矿井全空间小线圈瞬变电磁探测技术及应用研究
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摘要
瞬变电磁法能够穿透高阻屏蔽层,对高阻屏蔽层下覆岩层的导水构造或含水体有比较好的分辨能力,成果比较直观,近年来在矿井中应用较多,但是探测深度与解释的多解性约束了其在矿井安全生产中的发展。本文在国家科技重大专项“裂隙分布测定技术与装备”项目的资助下开展矿井瞬变电磁全空间理论以及在井下应用技术的研究,对提高矿井瞬变电磁探测效果具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。
本文从瞬变电磁场基本理论出发,整理前人研究的公式,发现了全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场存在一定的关系,提出了矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象；提出了比较有特色的采煤工作面探测“交集法”,可以有效的避免假异常,更好的探测采煤工作面含水体；研究了小线圈瞬变电磁井下探测深度的问题,并提出全空间瞬变电磁深度估算公式；通过大量的试验数据证明本文理论和方法的正确性和可行性。
本文的研究取得了以下主要研究成果：
(1)对全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场进行研究,发现并提出矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象。整理并延伸推导全空间理论瞬变电磁相关的公式,比较全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场相关参数,最后得出晚期全空间瞬变电磁磁场强度是半空间瞬变电磁磁场强度的2.5倍,即为矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象,并由此得出应用于矿井瞬变电磁探测视电阻率的计算公式,提出了矿井瞬变电磁视电阻率计算系数的原则。矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象表明在井下实际探测方面应用全空间瞬变电磁场理论比半空间理论提高了信噪比,加大了探测深度；另外,由于半空间瞬变电磁场在理论上比较成熟,在实践上有较多的资料可以参考,对于矿井瞬变电磁场在晚期的计算就可以利用倍数现象大体得出一个相应的结论,在实际探测工程应用上具有很重要的参考价值。
(2)基于矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象,提出矿井瞬变电磁深度估算公式为dm=Kdm(IA/σηv)1/5。在前人研究的基础上,延续研究了瞬变电磁半空间和全空间深度估算公式,推导出矿井瞬变电磁深度估算公式,并提出瞬变电磁全空间探测深度比半空间要大的观点；基于此探讨了矿井瞬变电磁在探测深度方面的可行性,得出了矿井瞬变电磁可以满足矿井100m范围内的探测水体的要求。
(3)对矿井瞬变电磁方法技术进行研究,提出采煤工作面探测低阻异常“交集法”。研究结果表明：井下采煤工作面低阻异常“交集法”可以有效的避免假异常,更好的探测采煤工作面含水体；通过对不同地质模型的模拟得出,矿井瞬变电磁对低阻含水体反应比较明显,对高阻含水体不太明显,低电阻率的反应对应感应电压表现为高电位,高电阻率的反应对应感应电压表现为低电位；针对煤矿井下特殊的井下环境和受限巷道空间,设计了瞬变电磁井下工作方法：固定平移法、转换角度法和综合法；通过对井下影响因素的研究,得出了井下巷道影响不能忽略；通过大量的实践,得出了井下探测工艺和安全措施,初步形成较为完整的瞬变电磁井下数据采集工作方法。
(4)研究矿井瞬变电磁观测方法技术,并指出井下瞬变电磁参数选择的原则。研究结果表明：适宜矿井的瞬变电磁线框大小易选择1.5m,线框形状选择方形,选取的探测频率一般为25Hz,参数选择的原则是测量的异常曲线相对光滑而且与理论曲线差别不大。
(5)基于矿井瞬变电磁倍数现象及探测深度理论,研究矿井瞬变电磁解释软件及三维可视化。研究结果表明：井下瞬变电磁解释方法易采用层状模拟法；采用倍数现象和探测深度理论编写的井下瞬变电磁数据处理系统较好的适应了井下实际探测的需要；Surfer成图处理方法在瞬变电磁线圈打角度时用带线性插值的“三角剖分”法,线圈不打角度时用“克里格”方法,避免了一些假异常的产生；Voxler软件可以用于矿井瞬变电磁三维可视化研究,且成果图较好,立体显示探测成果,使探测成果更加直观和易于分析。
(6)通过井下瞬变电磁大量的实践试验来验证本文提出观点的正确性和可行性。研究结果表明：井下探测实例证明采用“交集法”探测结果比较准确,大幅度的提高了探测的精度和减少了钻探验证的工作量；瞬变电磁井下异常解释的原则、井下瞬变电磁超前跟踪探测方法以及煤层开采导水裂缝带的探测方法经实践验证是可行的；应用本文提出的理论和方法,针对某一个矿进行了井下瞬变电磁探测,成功率达到了86.2%,较好的说明了理论与实践结合的正确性。
Transient electromagnetic method (TEM) is able to penetrate the high resistance shielding layer, it has a good distinguish ability to water conducted structure or containing water of overlying strata under the high resistance shielding, the results is very intuitive. This method is more applications in recent years, but the detecting depth and the multi-solution explanations constraint its development in the safety production of coal mine. This thesis carry out TEM full-space theory and the application technology research under the support of major national science and technology program "fissure distribution measurement technology and equipment project". This study has important theoretical significance and practical application value on improving sounding effect of mine TEM.
