珠江三角洲河流、河口及邻近南海海域和长江三角洲主要水体沉积物中的多溴联苯醚
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摘要
对珠江三角洲(包括邻近南海北部海域)和长江三角洲主要水体沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)进行了分析，调查了PBDEs在研究区域的含量水平、时空分布和不同研究区域的单体分布模式，并初步探讨了它们在环境中的来源、迁移和归宿。还对珠江口和南海北部大陆架表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的储量进行了估算。
珠江三角洲∑PBDEs(不包括BDE-209)和BDE-209的含量分别为0.04～94.7和0.41～7341ng/g．不同研究区域PBDEs含量差别较大，珠江(广州段)、东江(下游河网)PBDEs，主要是BDE-209的污染相当严重，平均含量分别达890、1441ng/g，主要是受到当地的工业废水排放的影响：西江沉积物中PBDEs的含量较低，很可能与西江流经城市的工业发展程度和工业结构有关，并且一定程度上可能受高污染区大气传输的影响；澳门水域也是PBDEs的高污染区，但它们主要由上游河流和珠江口水体迁移而来，而不是来自本地排放。在我们的研究区域沉积物中的PBDEs几乎都是以BDE-209的为主，比低溴代BDEs高1-2个数量级，这是由于我国十溴联苯醚是现在最主要的溴代阻燃剂。
对珠江口东西岸两钻孔沉积物中PBDEs的研究结果显示，位于东岸的钻孔1#沉积物中∑PBDEs(不包括BDE-209)从底部到顶部呈逐渐下降趋势(3.46～0.15ng/g)，而BDE-209则呈现明显的上升趋势(0.50～13.5ng/g)；位于西岸的钻孔2#中BDE-209也呈现逐渐增加的趋势，∑PBDEs呈略微的降低趋势但波动较大，这有可能与该钻孔沉积物沉积后受到干扰有关。PBDEs在珠江口沉积物钻孔中的垂直分布反映了多溴联苯醚阻燃剂在珠三角地区的使用状况：过去溴代阻燃剂以五溴联苯醚为主，近几年来则以十溴联苯醚为主，并且其使用量呈现快速增加的趋势。钻孔中PBDE单体组成的垂直变化可能与溴代阻燃剂的组成、光化学／微生物降解或者沉积后的组分迁移有关。通过钻孔2#的数据对珠江口PBDEs沉积通量的计算表明，∑PBDEs和BDE-209的沉积通量大约分别为1.81～10.2ng／cm~2 yr、2.97～20.2ng／cm~2 yr．珠江口沉积物中PBDEs的储量大约为8.2吨。
然而经济同样发达的长三角地区的长江口、杭州湾和钱塘江表层沉积物中的PBDEs含量在世界范围内处于较低水平，∑PBDEs含量为nd～0.55ng／g，平均0.15ng/g，BDE-209含量为0.16～94.6ng／g，平均13.4ng／g，比珠三角沉积物中PBDEs要低得多；但也存在BDE-209的高含量点，可能来自当地的点源污染；这可能和该地区多溴联苯醚使用量有关，但长江口一带特殊的水动力条件、沉积物粒径和低的沉积物TOC含量也是影响该地区沉积物中PBDEs含量和组成的重要因素。长三角沉积物中的PBDEs低溴代BDEs(2-4溴代)占比重较高，这可能是由于PBDEs在迁移过程中产生分馏作用的结果。
南海大陆架沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的空间分布趋势显示了上游河口水体输入的重要性，沉积物中苝的相对高含量和主成分分析进一步说明了河流河口输入是南海北部沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的主要输入途径；线性回归分析表明，上游河口水体携带的多环芳烃和有机氯农药大约能向南迁移距河口124～276和143～172km处．储量估算表明，在过去25年中珠三角地区排放的PAHs和OCPs有631和1.9t储存在珠江口，有423和1.4t储存在我们研究的南海北部大陆架区域，PAHs单位面积的储量(kg/km~2)约为Mediterranean海盆地沉积物中的10倍。南海大陆架沉积物是珠三角人类活动排放持久性有机污染物的巨大储库，同时对全球海洋系统产生一定的影响。
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the adjacent South China Sea (SCS) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and in two sediment cores collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Spatial and temporal distributions, patter composition, sources, transport and fate were examined. Surface sediments form the PRE and the adjacent SCS were also analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), emphasizing on evaluating the inventories of PAHs and OCPs in the study area.
