膨胀土公路路堑边坡工程性状研究
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摘要
膨胀土是一种具有胀缩性、裂隙性和超固结性的特殊粘性土。随着我国高等级公路的大量兴建和西部大开发战略步伐的加快，膨胀土对公路建设和运营的危害日益突出，因此系统开展膨胀土地区公路边坡工程性状的研究具有重要的现实意义。
本文应用室内试验、现场监测、理论分析和数值仿真等四种手段，以西安～汉中高速公路穿越膨胀土路段为依托工程，对膨胀土路堑边坡的工程力学性状和渗流性状开展了重点研究，并将非饱和土土力学理论应用于膨胀土课题的研究。主要研究内容如下：
1．对西安～汉中高速公路穿越膨胀土路段调研和取样，进行室内试验分析，研究了膨胀土的矿物成分组成、遇水崩解特性、胀缩特性及各指标相关性等内容，系统把握膨胀土的基本工程特性。
2．采用高速离心机进行原状膨胀土的土—水特征曲线研究，提出考虑体变膨胀土的土—水特征曲线，应用Brooks-Corey模型刻画膨胀土密度变化曲线，基于半对数模型和VG模型拟合土—水特征曲线，并根据基本土性参数建立MK模型，对膨胀土的土—水特征曲线进行推算。
3．进行系统的现场监测工作，应用TRIME水分量测系统和张力计对膨胀土路堑边坡进行数据采集，分析气候条件对膨胀土边坡吸力和含水量的影响规律，并根据实测吸力通过Mitchell公式确定大气影响深度。
4．基于线弹性力学理论和断裂力学理论推导了膨胀土的初始开裂深度和裂隙扩展深度表达式，明确膨胀土抗拉强度、地表临界吸力、泊松比等指标对深度影响效应，从理论上确定膨胀土裂隙开展深度。
5．基于非饱和土土力学理论进行渗流仿真分析和边坡稳定性分析，针对膨胀土裂隙提出等效材料方法模拟其降雨入渗性状，研究裂隙膨胀土边坡含水量和孔隙水压力分布特性，分析影响边坡稳定性的重要因素，并进行工程实例验证，对路堑边坡工程问题提出了有关建设方案和工程措施。
Expansive soil is a special clay soil, possessing three features of swelling and shrinkage, over-consolidation and fissures. With the large-scale construction of high-class highway and fast development of the western regions of China, the hazard that expansive soil brings to construction and management of highway becomes more and more serious, so it is of significance to study on the slope problems of highway in the areas of expansive soil.
Based on the survey of a section of xi'an-hanzhong freeway through expansive soil area, this paper studied on the characteristics of engineering mechanics and seepage flow of expansive soil slope on road-cutting by the four methods of laboratory tests, field survey, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Meanwhile, the theory of unsaturated soils mechanics was applied to expansive soil study. The main contents were briefly listed as follows.
Firstly, laboratory tests were carried out to analyze clay mineral contents, disintegration character, swell-shrink character and the relationship among some indexes after field inspections and sampling of expansive soil along xi'an-hanzhong freeway, then the basic engineering characters were summarized.
Secondly, the soil-water characteristic curve of undisturbed expansive soil was studied by using high-speed centrifuge. The soil-water characteristic curve with volume change was presented and density-change curve was described by Brooks-Corey model, then the modified-Kovacs model was developed to calculate the soil-water characteristic curve according to the primary parameters of expansive soil.
Thirdly, field survey had been performed for six months by TRIME water measurement system and tensiometers on expansive soil slope. The influence of climate change on the suction and water content regulations was analyzed, and the depth of climate influence was calculated according to Mitchell equation.
Fourthly, the expressions of initial cracking and cracking evolution of expansive soil were obtained based on the theories of lineal elastic mechanics and fracture mechanics, and the mechanics index influence on the cracking depth was clarified and the cracking depth were established theoretically.
Finally, the properties of seepage flow and slope stability were analyzed according to unsaturated soil mechanics. Targeting to expansive soil fissures, a method of equivalent material was presented to simulate rainfall infiltration to slope so as to study on distribution of the water content and suction on expansive soil slope with fissures. This thesis analyzed the important influence to slope stability and verified the engineering examples, afterwards put forward some construction schemes and engineering methods about slope engineering problems of road-cutting.