This thesis started from basic theory of TEM, arrangement the formula of predecessors, founded that the full-space and half-space of TEM has certain relations, presented the multiple phenomenon of mine TEM; put forwarded the characteristic coal mining work-face detection "intersection method". This can effectively avoid false anomaly, and better detects water of return exploitation coal mining work-face; This thesis studied the detection depth problem of small coil TEM in the coal mine, and put forward the depth estimation formula of full-space TEM; Proved the correctness and feasibility of this theory and method though a large number of experimental data.
This research obtained the following results:
(1) This thesis researched the full-space TEM field and half-space TEM field, put forwarded TEM multiple phenomenon, arrangement and extended the related formula of full-space TEM theory, compared the related parameters of full-space TEM field and half-space TEM field. In the end, it is concluded that the magnetic field intensity of full-space TEM is2.5times of half-space TEM field in the late, that is multiple phenomenon of mine TEM, and furthermore, obtained the calculation formula of apparent resistivity that applied in the mine TEM detection, put forwarded the calculation coefficient principle of mine TEM apparent resistivity. The multiple phenomenon of mine TEM shows that the application of full-space TEM theory in the actual detection improved signal noise ratio and increased the detecting depth. In addition, due to the half-space TEM field is relatively mature in theory and has more reference material in practice, calculation of mine TEM field in the late can use multiples phenomenon to get a corresponding conclusion. This has a very important reference value in actual exploration project applications.
(2) Based on the multiples phenomenon of mine TEM, this thesis put forwarded that the mine TEM depth estimation formula is dm=Kdm(IA/σηv)1/5On the basis of previous studies, this thesis continues studied the depth estimation formula of half-space TEM and full-space TEM, deduced the depth estimation formula of mine TEM, and put forwarded the view that the full-space probing depth is greater than half-space; Based on this view, this thesis discussed the feasibility of mine TEM in depth. It is concluded that the mine TEM can meets the requirements of the water detection within100meters.
(3) This thesis research the mine TEM technology, put forwarded low resistivity abnormally "intersection method" of coal mining working detecting. Research results show that this method can effectively avoid false abnormal, and better detect containing water of working face; Drawn through the simulation of different geological models, mine TEM reaction of low resistivity aquifer obvious, less obvious body of high impedance moisture content, low resistivity response corresponding induced voltage performance for high-potential, high resistivity response corresponding to the induced voltage is expressed as the low potential;In the light of coal mine special underground environment and limited tunnel space, this research designed the TEM underground working method:fixed translation method、angle conversion method and comprehensive method; Through studying on influencing factors of underground, this thesis concluded that underground tunnel effect can not be ignored; through a lot of practice, concluded the underground technology and safety measures. Such preliminary formed relatively complete TEM underground data acquisition method.
(4) This thesis researched the observational parameters of the mine TEM and pointed out the principle of the parameters selection of the underground TEM. Research results indicated that the appropriate size of the TEM line frame for the mine should choose1.5m, the shape of wireframe should choose square, and the selection of the exploration frequency general is25Hz. The principle of the parameter selection is the relative smooth abnormal curves when measures and not have big difference with the theoretical curves.
(5) The thesis researched the mine TEM interpretation software and three-dimensional (3D) visualization based on the mine TEM multiple phenomenon and probing depth theory. Research results shows that the mine TEM interpretation method is easier to use the interpretation of layer simulation method; the mine TEM data processing system that using multiple phenomenon and probing depth theory to write is better adapted to the actual detection needs. Surfer image processing method use linear interpolation of "triangulation" method in TEM coil hit angle, use "Kriging" method in without the play point, this would avoid some false anomaly generation; the Voxler software can be used to mine TEM3D visualization research, and the results is good, detection results is stereoscopic display, this makes the detection results is more intuitive and easy analysis.
