优势渗流通道对黄土斜坡稳定性影响研究
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摘要
地质灾害不但是自然环境变化的客观存在,同时也是人类社会发展过程中难以避免的事件。黄土高原区地质灾害的主要类型为滑坡、崩塌、泥流等,其中滑坡对人类社会危害最大,也最为常见。黄土高原区绝大部分黄土斜坡地下水位埋深在基岩之下,形成了大厚度的黄土非饱和区,以往的调查研究表明,降雨尤其是大雨及瞬时暴雨是导致黄土滑坡的主要诱发因素。本文在综合前人研究的基础上,总结并归纳了非饱和黄土斜坡降雨入渗规律,全面概述了在非饱和黄土斜坡考虑基质吸力的极限平衡稳定性评价方法。
通过野外调查,室内试验,获取了滑坡的相关土体参数,经过资料的整理和分析,恢复了斜坡的滑前地形。建立非饱和带斜坡降雨入渗有限单元二维模型,对三种降雨方案的斜坡入渗规律进行模拟,对比分析了水份在黄土斜坡的运移规律以及含水量在斜坡上的变化规律；针对黄土斜坡发育的优势渗流通道在降雨过程中斜坡下渗特点进行了模拟。以降雨入渗模拟为基础,建立了斜坡稳定性分析模型,采用极限平衡法对不同降雨强度和降雨持时的斜坡稳定性状态进行了计算。通过上面的研究工作,取得了以下几点认识：
1、优势渗流通道发育是黄土斜坡在降雨后成灾的重要因素。
2、在无优势渗流通道的情况下,降雨后水分在斜坡地表以下有限深度内运移,对斜坡稳定性影响较小。
3、降雨在斜坡上的入渗特征：当产生地表径流时,雨水汇聚于优势渗流通道内,迅速入渗至深层土体,形成饱和区；当饱和区遇到弱透水层或基岩隔水层时形成上层滞水。
4、采用了考虑基质吸力的Morgenstren-Price法对不同降雨强度和不同降雨持时的黄土斜坡进行稳定性分析,认为降雨在优势渗流通道作用下在土体深层形成的饱和区或上层滞水是斜坡失稳的主要因素。
Geological disasters are natural environment change of objective existence; meanwhile they are unavoidable events during development of the human and society. The main types of geological disasters in loess plateaus are landslide, collapse and mud flow etc, the most common and hardest on human society is landslide. In the loess plateaus, most water levels of loess slopes lie under the bedrock, which form a very thick loess unsaturated-zone. Based on the former investigation, rainfall, especially heavy rains and storm rains, are main factor lead to loess landslide. According to these former studies, this paper concluded the rule of rainfall infiltration on unsaturated-zone loess slope, comprehensive outlined the limit equilibrium stability evaluation method considering matrix suction on unsaturated-zone loess slope.
Based on the field investigation and indoor tests, we obtained the related soil parameters of slope. We renewed the topography of slope before landslide by collecting and analyzing the data. A 2-D model of finite elements in unsaturated zone has been built to simulate the scheme of three kinds of rainfall infiltration, found the water flow principle and water content changing principle on loess slope, at the same time we simulated the effect of prior infiltration channels on loess slope during the process of rainfall infiltration. Based on the simulation of rainfall infiltration rule, the model of slope stability analysis has been established; we calculated the slope stability state under different rainfall intensity and rainfall time by limit equilibrium method. This paper concluded the rainfall infiltration rule on loess plateau unsaturated-zone.
The understandings are as follows:
1 The prior infiltration channels are the important factor of disasters after rainfall on loess slope.
2 Without the prior infiltration channels, the water flow by the slope surface after rainfall, has a small effect to the slope stablility.
3 The feature of rainfall infiltration on slope:when it comes to surface runoff, rain converge into the prior infiltration channels and reach the deeper soil, and finally form a saturated-zone; it is easy to form perched water when it has aquitard or bedrock in saturated-zone.
4 Stability analysis under different rainfall intensity and rainfall time on loess slope with the method of Morgenstren-Price considering matrix suction show that: with the prior infiltration channels, the saturated-zone or perched water in deeper soil formed by rainfall is the main factor of loess instability.
