吉林省无公害人参生产基地土壤环境质量现状评价
|
摘要
本研究以吉林省东部山区5个(抚松、长白、集安、靖宇、敦化)人参栽培基地的新林土、栽参土、老参地的土壤为供试土壤，拟对其土壤中重金属、有机氯残留现状进行调查与评价，同时对影响人参连作的其中一个主要原因：土壤微生物区系的变化，进行初步探讨。以便为提高人参品质，推动人参生产质量管理规范(GAP)的制定，建立必要的环境质量监控体系及其为评价标准的建立提供科学的依据。
1、本研究以吉林省东部山区人参栽培基地的土壤为供试土壤，测定土壤中有机氯农药(六六六、滴滴涕、五氯硝基苯)的残留量，同时对土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌三大类微生物区系变化进行调查。
2、供试土壤中有机氯农药的残留结果为：5个人参产区土壤中BHC的含量范围在0.0004～0.1746mg／kg之间，平均值在0.002～0.0185mg／kg之间。土壤中PCNB的含量在0.0003～0.6456mg／kg之间，平均值在0.0062～0.0956mg／kg之间，对57个采样点土壤中BHC和PCNB残留的检出率为100％。土壤中DDT的的含量范围在0.0001～0.2058mg／kg之间，平均值在0.0004～0.0261 mg／kg之间。长白和敦化地区DDT的残留检出率为100％，抚松、集安和靖宇地区的DDT检出率平均为66.7％、88.9％和83.3％。
3、新林土中BHC、PCNB、DDT含量均低于微污染水平(＜0.025mg／kg)。正在使用的栽参床土中PCNB的残留量明显高于老参地，达到轻污染(0.025-0.250mg／kg)以上的观测点占总观测点的25％，其中观测点A_3B_22、A_4B_22已达重污染(＞0.500mg／kg)；BHC的残留量，最高污染等级为轻污染，达到轻污染的观测点占总观测点的10％，这一结果说明参农不仅在以往的人参栽培活动中曾经大量使用过BHC或PCNB，而且个别地区还在继续使用，从而导致栽参土壤及老参地土壤中BHC或PCNB残留。而不同利用形式的土壤中DDT含量均较低，只有一个观测点A_1b_33的DDT残留量达到轻污染，说明土壤中的DDT的残留可能是早期防治森林病虫害所致，很少有人为的污染。
4、通过对供试土壤有机氯农药残留的单因子污染指数评价结果表明：观测点A_1B_23、A_1B_32、A_2B_21、A_2B_33、A_3B_23、A_3B_24的BHC残留为轻污染；观测点A_1B_32、A_2B_31、A_3B_21、A_3B_22、A_3B_23、A_3B_33、A_3B_34、A_4B_21、A_4B_32、A_4B_33、A_5B_23、A_5B_24的PCNB残留也为轻污染，A_4B_22、A_3B_24的PCNB残留达到重污染；观测点A_1B_33的DDT残留为轻污染。说明观测点A_4B_22、A_3B_24在国家禁止使用该农药的情况下，存在继续使用PCNB的可能。
5、供试土壤中重金属的残留量结果为：5个人参产区土壤中Cr、As、Pb、Cd、Hg的含量范围分另4为6.34～27.59mg／kg、3.38～10.72mg／kg、8.95～19.42mg／kg、0.096～
0.248mg/kg、0.011一0.041mg/kg，平均值分别为14.73mg/kg、6.81mg/kg、13.60mg/kg、
0 .1 5 6mg/kg、0.022nlg/kg。
6、通过对供试土壤重金属含量的单因子污染指数评价结果表明:在所调查的5个地区，
重金属的Pi《1，说明均未受重金属的污染。这与供试土壤一般都远离重金属污染源有直接
的关系。
7、通过对供试土壤重金属和有机氛农药残留的综合污染指数评价结果表明:敦化地区观
测点的土壤环境质量等级为1级，抚松、集安2个地区观测点的土壤环境质量等级为2级，
均符合无公害人参生产基地GAP的要求，靖宇和长白地区观测点的土壤环境质量等级为3级，
但与标准相比超标很小，而且，由单因子污染指数可见，这两个地区的观测点中PcNB达到轻
污染以上的有10个，其中各有一个点达到重污染。因此，在该地区建立无公害人参生产基地，
不仅要加多观测点，而且需要加强参农的环境意识，使他们认识到使用国家禁用农药的危害
性，从而杜绝人为造成的污染。
8、不同利用形式土壤的PH值结果表明:供试土壤均呈微酸性，而且人参的种植过程是
使土壤酸化的过程。
9、不同利用形式土壤微生物区系的变化显示:新林土的微生物生存条件优于栽参土和老
参地;新林土与栽参土和老参地相比，细菌和放线菌数量有所下降，真菌数量有所增加。而
且，无论是在哪一个季节，新林土中的细菌、放线菌及真菌总数普遍高于栽参土和老参地。
This article is about the investigation and assessment of heavy metal and OCPs remnant in the soil of forest, planting and planted ginseng from five ginseng cultivation bases in Fusong, Changbai, Ji'anjingyu and Dunhua, these countries located east mountain area of Jilin province. And in the same time the change of soil microflora, which was one of the most important reasons that affect one crop succession of ginseng, was discussed, so that the Ginseng products quality were increased ,and scientific basis and reference to establish Good Agricultural Practice of Medicinal Plants and Animals (GAP) of Ginseng production were provided.