(6) This thesis validated the correctness and feasibility of the proposed views through a lot of practice test of TEM. Research results show that detection of underground examples proved the correctness of the detection results using "intersection method", this method greatly improves detection accuracy and reduce drilling workload. The TEM anomaly interpretation principle, TEM tracking detection method and coal mine water conducted zone detection method is feasible by practice. Application of the theory and method presented in this thesis, to detected TEM for a mine, success rate is86.2%, and this better explain the correctness of combination of theory and practice.
本文从瞬变电磁场基本理论出发,整理前人研究的公式,发现了全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场存在一定的关系,提出了矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象；提出了比较有特色的采煤工作面探测“交集法”,可以有效的避免假异常,更好的探测采煤工作面含水体；研究了小线圈瞬变电磁井下探测深度的问题,并提出全空间瞬变电磁深度估算公式；通过大量的试验数据证明本文理论和方法的正确性和可行性。
本文的研究取得了以下主要研究成果：
(1)对全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场进行研究,发现并提出矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象。整理并延伸推导全空间理论瞬变电磁相关的公式,比较全空间和半空间瞬变电磁场相关参数,最后得出晚期全空间瞬变电磁磁场强度是半空间瞬变电磁磁场强度的2.5倍,即为矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象,并由此得出应用于矿井瞬变电磁探测视电阻率的计算公式,提出了矿井瞬变电磁视电阻率计算系数的原则。矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象表明在井下实际探测方面应用全空间瞬变电磁场理论比半空间理论提高了信噪比,加大了探测深度；另外,由于半空间瞬变电磁场在理论上比较成熟,在实践上有较多的资料可以参考,对于矿井瞬变电磁场在晚期的计算就可以利用倍数现象大体得出一个相应的结论,在实际探测工程应用上具有很重要的参考价值。
(2)基于矿井瞬变电磁的倍数现象,提出矿井瞬变电磁深度估算公式为dm=Kdm(IA/σηv)1/5。在前人研究的基础上,延续研究了瞬变电磁半空间和全空间深度估算公式,推导出矿井瞬变电磁深度估算公式,并提出瞬变电磁全空间探测深度比半空间要大的观点；基于此探讨了矿井瞬变电磁在探测深度方面的可行性,得出了矿井瞬变电磁可以满足矿井100m范围内的探测水体的要求。
(3)对矿井瞬变电磁方法技术进行研究,提出采煤工作面探测低阻异常“交集法”。研究结果表明：井下采煤工作面低阻异常“交集法”可以有效的避免假异常,更好的探测采煤工作面含水体；通过对不同地质模型的模拟得出,矿井瞬变电磁对低阻含水体反应比较明显,对高阻含水体不太明显,低电阻率的反应对应感应电压表现为高电位,高电阻率的反应对应感应电压表现为低电位；针对煤矿井下特殊的井下环境和受限巷道空间,设计了瞬变电磁井下工作方法：固定平移法、转换角度法和综合法；通过对井下影响因素的研究,得出了井下巷道影响不能忽略；通过大量的实践,得出了井下探测工艺和安全措施,初步形成较为完整的瞬变电磁井下数据采集工作方法。
(4)研究矿井瞬变电磁观测方法技术,并指出井下瞬变电磁参数选择的原则。研究结果表明：适宜矿井的瞬变电磁线框大小易选择1.5m,线框形状选择方形,选取的探测频率一般为25Hz,参数选择的原则是测量的异常曲线相对光滑而且与理论曲线差别不大。
(5)基于矿井瞬变电磁倍数现象及探测深度理论,研究矿井瞬变电磁解释软件及三维可视化。研究结果表明：井下瞬变电磁解释方法易采用层状模拟法；采用倍数现象和探测深度理论编写的井下瞬变电磁数据处理系统较好的适应了井下实际探测的需要；Surfer成图处理方法在瞬变电磁线圈打角度时用带线性插值的“三角剖分”法,线圈不打角度时用“克里格”方法,避免了一些假异常的产生；Voxler软件可以用于矿井瞬变电磁三维可视化研究,且成果图较好,立体显示探测成果,使探测成果更加直观和易于分析。
(6)通过井下瞬变电磁大量的实践试验来验证本文提出观点的正确性和可行性。研究结果表明：井下探测实例证明采用“交集法”探测结果比较准确,大幅度的提高了探测的精度和减少了钻探验证的工作量；瞬变电磁井下异常解释的原则、井下瞬变电磁超前跟踪探测方法以及煤层开采导水裂缝带的探测方法经实践验证是可行的；应用本文提出的理论和方法,针对某一个矿进行了井下瞬变电磁探测,成功率达到了86.2%,较好的说明了理论与实践结合的正确性。
Transient electromagnetic method (TEM) is able to penetrate the high resistance shielding layer, it has a good distinguish ability to water conducted structure or containing water of overlying strata under the high resistance shielding, the results is very intuitive. This method is more applications in recent years, but the detecting depth and the multi-solution explanations constraint its development in the safety production of coal mine. This thesis carry out TEM full-space theory and the application technology research under the support of major national science and technology program "fissure distribution measurement technology and equipment project". This study has important theoretical significance and practical application value on improving sounding effect of mine TEM.