本文应用室内试验、现场监测、理论分析和数值仿真等四种手段，以西安～汉中高速公路穿越膨胀土路段为依托工程，对膨胀土路堑边坡的工程力学性状和渗流性状开展了重点研究，并将非饱和土土力学理论应用于膨胀土课题的研究。主要研究内容如下：
1．对西安～汉中高速公路穿越膨胀土路段调研和取样，进行室内试验分析，研究了膨胀土的矿物成分组成、遇水崩解特性、胀缩特性及各指标相关性等内容，系统把握膨胀土的基本工程特性。
2．采用高速离心机进行原状膨胀土的土—水特征曲线研究，提出考虑体变膨胀土的土—水特征曲线，应用Brooks-Corey模型刻画膨胀土密度变化曲线，基于半对数模型和VG模型拟合土—水特征曲线，并根据基本土性参数建立MK模型，对膨胀土的土—水特征曲线进行推算。
3．进行系统的现场监测工作，应用TRIME水分量测系统和张力计对膨胀土路堑边坡进行数据采集，分析气候条件对膨胀土边坡吸力和含水量的影响规律，并根据实测吸力通过Mitchell公式确定大气影响深度。
4．基于线弹性力学理论和断裂力学理论推导了膨胀土的初始开裂深度和裂隙扩展深度表达式，明确膨胀土抗拉强度、地表临界吸力、泊松比等指标对深度影响效应，从理论上确定膨胀土裂隙开展深度。
5．基于非饱和土土力学理论进行渗流仿真分析和边坡稳定性分析，针对膨胀土裂隙提出等效材料方法模拟其降雨入渗性状，研究裂隙膨胀土边坡含水量和孔隙水压力分布特性，分析影响边坡稳定性的重要因素，并进行工程实例验证，对路堑边坡工程问题提出了有关建设方案和工程措施。
Expansive soil is a special clay soil, possessing three features of swelling and shrinkage, over-consolidation and fissures. With the large-scale construction of high-class highway and fast development of the western regions of China, the hazard that expansive soil brings to construction and management of highway becomes more and more serious, so it is of significance to study on the slope problems of highway in the areas of expansive soil.
Based on the survey of a section of xi'an-hanzhong freeway through expansive soil area, this paper studied on the characteristics of engineering mechanics and seepage flow of expansive soil slope on road-cutting by the four methods of laboratory tests, field survey, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Meanwhile, the theory of unsaturated soils mechanics was applied to expansive soil study. The main contents were briefly listed as follows.
Firstly, laboratory tests were carried out to analyze clay mineral contents, disintegration character, swell-shrink character and the relationship among some indexes after field inspections and sampling of expansive soil along xi'an-hanzhong freeway, then the basic engineering characters were summarized.
Secondly, the soil-water characteristic curve of undisturbed expansive soil was studied by using high-speed centrifuge. The soil-water characteristic curve with volume change was presented and density-change curve was described by Brooks-Corey model, then the modified-Kovacs model was developed to calculate the soil-water characteristic curve according to the primary parameters of expansive soil.
Thirdly, field survey had been performed for six months by TRIME water measurement system and tensiometers on expansive soil slope. The influence of climate change on the suction and water content regulations was analyzed, and the depth of climate influence was calculated according to Mitchell equation.
Fourthly, the expressions of initial cracking and cracking evolution of expansive soil were obtained based on the theories of lineal elastic mechanics and fracture mechanics, and the mechanics index influence on the cracking depth was clarified and the cracking depth were established theoretically.
Finally, the properties of seepage flow and slope stability were analyzed according to unsaturated soil mechanics. Targeting to expansive soil fissures, a method of equivalent material was presented to simulate rainfall infiltration to slope so as to study on distribution of the water content and suction on expansive soil slope with fissures. This thesis analyzed the important influence to slope stability and verified the engineering examples, afterwards put forward some construction schemes and engineering methods about slope engineering problems of road-cutting.
引文
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