1.This study was about the detection of the remnant of OCPs (BHC, DDT,PCNB) from Ginseng cultivation bases in east mountain area, and in the same time the changes of bacteria, actinomyces, fungus population were investigated.
2.The detection result of OCPs remnant in the experimental soil was:BHC 0.0004~ 0.1746mg/kg, 0.002~0.0185mg/kg; PCNB 0.0003~0.6456mg/kg, the average value was 0.0062~ 0.0956mg/kg,we could detect BHC and PCNB in all of the 57 monitoring points; DDT 0.0001-0.2058mg/kg,the average value was 0.0004~0.0261mg/kg.We could detect DDT in all the soil samples from Changbai and Dunhua, and the average value of DDT in the samples from Fu Song, Ji'an and Jingyu was 66.7%,88.9% and 83.3% respectively.
3.The contents of BHC, PCNB, DDT in forest soil were all below slight pollution level (<0.025mg/kg) .The PCNB remnant in planting soil was observably higher than that in planted soil. 25% of the total monitoring points were slightly polluted (0.025-0.250mg/kg) ,and the point A3B22, A4B22 were seriously polluted (>0.500mg/kg ). The highest pollution grade of BHC was slight pollution. 10% of the total monitoring points reached slight pollution level. The results of BHC and PCNB indicated that the Ginseng farmers used BHC and PCNB in the past, and now they are still using them in some areas o The contents of DDT in soil of different utilization were all low, only one monitoring points A1b33's content of DDT was slightly polluted o So the DDT remnant in soil resulted from the prevention and cure of forest insect pest, few of the DDT pollution were caused by human activities.
4.The heavy metal remnant result of the experimental soil showed that the BHC pollution of monitoring points A1B23,A1B32, A2B21,A2B33, A3B23, A3B24 were slight pollution; the PCNB pollution of monitoring points A1B32, A2B31, A3B21,A3B2, A3B23, A3B33,A3B34, A4B21, A4B32, A4B33, A5B23, A5B24 were slight pollution; but the PCNB pollution of A4B22m A3B24 were serious pollution; the DDT pollution of AiB33 was slight pollution This indicated that the farmers
of points A4B22, A3B24 are still using DDT although our country had banned it.
5.The result of heavy metal remnant in the experimental soil showed that the content of Gr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg in soil of the five areas was 6.34 ~ 27.59mg/kg, 3.38 ~ 10.72mg/kg, 8.95 ~ 19.42mg/kg, 0.096 ~ 0.248mg/kg, 0.011 ~ 0.041mg/kg, and the average value was 14.73mg/kg, 6.81mg/kg, 13.60mg/kg, 0.156mg/kg, 0.022mg/kg respectively.
6.The single factor pollution index assessment result of heavy metal remnant in the experimental soil showed that the heavy metal Pi<1,so they were free from heavy metal pollution, because they were distant from heavy metal pollution source.