通过野外调查,室内试验,获取了滑坡的相关土体参数,经过资料的整理和分析,恢复了斜坡的滑前地形。建立非饱和带斜坡降雨入渗有限单元二维模型,对三种降雨方案的斜坡入渗规律进行模拟,对比分析了水份在黄土斜坡的运移规律以及含水量在斜坡上的变化规律；针对黄土斜坡发育的优势渗流通道在降雨过程中斜坡下渗特点进行了模拟。以降雨入渗模拟为基础,建立了斜坡稳定性分析模型,采用极限平衡法对不同降雨强度和降雨持时的斜坡稳定性状态进行了计算。通过上面的研究工作,取得了以下几点认识：
1、优势渗流通道发育是黄土斜坡在降雨后成灾的重要因素。
2、在无优势渗流通道的情况下,降雨后水分在斜坡地表以下有限深度内运移,对斜坡稳定性影响较小。
3、降雨在斜坡上的入渗特征：当产生地表径流时,雨水汇聚于优势渗流通道内,迅速入渗至深层土体,形成饱和区；当饱和区遇到弱透水层或基岩隔水层时形成上层滞水。
4、采用了考虑基质吸力的Morgenstren-Price法对不同降雨强度和不同降雨持时的黄土斜坡进行稳定性分析,认为降雨在优势渗流通道作用下在土体深层形成的饱和区或上层滞水是斜坡失稳的主要因素。
Geological disasters are natural environment change of objective existence; meanwhile they are unavoidable events during development of the human and society. The main types of geological disasters in loess plateaus are landslide, collapse and mud flow etc, the most common and hardest on human society is landslide. In the loess plateaus, most water levels of loess slopes lie under the bedrock, which form a very thick loess unsaturated-zone. Based on the former investigation, rainfall, especially heavy rains and storm rains, are main factor lead to loess landslide. According to these former studies, this paper concluded the rule of rainfall infiltration on unsaturated-zone loess slope, comprehensive outlined the limit equilibrium stability evaluation method considering matrix suction on unsaturated-zone loess slope.
Based on the field investigation and indoor tests, we obtained the related soil parameters of slope. We renewed the topography of slope before landslide by collecting and analyzing the data. A 2-D model of finite elements in unsaturated zone has been built to simulate the scheme of three kinds of rainfall infiltration, found the water flow principle and water content changing principle on loess slope, at the same time we simulated the effect of prior infiltration channels on loess slope during the process of rainfall infiltration. Based on the simulation of rainfall infiltration rule, the model of slope stability analysis has been established; we calculated the slope stability state under different rainfall intensity and rainfall time by limit equilibrium method. This paper concluded the rainfall infiltration rule on loess plateau unsaturated-zone.
The understandings are as follows:
1 The prior infiltration channels are the important factor of disasters after rainfall on loess slope.
2 Without the prior infiltration channels, the water flow by the slope surface after rainfall, has a small effect to the slope stablility.
3 The feature of rainfall infiltration on slope:when it comes to surface runoff, rain converge into the prior infiltration channels and reach the deeper soil, and finally form a saturated-zone; it is easy to form perched water when it has aquitard or bedrock in saturated-zone.
4 Stability analysis under different rainfall intensity and rainfall time on loess slope with the method of Morgenstren-Price considering matrix suction show that: with the prior infiltration channels, the saturated-zone or perched water in deeper soil formed by rainfall is the main factor of loess instability.
引文
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[2]Lum b p. Effect of rainstom on slope stability. Sym. on HongKong soil, HongKong,1962 73-87
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[5]Sammori T and T suboyama Y. Parametric study on slope stability with numerical simulation in consideration of seepage process In:proc.6th, Int. Symp:on landslide Bell(ed) Balkema, Rotterdam.1991539-544
[6]A lonso E, GensA, Lioret A, DelahayeC. Effect of rain infiltration on the stability of slopes Unsaturated Soils 1995.1,241-249
[7]D G弗雷德隆德,H拉哈尔佐,非饱和土力学.陈仲颐等译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1997..392-405
[8]吴宏伟,陈守义,庞宇威.雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究[J].岩土力学,1999,20(1)：1-14
[9]陈善雄,陈守义.考虑降雨的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法[J].岩土力学,2001,22(4)：447-450
[10]殷坤龙,汪洋,唐仲华.降雨对滑坡的作用机理及动态模拟研究[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(1)：75-78
[11]黄润秋,许强,戚国庆.降雨及水库诱发滑坡的评价与预测[M].科学出版社,2007,4(1)：17-47
[12]靳德武,牛富俊,陈志新,倪万魁.不同渗流条件下无限斜坡稳定性分析方法探讨[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2003,14(4)：63-67
[13]殷跃平.三峡库区地下水渗透压力对滑坡稳定性影响研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(3)：1-8
[14]盛维高,李国维,袁俊平.基于含水量变化对土体强度影响的高边坡稳定分析[J].水利水电科技进展,2009,29(1)：12-15
[15]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].高等教育出版社.2006,11(1)
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