The concentrations of EPBDEs (except for BDE-209) and BDE-209 ranged from 0.04 to 94.7 and from 0.41 to 7341 ng/g, respectively, and varied greatly spatially in the PRD region. Extremely high concentrations of BDE-209 (up to 7341 ng/g), with average concentrations of 890 and 1441 ng/g were observed in the Zhujiang and the Dongjiang Rivers, respectively, which were mainly influenced by local industrial waste discharges. PBDE concentrations were general very low in sediments from the Xijiang River, which runs through relatively undeveloped areas and possibly receive PBDEs from the east PRD industrialized region via atmospheric transport. However, high concentrations observed in sediments in Macao coastal region may be as a result of transport and redistribution of PBDEs from the PRE to this region but not local discharges. BDE-209 apparently was the predominant congener, which was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ZPBDEs. This may be due to the fact that technical deca-BDE is the dominant brominated flame retardants in China nowadays.
Concentration of BDE-209 increased exponentially from the bottom (0.5 ng/g) to the top segment (13.5 ng/g), whereas SPBDEs decreased rapidly (3.46 - 0.15 ng/g) in sediment core 1# obtained from the eastern side of PRE. Rapid increasing trend for BDE-209 and slight declining but fluctuant trend for SPBDEs was observed in sediment core 2# taken from western side of PRE. The results may indicate the rapid increaseing demand of technical deca-BDE products and the decrease of consumption of technical penta-BDEs products in the PRD region.
The PBDE (tri- to hepta-) vertical composition variety in core 1# may be attributed to the different commercial penta-BDEs mixtures used in city of Shenzhen in the past, the photochemical/microbial degradation of BDE-209 and/or the congener-specific migration in the sediment column after deposition. The deposition fluxes of PBDEs to the whole estuary were assessed with data of cores 2#, which ranged from 1.81 to 10.2 ng/cm~2 yr and 2.97 to 20.2 ng/cm~2 yr forΣPBDEs and BDE-209, respectively. The total burdens PBDEs in the estuary were approximately 8.2 tons, suggesting the significant influence of the rapid economic development of the PRD region to the estuarial system.
The investigation of PBDEs in surface sediments of the YRD regions, anothor of the most developed regions in China, showed that PBDEs concentrations were generally in the low to moderate range in sediments around the world, ranging from nd to 0.55 ng/g with a mean value of 0.15 ng/g for SPBDEs and 0.16 to 94.6 ng/g with an average of 13.4 ng/g. The concentrations were much lower than those in sediments in the PRE region except several samples with high concentrations of BDE-209 that were possibly influenced by point sources. The general low to moderate PBDE levels found in the present study are presumably attributable to the small quantity of PBDE flame retardants, especially the technical penta-BDEs products, used in the region. However, such low PBDE levels may also be explained by the specific hydrodynamic conditions of the YRE and Hangzhou Bay: the coarse sediments, and the much low TOC content. Compared to published data acquired from other regions, PBDE congeners with less than four bromines were more abundant in the YRD region, which may likely be as a result of congener fraction among particles of different sizes during their transport.
PAHs and OCPs in surface sediments in the PRE and northern SCS were also examined. Their distribution in the northern SCS showed that the riverine and estuarial discharge, instead of atmospheric deposition (both gas and particle fluxes) and other routes, was the main pathway of PAH and OCP inputs to the northern SCS, which were further confirmed by the extremely relatively high concentrations of perylene in all samples and principal components analysis (PCA) of PAHs. Results of linear regression showed that the riverine and estuarial discharge reach approximately 124～276 and 143～172 km from the estuary to the open sea. PAHs and OCPs burdens were evaluated in surface sediments of the estuary and continental slope. The results suggested that 631 and 1.9 t PAHs and OCPs, mainly originated from the PRD regions, were deposited in sediments of the PRE and 423 and 1.4 t in those of the studied northern SCS during the past 25 years. The PAHs inventories (kg/km~2) were approximately 10-fold higher than those of the Mediterranean basin. Presumably, sediments of the PRE and the northern SCS may have served as a significant reservoir of POPs from the PRD region and at the same time a potential source of POPs to the global oceans.
