川滇黔地区MVT铅锌矿床大规模成矿作用的时代与机制
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摘要
川滇黔地区是我国重要的铅锌多金属矿产地，区内现已发现铅锌矿床（点）多达400余个。绝大部分铅锌矿床受构造控制明显，是典型的后成铅锌矿床，可归入到MVT铅锌矿床中。但现阶段对促使区内铅锌大规模成矿的重大地质事件争议激烈，同时对这些矿床的成矿机制和构造控矿规律等问题认识不足。本文针对上述问题开展研究，获得主要成果和认识如下：
1.通过矿床控矿构造研究，提出了三种主要的控矿构造类型，它们分别是：双重逆冲构造（或冲断-褶皱）、楔冲构造和层间滑脱破碎带构造。结合区域构造演化史，认为上述控矿构造是印支期以来区域性挤压事件在古陆边缘或陆内盖层中作用的产物。从古陆边缘（滇东北地区）向陆内（川滇交界地区）方向，控矿构造的组合类型展现出一定的空间分带规律。同时，对应的构造变形强度和所控制矿床的规模、品位均有逐渐减小的趋势，可能是“构造-流体-成矿”事件从古陆边缘向陆内逐步发展的表现。
2.通过系统的矿床地球化学和成矿流体的研究，并辅之以新技术、新方法（LA-ICPMS、Zn-Fe同位素等），提出并进一步论证了区内MVT铅锌矿床成矿的三种重要机制，分别是：与古老油气藏破坏有关的MVT铅锌矿床；与下寒武统黑色岩系盖层或破碎带（“黑破带”）中有机质还原作用有关的MVT铅锌矿床；和“均一化成矿流体贯入”成矿。同时，强调了下寒武统黑色岩系在区内铅锌成矿过程中的重要作用：既可能是重要矿源层，又可能是硫酸盐还原作用的主导者。
3.探索性通过沥青Re-Os定年，并结合有机质热演化史，将四川盆地西南缘的赤普铅锌矿床成矿年龄限定在200～165Ma之间；通过成矿期热液含钙矿物高精度Sm-Nd同位素测年，将川滇交界地区的MVT铅锌矿床限定在200Ma左右。结合前人所获得的成矿年代学数据，充分考虑区域构造和控矿构造的演化过程，将川滇黔地区MVT铅锌矿床大规模成矿事件统一在古特提斯洋闭合的背景下，并认为这些铅锌矿床可能是印支期时，扬子地台西南缘强烈的造山作用驱动成矿流体大规模运移的产物。
The boundaries area of Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou provinces is an importantlead-zinc metallogenic belt in China. Till now, there are more than400lead-zincdeposits has been found in this region. Most of them are structural controlledepigenetic ore deposits and can be classified into MVT lead-zinc deposits. However，the relationship between the mineralization of MVT deposits and major geologicalevents remains ambiguous. Moreover, the understanding of ore field structures andthe process of ore-forming is unclear. Focus on these scientific issue,we got somemain understanding as follows：
1. The ore-controlling structures can be divided into the three main types. Theyare duplex thrust, wedging thrust and fracture zone of interlayer slip. Combined withregional tectonic evolution history, these structures could be the product of thecompressional event, which caused deforms of the strata, in the paleo-land.
2. Systematic study of geochemistry and ore-forming fluids, with complementedby new technologies such as LA-ICPMS and Zn-Fe isotopes, reveal some depositscould have a close relationship between the oil-gas system and the Lower Cambrianblack shale, and some others are the products of the metal-enriched homogenizingfluids.
3.An exploratory study on the Re-Os dating of bitumen from the Chipu depositconstraints the age of lead-zinc mineralization in the range of200Ma～165Ma. Thehigh-precision Sm-Nd dating of the Daliangzi and Jingshachang deposits reveal themetallogenic age are about200Ma in the border of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.Based on the evolution of the regional tectonic and ore-controlling structures, webelieve that most of the MVT deposits in this area could be formed during the stage ofIndosinian orogeny which could drive the large-scale migration of ore-forming fluids.
1.通过矿床控矿构造研究，提出了三种主要的控矿构造类型，它们分别是：双重逆冲构造（或冲断-褶皱）、楔冲构造和层间滑脱破碎带构造。结合区域构造演化史，认为上述控矿构造是印支期以来区域性挤压事件在古陆边缘或陆内盖层中作用的产物。从古陆边缘（滇东北地区）向陆内（川滇交界地区）方向，控矿构造的组合类型展现出一定的空间分带规律。同时，对应的构造变形强度和所控制矿床的规模、品位均有逐渐减小的趋势，可能是“构造-流体-成矿”事件从古陆边缘向陆内逐步发展的表现。
2.通过系统的矿床地球化学和成矿流体的研究，并辅之以新技术、新方法（LA-ICPMS、Zn-Fe同位素等），提出并进一步论证了区内MVT铅锌矿床成矿的三种重要机制，分别是：与古老油气藏破坏有关的MVT铅锌矿床；与下寒武统黑色岩系盖层或破碎带（“黑破带”）中有机质还原作用有关的MVT铅锌矿床；和“均一化成矿流体贯入”成矿。同时，强调了下寒武统黑色岩系在区内铅锌成矿过程中的重要作用：既可能是重要矿源层，又可能是硫酸盐还原作用的主导者。
3.探索性通过沥青Re-Os定年，并结合有机质热演化史，将四川盆地西南缘的赤普铅锌矿床成矿年龄限定在200～165Ma之间；通过成矿期热液含钙矿物高精度Sm-Nd同位素测年，将川滇交界地区的MVT铅锌矿床限定在200Ma左右。结合前人所获得的成矿年代学数据，充分考虑区域构造和控矿构造的演化过程，将川滇黔地区MVT铅锌矿床大规模成矿事件统一在古特提斯洋闭合的背景下，并认为这些铅锌矿床可能是印支期时，扬子地台西南缘强烈的造山作用驱动成矿流体大规模运移的产物。
The boundaries area of Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou provinces is an importantlead-zinc metallogenic belt in China. Till now, there are more than400lead-zincdeposits has been found in this region. Most of them are structural controlledepigenetic ore deposits and can be classified into MVT lead-zinc deposits. However，the relationship between the mineralization of MVT deposits and major geologicalevents remains ambiguous. Moreover, the understanding of ore field structures andthe process of ore-forming is unclear. Focus on these scientific issue,we got somemain understanding as follows：
1. The ore-controlling structures can be divided into the three main types. Theyare duplex thrust, wedging thrust and fracture zone of interlayer slip. Combined withregional tectonic evolution history, these structures could be the product of thecompressional event, which caused deforms of the strata, in the paleo-land.
2. Systematic study of geochemistry and ore-forming fluids, with complementedby new technologies such as LA-ICPMS and Zn-Fe isotopes, reveal some depositscould have a close relationship between the oil-gas system and the Lower Cambrianblack shale, and some others are the products of the metal-enriched homogenizingfluids.
3.An exploratory study on the Re-Os dating of bitumen from the Chipu depositconstraints the age of lead-zinc mineralization in the range of200Ma～165Ma. Thehigh-precision Sm-Nd dating of the Daliangzi and Jingshachang deposits reveal themetallogenic age are about200Ma in the border of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.Based on the evolution of the regional tectonic and ore-controlling structures, webelieve that most of the MVT deposits in this area could be formed during the stage ofIndosinian orogeny which could drive the large-scale migration of ore-forming fluids.
引文
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