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新型航空镜间快门的研究与光学特性分析
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摘要
快门是面阵航空摄影相机的重要组成部分,对图像的质量和精度有着重要的影响。根据快门在航空摄影相机中安装位置的不同,快门可分为物镜快门和焦面快门两大类,其中物镜快门主要指镜间快门。采用镜间快门的航空摄影相机具有像面上各像点的曝光时间同时开始并且同时结束的优点,目前被广泛应用于航空测绘相机。本文以数字航空摄影相机的镜间快门为研究对象,结合航空相机的结构形式及装机尺寸的空间要求,设计一种新型镜间快门,并对其动态特性以及快门对光学特性的影响进行理论分析及实验验证。
     本文提出一种新型镜间快门机构应用于数字航空摄影相机。利用高速电机通过一周离合器和轴系驱动两片叶片(快叶片和慢叶片)单向高速旋转,慢叶片相当于光闸,快叶片控制曝光时间。改变高速电机的转速可以调节曝光周期。该机构消除了传统中心式快门往复运动带来的冲击、振动等问题,快门效率达到81%,曝光时间范围为1/100s~1/1000s。对快门整体结构进行模态分析,建立快门叶片的横向和纵向振动模型,确定其前四阶谐振频率及相应的振型,为工程实践提供参考。
     在镜间快门工作的一个周期内,高速电机带动叶片切口旋转逐渐打开和关闭孔径光栏,将光学系统视为一个空间频率的滤波器,以傅里叶积分变换和光的标量衍射理论为基础,将孔径光栏的变化过程与光瞳函数建立关系,应用二次傅里叶变换法得到光学传递函数,分析快门在工作周期内对光学传递函数的影响;根据目标照度范围及CCD器件的特性指标等原始数据,从光通量的定义出发,建立叶片切口打开孔径光栏至某一位置时像点与物点之间的照度函数关系,结合CCD传感器的感光特性,确定快门在曝光时间范围内对像面曝光量的影响情况,经计算相对于传统算法精度提高了5.3%;对叶片遮拦孔径光栏各个位置时光学系统的径向畸变和离心畸变进行分析,在物镜全视场内,畸变量最大为0.04%,满足技术指标要求,确定镜间快门的工作方式对光学系统畸变是没有影响的;应用齐次坐标变换的方法对具有飞行姿态角变化或不同安装方式的航空摄影相机的曝光时间和像移量之间的关系进行定量分析,为航空摄影相机的设计提供理论依据。
     快速镜间快门效率较高、曝光时间调节范围大、可靠性高,能够充分地满足航空测绘相机的精度要求。通过分析镜间快门对像面照度及光学传递函数等光学特性的影响以及实验验证,完善了航空相机快门理论,对航空相机的研制具有一定的参考价值。
The shutter is an important part of the aerial camera, it has an important impacton the quality and accuracy of image. Denpending on the different location of shutterinstalled in aerial camera, the shutter can be divided into two categories lens shutterand focal plane shutter. The aerial camera with lens shutter has the advantages of eachimage point exposure time at the same time to start and end. Now, it is widely used inaerial mapping camera. In this paper, the digitial aerial camera lens shutter as aresearch object combined with the structure and installed sized requirements of aerialcamera design a new type lens shutter, moreover, analysis the dynamic characteristicsas well as its impact on the optical properities, and then, experimental verification.
     This papers presents a new type of lens shutter mechanism applied to digitalaerial camera,driving the two blades(rapid blade and slow blade) rotating at one wayhigh speed through clutch and gear train with high speed motor.The slow bladeequivalent to optical gate, rapid blade control exposure time. Changing the speed ofthe high-speed motor can adjust the exposure periods.This structure eliminate shockand other problems caused by the traditional lens shutter reciprocating. The shutterefficiency reaches81%, exposure time range to1/100s~1/1000s, Analysis model ofthe shutter overall structure, establish the lens shutter blades lateral and longitudinalvibration model.Make sure the first four resonant frequencies and the correspondingvibration form.To provide a reference for engineering practice.
     The new type lens shutter’s high-speed motor drives the blades rotating whichgradually open and close the aperture diaphragm in a work cycle. the optical system isregarded as a spatial frequency of the filter. To establish the relationship between therange of the aperture diaphragm and pupil diffraction theory, the optical transferfunction will be obtained by quadratic Fourier intergral transform method. Analysisthe lens shutter impact on the optical transfer function in the work cycle; According tothe target illumination range and characteristics of CCD device, establish theilluminate function relationship between the image point and object point from the definition of the luminous flux at blade incision open the operture diaphragm to someposition,combined with the characteristic of CCD sensor,determine the shutter effectson the image exposure volume in the exposure time range,By calculating,comparingwith the traditional accuracy provides5.3%; To analysis the radial distortion andcertrifugal distortion of optical system at the blade incision abscured aperturediaphragm to some position, the maximum distortion is up to0.04%in all field ofview of lens,meeting the technical requirements. Therefore, the lens shutter have noeffect on the distortion of the optical system; Analysis of the relationship between theexposure time and image motion with flight attitude angle changes or differentinstallation of camera application homogeneous coordinate transformation methodprovide a theoretical basis for the design of the aerial camera.
     Rapid lens shutter have higher efficiency、wide exposure time adjustment range、high reliability, can meet the accuracy requirements of aerial mapping camera fully.Analysis of the lens shutter impact on image illumination、optical transfer function、optical distortion and so on, improve the aerial camera shutter theory which have acertain reference value to development of the aerial camera.
引文
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