珠江三角洲∑PBDEs(不包括BDE-209)和BDE-209的含量分别为0.04～94.7和0.41～7341ng/g．不同研究区域PBDEs含量差别较大，珠江(广州段)、东江(下游河网)PBDEs，主要是BDE-209的污染相当严重，平均含量分别达890、1441ng/g，主要是受到当地的工业废水排放的影响：西江沉积物中PBDEs的含量较低，很可能与西江流经城市的工业发展程度和工业结构有关，并且一定程度上可能受高污染区大气传输的影响；澳门水域也是PBDEs的高污染区，但它们主要由上游河流和珠江口水体迁移而来，而不是来自本地排放。在我们的研究区域沉积物中的PBDEs几乎都是以BDE-209的为主，比低溴代BDEs高1-2个数量级，这是由于我国十溴联苯醚是现在最主要的溴代阻燃剂。
对珠江口东西岸两钻孔沉积物中PBDEs的研究结果显示，位于东岸的钻孔1#沉积物中∑PBDEs(不包括BDE-209)从底部到顶部呈逐渐下降趋势(3.46～0.15ng/g)，而BDE-209则呈现明显的上升趋势(0.50～13.5ng/g)；位于西岸的钻孔2#中BDE-209也呈现逐渐增加的趋势，∑PBDEs呈略微的降低趋势但波动较大，这有可能与该钻孔沉积物沉积后受到干扰有关。PBDEs在珠江口沉积物钻孔中的垂直分布反映了多溴联苯醚阻燃剂在珠三角地区的使用状况：过去溴代阻燃剂以五溴联苯醚为主，近几年来则以十溴联苯醚为主，并且其使用量呈现快速增加的趋势。钻孔中PBDE单体组成的垂直变化可能与溴代阻燃剂的组成、光化学／微生物降解或者沉积后的组分迁移有关。通过钻孔2#的数据对珠江口PBDEs沉积通量的计算表明，∑PBDEs和BDE-209的沉积通量大约分别为1.81～10.2ng／cm~2 yr、2.97～20.2ng／cm~2 yr．珠江口沉积物中PBDEs的储量大约为8.2吨。
然而经济同样发达的长三角地区的长江口、杭州湾和钱塘江表层沉积物中的PBDEs含量在世界范围内处于较低水平，∑PBDEs含量为nd～0.55ng／g，平均0.15ng/g，BDE-209含量为0.16～94.6ng／g，平均13.4ng／g，比珠三角沉积物中PBDEs要低得多；但也存在BDE-209的高含量点，可能来自当地的点源污染；这可能和该地区多溴联苯醚使用量有关，但长江口一带特殊的水动力条件、沉积物粒径和低的沉积物TOC含量也是影响该地区沉积物中PBDEs含量和组成的重要因素。长三角沉积物中的PBDEs低溴代BDEs(2-4溴代)占比重较高，这可能是由于PBDEs在迁移过程中产生分馏作用的结果。
南海大陆架沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的空间分布趋势显示了上游河口水体输入的重要性，沉积物中苝的相对高含量和主成分分析进一步说明了河流河口输入是南海北部沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的主要输入途径；线性回归分析表明，上游河口水体携带的多环芳烃和有机氯农药大约能向南迁移距河口124～276和143～172km处．储量估算表明，在过去25年中珠三角地区排放的PAHs和OCPs有631和1.9t储存在珠江口，有423和1.4t储存在我们研究的南海北部大陆架区域，PAHs单位面积的储量(kg/km~2)约为Mediterranean海盆地沉积物中的10倍。南海大陆架沉积物是珠三角人类活动排放持久性有机污染物的巨大储库，同时对全球海洋系统产生一定的影响。
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the adjacent South China Sea (SCS) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and in two sediment cores collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Spatial and temporal distributions, patter composition, sources, transport and fate were examined. Surface sediments form the PRE and the adjacent SCS were also analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), emphasizing on evaluating the inventories of PAHs and OCPs in the study area.