7.The synthetic pollution index assessment result of heavy metal and OCPs remant in the experimental soil showed that the soil environment quality of Dunhua was first degree; the ones of Fu Song and Ji'an were second degree, so the soil of these areas accorded with the request of no social effects of pollution production of GAP. The soil environment quality of Changbai and Jingyu were three degree, but it only exceeded the standard a little so it could be ignored. What's more the single factor pollution index showed that the PCNB pollution of ten monitoring points in this two areas were slight pollution, one point was serious pollution. Therefore, in order to set up Ginseng base in this area, more monitoring points
1、本研究以吉林省东部山区人参栽培基地的土壤为供试土壤，测定土壤中有机氯农药(六六六、滴滴涕、五氯硝基苯)的残留量，同时对土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌三大类微生物区系变化进行调查。
2、供试土壤中有机氯农药的残留结果为：5个人参产区土壤中BHC的含量范围在0.0004～0.1746mg／kg之间，平均值在0.002～0.0185mg／kg之间。土壤中PCNB的含量在0.0003～0.6456mg／kg之间，平均值在0.0062～0.0956mg／kg之间，对57个采样点土壤中BHC和PCNB残留的检出率为100％。土壤中DDT的的含量范围在0.0001～0.2058mg／kg之间，平均值在0.0004～0.0261 mg／kg之间。长白和敦化地区DDT的残留检出率为100％，抚松、集安和靖宇地区的DDT检出率平均为66.7％、88.9％和83.3％。
3、新林土中BHC、PCNB、DDT含量均低于微污染水平(＜0.025mg／kg)。正在使用的栽参床土中PCNB的残留量明显高于老参地，达到轻污染(0.025-0.250mg／kg)以上的观测点占总观测点的25％，其中观测点A_3B_22、A_4B_22已达重污染(＞0.500mg／kg)；BHC的残留量，最高污染等级为轻污染，达到轻污染的观测点占总观测点的10％，这一结果说明参农不仅在以往的人参栽培活动中曾经大量使用过BHC或PCNB，而且个别地区还在继续使用，从而导致栽参土壤及老参地土壤中BHC或PCNB残留。而不同利用形式的土壤中DDT含量均较低，只有一个观测点A_1b_33的DDT残留量达到轻污染，说明土壤中的DDT的残留可能是早期防治森林病虫害所致，很少有人为的污染。
4、通过对供试土壤有机氯农药残留的单因子污染指数评价结果表明：观测点A_1B_23、A_1B_32、A_2B_21、A_2B_33、A_3B_23、A_3B_24的BHC残留为轻污染；观测点A_1B_32、A_2B_31、A_3B_21、A_3B_22、A_3B_23、A_3B_33、A_3B_34、A_4B_21、A_4B_32、A_4B_33、A_5B_23、A_5B_24的PCNB残留也为轻污染，A_4B_22、A_3B_24的PCNB残留达到重污染；观测点A_1B_33的DDT残留为轻污染。说明观测点A_4B_22、A_3B_24在国家禁止使用该农药的情况下，存在继续使用PCNB的可能。
5、供试土壤中重金属的残留量结果为：5个人参产区土壤中Cr、As、Pb、Cd、Hg的含量范围分另4为6.34～27.59mg／kg、3.38～10.72mg／kg、8.95～19.42mg／kg、0.096～
0.248mg/kg、0.011一0.041mg/kg，平均值分别为14.73mg/kg、6.81mg/kg、13.60mg/kg、
0 .1 5 6mg/kg、0.022nlg/kg。
6、通过对供试土壤重金属含量的单因子污染指数评价结果表明:在所调查的5个地区，
重金属的Pi《1，说明均未受重金属的污染。这与供试土壤一般都远离重金属污染源有直接
的关系。
7、通过对供试土壤重金属和有机氛农药残留的综合污染指数评价结果表明:敦化地区观
测点的土壤环境质量等级为1级，抚松、集安2个地区观测点的土壤环境质量等级为2级，
均符合无公害人参生产基地GAP的要求，靖宇和长白地区观测点的土壤环境质量等级为3级，
但与标准相比超标很小，而且，由单因子污染指数可见，这两个地区的观测点中PcNB达到轻
污染以上的有10个，其中各有一个点达到重污染。因此，在该地区建立无公害人参生产基地，
不仅要加多观测点，而且需要加强参农的环境意识，使他们认识到使用国家禁用农药的危害
性，从而杜绝人为造成的污染。
8、不同利用形式土壤的PH值结果表明:供试土壤均呈微酸性，而且人参的种植过程是
使土壤酸化的过程。
9、不同利用形式土壤微生物区系的变化显示:新林土的微生物生存条件优于栽参土和老
参地;新林土与栽参土和老参地相比，细菌和放线菌数量有所下降，真菌数量有所增加。而
且，无论是在哪一个季节，新林土中的细菌、放线菌及真菌总数普遍高于栽参土和老参地。
This article is about the investigation and assessment of heavy metal and OCPs remnant in the soil of forest, planting and planted ginseng from five ginseng cultivation bases in Fusong, Changbai, Ji'anjingyu and Dunhua, these countries located east mountain area of Jilin province. And in the same time the change of soil microflora, which was one of the most important reasons that affect one crop succession of ginseng, was discussed, so that the Ginseng products quality were increased ,and scientific basis and reference to establish Good Agricultural Practice of Medicinal Plants and Animals (GAP) of Ginseng production were provided.