This thesis started from basic theory of TEM, arrangement the formula of predecessors, founded that the full-space and half-space of TEM has certain relations, presented the multiple phenomenon of mine TEM; put forwarded the characteristic coal mining work-face detection "intersection method". This can effectively avoid false anomaly, and better detects water of return exploitation coal mining work-face; This thesis studied the detection depth problem of small coil TEM in the coal mine, and put forward the depth estimation formula of full-space TEM; Proved the correctness and feasibility of this theory and method though a large number of experimental data.
This research obtained the following results:
(1) This thesis researched the full-space TEM field and half-space TEM field, put forwarded TEM multiple phenomenon, arrangement and extended the related formula of full-space TEM theory, compared the related parameters of full-space TEM field and half-space TEM field. In the end, it is concluded that the magnetic field intensity of full-space TEM is2.5times of half-space TEM field in the late, that is multiple phenomenon of mine TEM, and furthermore, obtained the calculation formula of apparent resistivity that applied in the mine TEM detection, put forwarded the calculation coefficient principle of mine TEM apparent resistivity. The multiple phenomenon of mine TEM shows that the application of full-space TEM theory in the actual detection improved signal noise ratio and increased the detecting depth. In addition, due to the half-space TEM field is relatively mature in theory and has more reference material in practice, calculation of mine TEM field in the late can use multiples phenomenon to get a corresponding conclusion. This has a very important reference value in actual exploration project applications.
(2) Based on the multiples phenomenon of mine TEM, this thesis put forwarded that the mine TEM depth estimation formula is dm=Kdm(IA/σηv)1/5On the basis of previous studies, this thesis continues studied the depth estimation formula of half-space TEM and full-space TEM, deduced the depth estimation formula of mine TEM, and put forwarded the view that the full-space probing depth is greater than half-space; Based on this view, this thesis discussed the feasibility of mine TEM in depth. It is concluded that the mine TEM can meets the requirements of the water detection within100meters.
(3) This thesis research the mine TEM technology, put forwarded low resistivity abnormally "intersection method" of coal mining working detecting. Research results show that this method can effectively avoid false abnormal, and better detect containing water of working face; Drawn through the simulation of different geological models, mine TEM reaction of low resistivity aquifer obvious, less obvious body of high impedance moisture content, low resistivity response corresponding induced voltage performance for high-potential, high resistivity response corresponding to the induced voltage is expressed as the low potential;In the light of coal mine special underground environment and limited tunnel space, this research designed the TEM underground working method:fixed translation method、angle conversion method and comprehensive method; Through studying on influencing factors of underground, this thesis concluded that underground tunnel effect can not be ignored; through a lot of practice, concluded the underground technology and safety measures. Such preliminary formed relatively complete TEM underground data acquisition method.
(4) This thesis researched the observational parameters of the mine TEM and pointed out the principle of the parameters selection of the underground TEM. Research results indicated that the appropriate size of the TEM line frame for the mine should choose1.5m, the shape of wireframe should choose square, and the selection of the exploration frequency general is25Hz. The principle of the parameter selection is the relative smooth abnormal curves when measures and not have big difference with the theoretical curves.
(5) The thesis researched the mine TEM interpretation software and three-dimensional (3D) visualization based on the mine TEM multiple phenomenon and probing depth theory. Research results shows that the mine TEM interpretation method is easier to use the interpretation of layer simulation method; the mine TEM data processing system that using multiple phenomenon and probing depth theory to write is better adapted to the actual detection needs. Surfer image processing method use linear interpolation of "triangulation" method in TEM coil hit angle, use "Kriging" method in without the play point, this would avoid some false anomaly generation; the Voxler software can be used to mine TEM3D visualization research, and the results is good, detection results is stereoscopic display, this makes the detection results is more intuitive and easy analysis.
(6) This thesis validated the correctness and feasibility of the proposed views through a lot of practice test of TEM. Research results show that detection of underground examples proved the correctness of the detection results using "intersection method", this method greatly improves detection accuracy and reduce drilling workload. The TEM anomaly interpretation principle, TEM tracking detection method and coal mine water conducted zone detection method is feasible by practice. Application of the theory and method presented in this thesis, to detected TEM for a mine, success rate is86.2%, and this better explain the correctness of combination of theory and practice.
引文
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