The concentrations of EPBDEs (except for BDE-209) and BDE-209 ranged from 0.04 to 94.7 and from 0.41 to 7341 ng/g, respectively, and varied greatly spatially in the PRD region. Extremely high concentrations of BDE-209 (up to 7341 ng/g), with average concentrations of 890 and 1441 ng/g were observed in the Zhujiang and the Dongjiang Rivers, respectively, which were mainly influenced by local industrial waste discharges. PBDE concentrations were general very low in sediments from the Xijiang River, which runs through relatively undeveloped areas and possibly receive PBDEs from the east PRD industrialized region via atmospheric transport. However, high concentrations observed in sediments in Macao coastal region may be as a result of transport and redistribution of PBDEs from the PRE to this region but not local discharges. BDE-209 apparently was the predominant congener, which was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ZPBDEs. This may be due to the fact that technical deca-BDE is the dominant brominated flame retardants in China nowadays.
Concentration of BDE-209 increased exponentially from the bottom (0.5 ng/g) to the top segment (13.5 ng/g), whereas SPBDEs decreased rapidly (3.46 - 0.15 ng/g) in sediment core 1# obtained from the eastern side of PRE. Rapid increasing trend for BDE-209 and slight declining but fluctuant trend for SPBDEs was observed in sediment core 2# taken from western side of PRE. The results may indicate the rapid increaseing demand of technical deca-BDE products and the decrease of consumption of technical penta-BDEs products in the PRD region.
The PBDE (tri- to hepta-) vertical composition variety in core 1# may be attributed to the different commercial penta-BDEs mixtures used in city of Shenzhen in the past, the photochemical/microbial degradation of BDE-209 and/or the congener-specific migration in the sediment column after deposition. The deposition fluxes of PBDEs to the whole estuary were assessed with data of cores 2#, which ranged from 1.81 to 10.2 ng/cm~2 yr and 2.97 to 20.2 ng/cm~2 yr forΣPBDEs and BDE-209, respectively. The total burdens PBDEs in the estuary were approximately 8.2 tons, suggesting the significant influence of the rapid economic development of the PRD region to the estuarial system.
The investigation of PBDEs in surface sediments of the YRD regions, anothor of the most developed regions in China, showed that PBDEs concentrations were generally in the low to moderate range in sediments around the world, ranging from nd to 0.55 ng/g with a mean value of 0.15 ng/g for SPBDEs and 0.16 to 94.6 ng/g with an average of 13.4 ng/g. The concentrations were much lower than those in sediments in the PRE region except several samples with high concentrations of BDE-209 that were possibly influenced by point sources. The general low to moderate PBDE levels found in the present study are presumably attributable to the small quantity of PBDE flame retardants, especially the technical penta-BDEs products, used in the region. However, such low PBDE levels may also be explained by the specific hydrodynamic conditions of the YRE and Hangzhou Bay: the coarse sediments, and the much low TOC content. Compared to published data acquired from other regions, PBDE congeners with less than four bromines were more abundant in the YRD region, which may likely be as a result of congener fraction among particles of different sizes during their transport.
PAHs and OCPs in surface sediments in the PRE and northern SCS were also examined. Their distribution in the northern SCS showed that the riverine and estuarial discharge, instead of atmospheric deposition (both gas and particle fluxes) and other routes, was the main pathway of PAH and OCP inputs to the northern SCS, which were further confirmed by the extremely relatively high concentrations of perylene in all samples and principal components analysis (PCA) of PAHs. Results of linear regression showed that the riverine and estuarial discharge reach approximately 124～276 and 143～172 km from the estuary to the open sea. PAHs and OCPs burdens were evaluated in surface sediments of the estuary and continental slope. The results suggested that 631 and 1.9 t PAHs and OCPs, mainly originated from the PRD regions, were deposited in sediments of the PRE and 423 and 1.4 t in those of the studied northern SCS during the past 25 years. The PAHs inventories (kg/km~2) were approximately 10-fold higher than those of the Mediterranean basin. Presumably, sediments of the PRE and the northern SCS may have served as a significant reservoir of POPs from the PRD region and at the same time a potential source of POPs to the global oceans.
引文
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