1.This study was about the detection of the remnant of OCPs (BHC, DDT,PCNB) from Ginseng cultivation bases in east mountain area, and in the same time the changes of bacteria, actinomyces, fungus population were investigated.
2.The detection result of OCPs remnant in the experimental soil was:BHC 0.0004~ 0.1746mg/kg, 0.002~0.0185mg/kg; PCNB 0.0003~0.6456mg/kg, the average value was 0.0062~ 0.0956mg/kg,we could detect BHC and PCNB in all of the 57 monitoring points; DDT 0.0001-0.2058mg/kg,the average value was 0.0004~0.0261mg/kg.We could detect DDT in all the soil samples from Changbai and Dunhua, and the average value of DDT in the samples from Fu Song, Ji'an and Jingyu was 66.7%,88.9% and 83.3% respectively.
3.The contents of BHC, PCNB, DDT in forest soil were all below slight pollution level (<0.025mg/kg) .The PCNB remnant in planting soil was observably higher than that in planted soil. 25% of the total monitoring points were slightly polluted (0.025-0.250mg/kg) ,and the point A3B22, A4B22 were seriously polluted (>0.500mg/kg ). The highest pollution grade of BHC was slight pollution. 10% of the total monitoring points reached slight pollution level. The results of BHC and PCNB indicated that the Ginseng farmers used BHC and PCNB in the past, and now they are still using them in some areas o The contents of DDT in soil of different utilization were all low, only one monitoring points A1b33's content of DDT was slightly polluted o So the DDT remnant in soil resulted from the prevention and cure of forest insect pest, few of the DDT pollution were caused by human activities.
4.The heavy metal remnant result of the experimental soil showed that the BHC pollution of monitoring points A1B23,A1B32, A2B21,A2B33, A3B23, A3B24 were slight pollution; the PCNB pollution of monitoring points A1B32, A2B31, A3B21,A3B2, A3B23, A3B33,A3B34, A4B21, A4B32, A4B33, A5B23, A5B24 were slight pollution; but the PCNB pollution of A4B22m A3B24 were serious pollution; the DDT pollution of AiB33 was slight pollution This indicated that the farmers
of points A4B22, A3B24 are still using DDT although our country had banned it.
5.The result of heavy metal remnant in the experimental soil showed that the content of Gr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg in soil of the five areas was 6.34 ~ 27.59mg/kg, 3.38 ~ 10.72mg/kg, 8.95 ~ 19.42mg/kg, 0.096 ~ 0.248mg/kg, 0.011 ~ 0.041mg/kg, and the average value was 14.73mg/kg, 6.81mg/kg, 13.60mg/kg, 0.156mg/kg, 0.022mg/kg respectively.
6.The single factor pollution index assessment result of heavy metal remnant in the experimental soil showed that the heavy metal Pi<1,so they were free from heavy metal pollution, because they were distant from heavy metal pollution source.
