not changed.the contents of Cr,Hg, Cu and Zn content in grain crops were significantly higher than chemical fertilizer, waste fertilizer and straw, but the content of Pb was much lower than chicken manure. In addition, compared with the heavy metal content of crops in " Hygienic standards for grains" (GB2715-2005) and "Maximum leveal of contaminantsin foods " (GB2762-2005), the contents of Cd, Pb and Hg in crops were within limits and meet the safety standards.
Analysis of heavy metals in different parts of plants could be drawn from the migration of heavy metals trend: In wheat, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As and Ni mainly concentrated in the straw, while the two elements of Cu and Zn were mainly accumulated in the seed weight.In corn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni were mainly distributed in: straw> corn cob> grain, while Cr, and Hg were mainly located in: straw> grain> corn cob.
5. Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni content of the rape which was dealed with sludge did not exceed the safety standards of vegetables (Internal standard -94, GB14935-94, GB14961-94, GB15201-94, GB3106-91).When the amount of sludge exceeded 80g / pot, Pb and As concent of rape showed a downward trend,but under all the sludge treatments ,the As content of rape was significantly higher than chicken manure treatment and control treatment.
When the amount of sludge exceeded 50g / pot, the Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni concent of rape were significantly higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment and control treatment , and when the amount of sludge more than 100g/pot, the Hg content of rape was much higher than that of chemical treatment and control treatment.
6. The Cd and Zn concent of each field soil increased year by year, while Cr, Pb and Ni content decreased.The Hg, As and Cu contents were stable.In potting soil, the Cd, Cr, Hg and Zn content of soil which was treated by sludge increased with the amount of sludge increasing.When the amount of sludge added to 80g/pot,the Cd, Cr,Pb, Hg and Zn concent of soil were obviously higher than chemical fertilizer and chicken manure.
The Hg content of soil which applicated with sewage sludge for consecutive years was clearly higher than CK,chemical fertilizer,chicken manure,waste fertilizer and straw.In 2008,the Pb and Zn contents were obviously higher than that of chemical fertilizer and waste fertilizer.In 2009,the Cr concent gradually accumulated in the soil,and significantly higher than chemical fertilizer and chicken manure.In 2010,Cr concent decreased ,while Cd content increased in the soil.The Cd concent was obviously higher than chemical fertilizer treatment.In all,Hg and Cd were the important limiting factors of agricultural use of sewage sludge,so the changes of Hg and Cd should be paied attention to in the composting process,and take timely control in time.
In addition, the heavy metals concents of field soil and potting soil did not exceed the limited scope of environmental quality standards (pH> 7.5, GB15618-1995).
1、大田试验中:施用污泥能提高作物养分和产量,增产效果不及鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆处理,但经过多年施用后肥效与化肥接近。盆栽试验中,适宜污泥用量可以明显提高油菜产量,最佳施用量为50-80g污泥/盆,相当于7500-12000kg/hm2。施用量超过100g污泥/盆,油菜产量呈现降低趋势。
2、污泥处理下的土壤全氮和有机质含量逐年变化不明显,但均高于化肥和对照,而不及鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆处理。土壤速效磷和速效钾含量相对逐年增加,但土壤速效磷含量均低于鸡粪处理,速效钾含量均低于秸秆处理。
3、污泥适量施用可以改善蔬菜的品质指标,当污泥用量为50-80g污泥/盆时能明显提高油菜还原性Vc和可溶性糖含量,肥效接近化肥但不及鸡粪。
4、分析污泥处理下的作物籽粒重金属含量发现:作物籽粒中Cr、As、Zn和Ni含量随施用年限而增加,Cr和Hg含量下降,Pb和Cu含量基本不变。施用污泥后作物籽粒中Cr、Hg、Cu和Zn含量要明显高于化肥、垃圾肥和秸秆,但Pb含量要明显低于鸡粪处理。另外,与《粮食卫生标准》(GB2715-2005)和《食品卫生标准》(GB2762-2005)中对杂粮作物中重金属含量的限制标准比较,污泥处理下的作物籽粒中Cd、Pb、Hg含量均在该限制范围内,符合该安全标准。根据作物不同部位的重金属含量可得出迁移趋势:在小麦中,Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、As和Ni主要趋向于秸秆积累,Cu和Zn主要在籽粒重积累。在玉米中,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni主要分布顺序为:秸秆>玉米芯>籽粒,Cr和Hg则主要分部于:秸秆>籽粒>玉米芯。
5、污泥处理的油菜Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni含量均没超过蔬菜安全标准(内控标准-94、GB14935-94、GB14961-94、GB15201-94、GB3106-91)。当污泥用量超过80g/盆时,油菜的Pb和As含量均出现下降趋势,但所有污泥处理下的油菜中As含量明显高于鸡粪和对照。当用量超过50g污泥/盆时,油菜中Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni含量要显著高于化肥和对照。超过100g污泥/盆时,油菜中Hg含量要显著高于化肥和对照处理。
6、大田土壤中Cd和Zn含量逐年增加,Cr、Pb和Ni含量逐年降低,而Hg、As和Cu含量基本处于稳定状态。盆栽土壤中,污泥施用后的土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和Zn含量随污泥用量的增加而增加,当污泥用量超过80g/盆时,油菜土壤中Cd、Cr、Hg和Zn含量明显高于化肥和鸡粪处理。
连续施用污泥的土壤中Hg含量均显著高于对照、化肥、鸡粪、垃圾肥和秸秆五个处理,2008年污泥处理的土壤中Pb和Zn含量明显高于化肥和垃圾肥处理。2009年Cr含量逐渐在土壤中积累,明显高于化肥和鸡粪处理。2010年土壤中Cr含量下降,Cd含量增加,并明显高于化肥处理。综上所述,Hg和Cd是限制污泥农用的一个重要因子,所以在进行堆肥过程中要特别注意Hg和Cd含量变化情况,并及时采取相应控制措施。
另外,所有处理下的大田土壤和盆栽土壤中重金属含量均没超出土壤环境质量二级标准(pH>7.5,GB15618-1995)的限定范围。