7.The synthetic pollution index assessment result of heavy metal and OCPs remant in the experimental soil showed that the soil environment quality of Dunhua was first degree; the ones of Fu Song and Ji'an were second degree, so the soil of these areas accorded with the request of no social effects of pollution production of GAP. The soil environment quality of Changbai and Jingyu were three degree, but it only exceeded the standard a little so it could be ignored. What's more the single factor pollution index showed that the PCNB pollution of ten monitoring points in this two areas were slight pollution, one point was serious pollution. Therefore, in order to set up Ginseng base in this area, more monitoring points
引文
[1]．丁国强． 上海市蔬菜种植区土壤污染现状调查．上海农业学报． 1991(4)：59～62
[2]．戴军．广州菜地生态环境的污染特征．土壤通报．1995(1)：46～49
[3]．周艺敏．天津地区土壤重金属分布特征．天津农业科学．1988(4)；55～58
[4]．苗桂珍．辽宁省绿色生产基地土壤污染现状及评价．辽宁农业科学．1991(3)：33～35
[5]．宋凤春．持久性有机氯农药在加拿大北极地区的分布．科学通报．1996，22：2111
[6]. Brubaker W W Jr. OH reaction kinetics of gas-phase α- and β- hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene. Environ Sci. Technol.1998, 32:766
[7]. Seheringer M. Investigation of the cold condensation of persistent organic pollutants with a global multimedia fate model. Environ Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:1842
[8]. Yu J X, Hu X Z, Shao J J . Chinese Journal of Chromatography (Se Pu). 2000, 18(4): 346～349
[9]. Poli M De, Barbina M T, Damiamo V. Chinese Journal of Chromatography(Se Pu). 1997, 765:127～131
[10]. Zhang S M, Guo H Z, Chen J M. China Journal of Chinese Materia (Zhongguo Zhongyao Za Zhi). 2000, 25(7): 402～405
[11]. Wu J L, Sheng W Q. Environment & Development (Huanjing Yu Kaifa). 1998, 13(3): 48～50
[12]. Lee M R, Yeh Y C. Hsiang W Set al. Journal of Chromatography (Se Pu). 1998, 806:317～324
[13]．刘明和．有机氯在我国的污染现状及监控对策．内蒙古环境保护．2003，3(1)：35～38
[14]．徐晓白．有毒化学品安全性评价．CCAST-WL Workshop Series Vol 134．北京．中国高等科学技术中心．2001
[15]．苏敬武．环境与健康．2001，18(1)：29～31
[16]. FAO/UNEP/WHO Food Contomination Monitoring Programme, Geneva: WHO, 1991: 223～230
[17]. Fu S. Organochlorine pesticide residue in soils from Tibet, China. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol.. 2001, 66:171
[18]. Gregor D J, Gummer W D.Evidence of atmopheric transportation and deposition of organoehlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenols in Canadian Arctic Snow. Environ Sci Technol. 1989, 23(5): 561～565
[19]. Atles E, Giam C S. Global transports of organic pollutants ambient concentrations in the remotes marine. Science. 1981, 211(4478): 163～165
[20]. lwata Hisato, Tanabe Shinsuke. Distribution of persistent organochlorine in the cleanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ Sci Technol. 1993, 27(6): 1080～1098
[21]. Burbard. Pesticide metablism.Ecology degradation and movement. Sci Technology . 1981, 12:37～44
[22]. Brus I P. Organochlorine pesticides removal by pin bark sorption..Environ Sci Technol.. 1999,33:631
[23]. Grimalt J O. Selective trapping of organochlorine compounds in mountain, lakes of temperate areas. Environ Sci Technol. 2001, 35:2690
[24]. Cortes D R. Temporal trends in gas-phase concentrations of chlorinated pesticides measured at the shores of the great
lakes. Environ Sci Technol. 1998, 32: 1920
[25]. Matsumura F. Toxicology of insecticides.Second Edition.Plenum Press, NewYork. NY. 1985, 6:4
[26]. Ribes A,Temperature and organic matter dependence of the distribution of organochlorine compounds in mountain soils from the subtropical Atlantic.Environ Sci Technol. 2002, 36: 821
[27]. Ding J Y.Transport of organochlorine pesticides in soil columns enhanced by dissolved organic carrion.Water Science Techology. 1997, 25: 139
[28]. Kelly B C,et aI.Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of canada's central and Western Arctic. Environ Sei Technol,. 2001, 35: 325
[29]. Ko W H and Farley J D.Conversion of PCNB to PCA in soil and the effect of these compounds on soil microganisms. Phytopathology.. 1969, (59): 64～67
[30]. Chako C I. Chlorinated hydrocabon pesticides:Degradation by microbes. Science. 1966, 154(3751): 893～895
[31]. Kanfman D D . Pesticide metablism.Ecology degradation and movement. 1970:7075
[32]. Duggan R E.Pestidides residues in total-diet samples.Science.1966,151:101～104
[33]. Thomas P. Determination of PCNB in crops and soil by ECD/GC. Agr.Food Chem. 1978, 15(4): 648～650
[34] Alan R..GLC Method for Analysis of PCNB. ASSOC.off Anal.chem...1982, 65(1): 110～114
[35]. Determination of lettuce growing in greenhouse.Annal Phytopathology. 1973, 5(1): 65～81
[36]. Gorbach S and wanger U.PCNB residues in potatos. Agr. Food Chem.1967, (15): 654～656
[37]. Kuchar E P.Analytical studies of metabolism of PCNB in beagle, rats and plants..Agr.Food Chem.. 1969, ,(17): 1237～1240
[38]. Smith A G. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology..Hayea W J, Jr.and Laws E.R., Eds Academic Press Inc.. New York, NY, 1991:6:3
[39]. Matsumura F. Toxicology of insecticides.Second Edition.Plenum Press. New York, NY. 1985: 6:4
[40]. Hill E F, ,Camardese M B. Lethal dietary toxicities of environmental contaminants to coturnix, Technical Report Number 2.U.S.Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 1986, 6: 55
[41]. Krisine L Willett..Toxicology of organochlorine. Environ Sei Technol. 199, ,32:2197～2207
[42]．赵晓松，王玉军，孙安娜，王洪阶．五氯硝基苯在土壤中的降解．农业环境保护．1996，18(6)：260～262
[43]. C.E.Searle. Tumor initiatory activity of some PCNB and other compounds. Cancer Res. 1996, 26(1).. 12～17
[44]. Caseley J C. The loss of tree chloronitrobenzene fungicides from the soil.Bull.Environ.Contam & Toxicol. 1968, 3.. 180～193
[45]. Van Eekert M H A. Anacrobic transformation of β-hexachlorocyclohexane by methanorganic granular sludge and soil microflora. Environ SciTechnol. 1998. 32: 3299
[46]. Hay A G. Cometabolism of I,I-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene by Pseudomonas scidovorans M3GY grown on biphenyl.Appl . Environ Micobal. 1998, 64: 2142
[47]. Quensen J F. Reductive dechlorinated of DDE to DDMC in marine sediment microcosmos. Science. 1998, 280: 722
[48]．小木曾正敏．土壤殺菌劑PCNB， 代謝物作物中殘留． 日本农业學會誌．1982(7)：391～396
[49]．龚平．农药对土壤微生物的生态效应．应用生态学报． 1996，增刊：127～122
[50]．胡荣桂．农药污染与土壤微生物．环境污染与防治．1993，15(3)：24～27
[51]. Dom sch,K H. Effects of pesticides and heavy metals on biological processes in soil. Plant Soil. 1984. 76: 367～378
[52]. Moorman T B.A review of pesticide effects on microorganisms and microbial processes related to soil fertility.J.P rod. Agric. 1989, 2(1): 14～23
[53]. Voets J P. Soil microbiological and biolchemical effects of long-term atrazine applications. Soil BiolBiochem.. 1974, 6: 149～152
[54]. Wardle D A..Relative importance of the effect of 2,4-D, glyphosate and environmental variables on the soil microbial viomass. Plant Soil. 1991, 134.. 209～219