Sewage sludge ws a by-product in the wastewater treatment process, which contained a variety of mineral nutrients and rich organic matter that needs for plant growth. if be used in agriculture, it was an effective resource recycling pathway for sludge, but the higher concentration of heavy metal in sludge had become an important factor which limits sludge being used in agriculture. In this paper, basing on the long-term experiments and pot experiments,through studying from the yields ,nutrient and heavy metal content of crop (wheat, corn, rape) , the quality of vegetables and soil environment, we studyed characteristics of nutrient and heavy mental accumulation in soil and crop after long-term application of sewage sludge , analyzed the rape quality (soluble sugar, the reduced Vc) under different sludge applications, Finally,evaluated the safety of crop and soil in heavy mental content after sludge application.The main results obtained was as follows:
1. In the field test: the application of sewage sludge could increase nutrient and yield of crop,the effect was less than chicken manure, waste fertilizer and straw , but near to chemical fertilizer after application of sludge for many years. In the pot experiment, the appropriate amount of sludge could significantly improve the biological production of rape, the best application rate was 50- 80g sludge / pot, equivalent to 7500 -12000 kg﹒hm-2 .when the amount of sludge used more than 80 g/pot,the rape yield would show decreasing.
2. The nitrogen and organic matter content of soil under three years of sludge treatment did not change significantly year to year.It was higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment and the control treatment, but less than fertilizer, chicken manure and straw.Available P and available K content in soil was relatively increased year by year.The content of availablb P in sludge treatment soil was less than chicken manure ,and the content of availablb K was lower than straw.
3. The certain amount of sludge could improve the vegetable qualities(reduced Vc ,soluble sugar and so on).When the sludge amount reached to 50-80g sludge / pot,the effect was better than fertilizer but less than chicken manure.
4. The analysis of heavy metals in grain crops under sludge treatment displayed that: the contents of Cr,As, Zn and Ni in grain crops were increased with the application period ,while the contents of Cr and Hg were decreased , the contents of Pb and Cu were not changed.the contents of Cr,Hg, Cu and Zn content in grain crops were significantly higher than chemical fertilizer, waste fertilizer and straw, but the content of Pb was much lower than chicken manure. In addition, compared with the heavy metal content of crops in " Hygienic standards for grains" (GB2715-2005) and "Maximum leveal of contaminantsin foods " (GB2762-2005), the contents of Cd, Pb and Hg in crops were within limits and meet the safety standards.
Analysis of heavy metals in different parts of plants could be drawn from the migration of heavy metals trend: In wheat, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As and Ni mainly concentrated in the straw, while the two elements of Cu and Zn were mainly accumulated in the seed weight.In corn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni were mainly distributed in: straw> corn cob> grain, while Cr, and Hg were mainly located in: straw> grain> corn cob.
5. Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni content of the rape which was dealed with sludge did not exceed the safety standards of vegetables (Internal standard -94, GB14935-94, GB14961-94, GB15201-94, GB3106-91).When the amount of sludge exceeded 80g / pot, Pb and As concent of rape showed a downward trend,but under all the sludge treatments ,the As content of rape was significantly higher than chicken manure treatment and control treatment.
When the amount of sludge exceeded 50g / pot, the Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni concent of rape were significantly higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment and control treatment , and when the amount of sludge more than 100g/pot, the Hg content of rape was much higher than that of chemical treatment and control treatment.
6. The Cd and Zn concent of each field soil increased year by year, while Cr, Pb and Ni content decreased.The Hg, As and Cu contents were stable.In potting soil, the Cd, Cr, Hg and Zn content of soil which was treated by sludge increased with the amount of sludge increasing.When the amount of sludge added to 80g/pot,the Cd, Cr,Pb, Hg and Zn concent of soil were obviously higher than chemical fertilizer and chicken manure.
The Hg content of soil which applicated with sewage sludge for consecutive years was clearly higher than CK,chemical fertilizer,chicken manure,waste fertilizer and straw.In 2008,the Pb and Zn contents were obviously higher than that of chemical fertilizer and waste fertilizer.In 2009,the Cr concent gradually accumulated in the soil,and significantly higher than chemical fertilizer and chicken manure.In 2010,Cr concent decreased ,while Cd content increased in the soil.The Cd concent was obviously higher than chemical fertilizer treatment.In all,Hg and Cd were the important limiting factors of agricultural use of sewage sludge,so the changes of Hg and Cd should be paied attention to in the composting process,and take timely control in time.
In addition, the heavy metals concents of field soil and potting soil did not exceed the limited scope of environmental quality standards (pH> 7.5, GB15618-1995).
引文
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