[55]．杨靖春．《全国人参科技资料汇编 Ⅰ栽培分册》．1985：531-532
[56]．张梦昌．老参地改良后生物菌群德变化[J]．1990，12(4)：42-46
[57]．《吉林土壤》．吉林省土壤肥料总站编著．中国农业出版社，1998
[58]．《环境监测分析方法》．城乡建设环境保护部环境保护局1983： 278～308
[59]．《土壤微生物分析方法手册》．农业出版射，1986，2
[60]．中国绿色食品发展中心．1994．绿色食品标准．北京：7
[61]．赵晓松．五氯硝基苯在土壤/人参体系中迁移、残留规律及其影响因素的研究，农业环境科学学报．1992(2)：275～279
[2]．戴军．广州菜地生态环境的污染特征．土壤通报．1995(1)：46～49
[3]．周艺敏．天津地区土壤重金属分布特征．天津农业科学．1988(4)；55～58
[4]．苗桂珍．辽宁省绿色生产基地土壤污染现状及评价．辽宁农业科学．1991(3)：33～35
[5]．宋凤春．持久性有机氯农药在加拿大北极地区的分布．科学通报．1996，22：2111
[6]. Brubaker W W Jr. OH reaction kinetics of gas-phase α- and β- hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene. Environ Sci. Technol.1998, 32:766
[7]. Seheringer M. Investigation of the cold condensation of persistent organic pollutants with a global multimedia fate model. Environ Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:1842
[8]. Yu J X, Hu X Z, Shao J J . Chinese Journal of Chromatography (Se Pu). 2000, 18(4): 346～349
[9]. Poli M De, Barbina M T, Damiamo V. Chinese Journal of Chromatography(Se Pu). 1997, 765:127～131
[10]. Zhang S M, Guo H Z, Chen J M. China Journal of Chinese Materia (Zhongguo Zhongyao Za Zhi). 2000, 25(7): 402～405
[11]. Wu J L, Sheng W Q. Environment & Development (Huanjing Yu Kaifa). 1998, 13(3): 48～50
[12]. Lee M R, Yeh Y C. Hsiang W Set al. Journal of Chromatography (Se Pu). 1998, 806:317～324
[13]．刘明和．有机氯在我国的污染现状及监控对策．内蒙古环境保护．2003，3(1)：35～38
[14]．徐晓白．有毒化学品安全性评价．CCAST-WL Workshop Series Vol 134．北京．中国高等科学技术中心．2001
[15]．苏敬武．环境与健康．2001，18(1)：29～31
[16]. FAO/UNEP/WHO Food Contomination Monitoring Programme, Geneva: WHO, 1991: 223～230
[17]. Fu S. Organochlorine pesticide residue in soils from Tibet, China. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol.. 2001, 66:171
[18]. Gregor D J, Gummer W D.Evidence of atmopheric transportation and deposition of organoehlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenols in Canadian Arctic Snow. Environ Sci Technol. 1989, 23(5): 561～565
[19]. Atles E, Giam C S. Global transports of organic pollutants ambient concentrations in the remotes marine. Science. 1981, 211(4478): 163～165
[20]. lwata Hisato, Tanabe Shinsuke. Distribution of persistent organochlorine in the cleanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ Sci Technol. 1993, 27(6): 1080～1098
[21]. Burbard. Pesticide metablism.Ecology degradation and movement. Sci Technology . 1981, 12:37～44
[22]. Brus I P. Organochlorine pesticides removal by pin bark sorption..Environ Sci Technol.. 1999,33:631
[23]. Grimalt J O. Selective trapping of organochlorine compounds in mountain, lakes of temperate areas. Environ Sci Technol. 2001, 35:2690
[24]. Cortes D R. Temporal trends in gas-phase concentrations of chlorinated pesticides measured at the shores of the great
lakes. Environ Sci Technol. 1998, 32: 1920
[25]. Matsumura F. Toxicology of insecticides.Second Edition.Plenum Press, NewYork. NY. 1985, 6:4
[26]. Ribes A,Temperature and organic matter dependence of the distribution of organochlorine compounds in mountain soils from the subtropical Atlantic.Environ Sci Technol. 2002, 36: 821
[27]. Ding J Y.Transport of organochlorine pesticides in soil columns enhanced by dissolved organic carrion.Water Science Techology. 1997, 25: 139
[28]. Kelly B C,et aI.Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of canada's central and Western Arctic. Environ Sei Technol,. 2001, 35: 325
[29]. Ko W H and Farley J D.Conversion of PCNB to PCA in soil and the effect of these compounds on soil microganisms. Phytopathology.. 1969, (59): 64～67
[30]. Chako C I. Chlorinated hydrocabon pesticides:Degradation by microbes. Science. 1966, 154(3751): 893～895
[31]. Kanfman D D . Pesticide metablism.Ecology degradation and movement. 1970:7075
[32]. Duggan R E.Pestidides residues in total-diet samples.Science.1966,151:101～104
[33]. Thomas P. Determination of PCNB in crops and soil by ECD/GC. Agr.Food Chem. 1978, 15(4): 648～650
[34] Alan R..GLC Method for Analysis of PCNB. ASSOC.off Anal.chem...1982, 65(1): 110～114
[35]. Determination of lettuce growing in greenhouse.Annal Phytopathology. 1973, 5(1): 65～81
[36]. Gorbach S and wanger U.PCNB residues in potatos. Agr. Food Chem.1967, (15): 654～656
[37]. Kuchar E P.Analytical studies of metabolism of PCNB in beagle, rats and plants..Agr.Food Chem.. 1969, ,(17): 1237～1240
[38]. Smith A G. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology..Hayea W J, Jr.and Laws E.R., Eds Academic Press Inc.. New York, NY, 1991:6:3
[39]. Matsumura F. Toxicology of insecticides.Second Edition.Plenum Press. New York, NY. 1985: 6:4
[40]. Hill E F, ,Camardese M B. Lethal dietary toxicities of environmental contaminants to coturnix, Technical Report Number 2.U.S.Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 1986, 6: 55
[41]. Krisine L Willett..Toxicology of organochlorine. Environ Sei Technol. 199, ,32:2197～2207
[42]．赵晓松，王玉军，孙安娜，王洪阶．五氯硝基苯在土壤中的降解．农业环境保护．1996，18(6)：260～262
[43]. C.E.Searle. Tumor initiatory activity of some PCNB and other compounds. Cancer Res. 1996, 26(1).. 12～17
[44]. Caseley J C. The loss of tree chloronitrobenzene fungicides from the soil.Bull.Environ.Contam & Toxicol. 1968, 3.. 180～193
[45]. Van Eekert M H A. Anacrobic transformation of β-hexachlorocyclohexane by methanorganic granular sludge and soil microflora. Environ SciTechnol. 1998. 32: 3299
[46]. Hay A G. Cometabolism of I,I-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene by Pseudomonas scidovorans M3GY grown on biphenyl.Appl . Environ Micobal. 1998, 64: 2142
[47]. Quensen J F. Reductive dechlorinated of DDE to DDMC in marine sediment microcosmos. Science. 1998, 280: 722
[48]．小木曾正敏．土壤殺菌劑PCNB， 代謝物作物中殘留． 日本农业學會誌．1982(7)：391～396
[49]．龚平．农药对土壤微生物的生态效应．应用生态学报． 1996，增刊：127～122
[50]．胡荣桂．农药污染与土壤微生物．环境污染与防治．1993，15(3)：24～27
[51]. Dom sch,K H. Effects of pesticides and heavy metals on biological processes in soil. Plant Soil. 1984. 76: 367～378
[52]. Moorman T B.A review of pesticide effects on microorganisms and microbial processes related to soil fertility.J.P rod. Agric. 1989, 2(1): 14～23
[53]. Voets J P. Soil microbiological and biolchemical effects of long-term atrazine applications. Soil BiolBiochem.. 1974, 6: 149～152
[54]. Wardle D A..Relative importance of the effect of 2,4-D, glyphosate and environmental variables on the soil microbial viomass. Plant Soil. 1991, 134.. 209～219
[55]．杨靖春．《全国人参科技资料汇编 Ⅰ栽培分册》．1985：531-532
[56]．张梦昌．老参地改良后生物菌群德变化[J]．1990，12(4)：42-46
[57]．《吉林土壤》．吉林省土壤肥料总站编著．中国农业出版社，1998
[58]．《环境监测分析方法》．城乡建设环境保护部环境保护局1983： 278～308
[59]．《土壤微生物分析方法手册》．农业出版射，1986，2
[60]．中国绿色食品发展中心．1994．绿色食品标准．北京：7
[61]．赵晓松．五氯硝基苯在土壤/人参体系中迁移、残留规律及其影响因素的研究，农业环境科学学报．1992(2)：275～279
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |