面向资源与环境的关联供应链及其协调机制研究
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摘要
面对当前严峻的资源、环境形势及市场竞争压力,制造业如何高效利用有限资源、减少对环境的影响、保持适度增长和可持续发展,已成为21世纪急需研究的重要课题。工业废弃物一方面是制造业造成环境污染的主要原因,另一方面又可能是再次启动利用另一类资源创造社会财富的诱因。对工业废弃物进行再利用,是目前制造业获取竞争优势的有效途径之一。然而,目前工业废弃物再利用尚缺乏有效的管理模式和决策引擎。鉴于此,本文在循环经济和绿色供应链的框架下提出了一种基于工业废弃物再利用的供应链管理模式——关联供应链,取得的研究成果有:①研究了关联供应链的概念内涵、体系结构及经济性特征,提出了实现关联供应链绩效的三种主要运营模式;②研究了关联供应链生产合作条件及决策优化问题,提出了决策优化模型;③研究了关联供应链生产合作协调机制,提出了实现关联供应链协调的决策方法。
上述研究成果从微观层面为制造业工业废弃物再利用提供了一种管理模式及决策借鉴,使制造业在当前严峻的资源环境形势下,勇于面对激烈的市场博弈,借助废弃物再利用价值的实现,进一步获取竞争优势。
本文首先,分析和界定了关联供应链的内涵,提出了一种关联供应链的体系结构;进一步地,通过对关联供应链构建进行经济性分析,揭示了关联供应链构建中存在的问题和障碍以及影响关联供应链绩效的关键性因素,并提出了相应的构建对策。
其次,基于经济性分析的结果及关联供应链构建的特征,结合现实中关联供应链管理的实例,提出了三种关联供应链运营模式,并深入分析了各种模式的特点、适用条件、绩效优化目标及运营中的关键性问题。进一步地,通过对三种关联供应链运作模式下的典型案例——贵糖集团、亿利资源集团、重庆钢铁集团&重庆拉法基集团的案例分析,说明了相关理论研究成果的合理性和可用性。
再次,考虑到关联供应链运作中,存在多种废弃物供需条件,不同的废弃物供需匹配程度对关联供应链的绩效产生不同的影响,因此,建立了关联供应链两核心生产企业之间的非合作独立决策模型和完全合作联合决策模型,给出了废弃物再利用可能存在的各种供求情形的定量化条件,以及在各种供求条件下两核心生产商的产品产量及价格策略。研究表明:当废弃物供远小于求时,上下游供应链合作的产量及利润空间为零;当废弃物供远大于求时,下游供应链合作的产量空间最大,合作具有较大的利润空间;当废弃物供求相对平衡时,上游供应链合作的产量空间最大,关联供应链可以获得最大的合作利润。
然后,结合废弃物“供应关系”中上游供给方占主导地位的单方市场性质,建立了关联供应链中两核心生产企业的主从决策博弈模型,进而论证了主从决策机制存在的不合理性以及关联供应链合作中的利益冲突。进一步地,基于非对称Nash协商模型,提出了一种关联供应链协调机制,以实现充分利用废弃物的同时获取最大经济效益的目的。
最后,考虑到工业废弃物是伴随产品生产过程产生的额外“资源”,废弃物产出企业自身对决定废弃物经济价值的某些关键信息把握较难,如再利用成本的高低及制成品的市场前景等。鉴于此,运用委托-代理理论构建了废弃物提供商与利用商之间的交易博弈模型,从激励实现关联供应链系统最优利用量的角度,研究了逆向选择最优交易合约的特征及效率。研究结果表明,基于(价格,利用量)的一组分离合约菜单机制可以有效规避逆向选择,提高交易效率,实现废弃物充分再利用。
Facing to the serious situation of resource & environment and the fierce market competition, it has become the most important research subject that is how to utilize the limited resource efficiently, minish the damage of environment, maintain moderate economic growth, and finally achieve sustainable development of the manufacturing industry for the 21st century. Industrial waste coming from the manufacturing industry is the key factor that results in environmental pollution. From the other side, it is also another kind of resources which could be reused to create new value. The reutilization of industrial waste is one of the effective ways by which competitive advantage could be obtained in manufacturing industry. However, there exists a lack in effective management mode and decision-making engine about the reutilization of industrial waste at present. In view of this, under the framework of circular economy and green supply chain, this paper proposed a supply chain management model-interrelated supply chain based on the reutilization of industry waste. The following is the gained research results.
①Studied on the concept connotation, architecture and economic characteristic of interrelated supply chain, the three operational modes were proposed to realize performance of interrelated supply chain.
②Studied on the problems of production cooperation condition and decision making optimization, the decision making optimizing model was proposed.
③Studied on the coordination mechanism of production cooperation in interrelated supply chain, the method of realizing decision making coordination in interrelated supply chain was proposed.
The above research results can provide a sort of management mode and decision-making reference for the reutilization of industrial waste from micro-level view, and to help manufacturing industry facing the grim market game in current severe situation of resource and environment and therefore obtain the competitive advantage by means of the value realization of waste reutilization.
Firstly, the connotation of interrelated supply chain was defined and the architecture of interrelated supply chain was put forward. Furthermore, through the economic analysis of constructing interrelated supply chain, the problems and obstacles of constructing interrelated supply chain were revealed, and the key influencing factors of performance of interrelated supply chain were also revealed, and also the suggestions were put forward.
Secondly, on the basis of the results of economic analysis and the features of constructing interrelated supply chain, and the case of interrelated supply chain management in practice, three kinds of operation mode of interrelated supply chain were put forward, and the characteristic, applicable conditions, optimal performance aim, key problems of various modes were deeply analyzed. Additionally, in order to verify the reasonableness and practicability of the research results, we carried through the typical case study of Guitang Group, Yili Resource Group, Chongqing Iron & Steel Group and Chongqing Lafarge Group.
Thirdly, considering that there exist different conditions of wastes supply and demand in the operation of interrelated supply chain and different matching degrees of the wastes supply and demand have different effect on the performance of the interrelated supply chain, the independent decision-making model and the joint decision-making model of two core enterprises of interrelated supply chain were established. According to the model solution, the different waste supply and demand, the quantificational conditions and the output and price strategy of main product under the above conditions were given. Research results suggest that when waste supply is far less than demand, the cooperation space of system profit and main product output do not exist. When waste supply is far greater than demand, the cooperation space of main product output of downstream supply chain could reach the maximum, and the cooperation space of system profit is rather large. When waste supply is almost equal to demand, the cooperation space of system profit and main product output of upstream supply chain would be the largest, and the cooperation space of system profit also would reach the biggest.
Fourthly, considering the leader-follower market behavior in the wastes supply relationship, Stackelberg model between the two core manufacturers was built up. And then, what we demonstrated the cooperation mechanism based on Stackelberg model was unreasonable and we explored the benefit conflict between the two core manufacturers. Furthermore, the coordination mechanism based on Nash negotiation model was put forward for reusing wastes fully and gaining economic income as much as possible.
Finally, industrial waste is a kind of additional resource produced by the process of product production, so it is difficult to obtain the key information about wastes reuse value for the producer, such as its reuse cost and the market prospect of the product produced by reusing it. Therefore, applying the theory of principal-agent, we built up the trading game model between the waste supplier and reusing manufacturer. Additionally, we studied on the characteristics and efficiency of optimal trading contract of adverse selection so as to get an incentive to reuse waste at the furthest. The research results show that a group of separating contracts menu manner based on price & quantity is suitable for avoiding adverse selection, and improving the trading efficiency and making full use of industrial waste.
上述研究成果从微观层面为制造业工业废弃物再利用提供了一种管理模式及决策借鉴,使制造业在当前严峻的资源环境形势下,勇于面对激烈的市场博弈,借助废弃物再利用价值的实现,进一步获取竞争优势。
本文首先,分析和界定了关联供应链的内涵,提出了一种关联供应链的体系结构;进一步地,通过对关联供应链构建进行经济性分析,揭示了关联供应链构建中存在的问题和障碍以及影响关联供应链绩效的关键性因素,并提出了相应的构建对策。
其次,基于经济性分析的结果及关联供应链构建的特征,结合现实中关联供应链管理的实例,提出了三种关联供应链运营模式,并深入分析了各种模式的特点、适用条件、绩效优化目标及运营中的关键性问题。进一步地,通过对三种关联供应链运作模式下的典型案例——贵糖集团、亿利资源集团、重庆钢铁集团&重庆拉法基集团的案例分析,说明了相关理论研究成果的合理性和可用性。
再次,考虑到关联供应链运作中,存在多种废弃物供需条件,不同的废弃物供需匹配程度对关联供应链的绩效产生不同的影响,因此,建立了关联供应链两核心生产企业之间的非合作独立决策模型和完全合作联合决策模型,给出了废弃物再利用可能存在的各种供求情形的定量化条件,以及在各种供求条件下两核心生产商的产品产量及价格策略。研究表明:当废弃物供远小于求时,上下游供应链合作的产量及利润空间为零;当废弃物供远大于求时,下游供应链合作的产量空间最大,合作具有较大的利润空间;当废弃物供求相对平衡时,上游供应链合作的产量空间最大,关联供应链可以获得最大的合作利润。
然后,结合废弃物“供应关系”中上游供给方占主导地位的单方市场性质,建立了关联供应链中两核心生产企业的主从决策博弈模型,进而论证了主从决策机制存在的不合理性以及关联供应链合作中的利益冲突。进一步地,基于非对称Nash协商模型,提出了一种关联供应链协调机制,以实现充分利用废弃物的同时获取最大经济效益的目的。
最后,考虑到工业废弃物是伴随产品生产过程产生的额外“资源”,废弃物产出企业自身对决定废弃物经济价值的某些关键信息把握较难,如再利用成本的高低及制成品的市场前景等。鉴于此,运用委托-代理理论构建了废弃物提供商与利用商之间的交易博弈模型,从激励实现关联供应链系统最优利用量的角度,研究了逆向选择最优交易合约的特征及效率。研究结果表明,基于(价格,利用量)的一组分离合约菜单机制可以有效规避逆向选择,提高交易效率,实现废弃物充分再利用。
Facing to the serious situation of resource & environment and the fierce market competition, it has become the most important research subject that is how to utilize the limited resource efficiently, minish the damage of environment, maintain moderate economic growth, and finally achieve sustainable development of the manufacturing industry for the 21st century. Industrial waste coming from the manufacturing industry is the key factor that results in environmental pollution. From the other side, it is also another kind of resources which could be reused to create new value. The reutilization of industrial waste is one of the effective ways by which competitive advantage could be obtained in manufacturing industry. However, there exists a lack in effective management mode and decision-making engine about the reutilization of industrial waste at present. In view of this, under the framework of circular economy and green supply chain, this paper proposed a supply chain management model-interrelated supply chain based on the reutilization of industry waste. The following is the gained research results.
①Studied on the concept connotation, architecture and economic characteristic of interrelated supply chain, the three operational modes were proposed to realize performance of interrelated supply chain.
②Studied on the problems of production cooperation condition and decision making optimization, the decision making optimizing model was proposed.
③Studied on the coordination mechanism of production cooperation in interrelated supply chain, the method of realizing decision making coordination in interrelated supply chain was proposed.
The above research results can provide a sort of management mode and decision-making reference for the reutilization of industrial waste from micro-level view, and to help manufacturing industry facing the grim market game in current severe situation of resource and environment and therefore obtain the competitive advantage by means of the value realization of waste reutilization.
Firstly, the connotation of interrelated supply chain was defined and the architecture of interrelated supply chain was put forward. Furthermore, through the economic analysis of constructing interrelated supply chain, the problems and obstacles of constructing interrelated supply chain were revealed, and the key influencing factors of performance of interrelated supply chain were also revealed, and also the suggestions were put forward.
Secondly, on the basis of the results of economic analysis and the features of constructing interrelated supply chain, and the case of interrelated supply chain management in practice, three kinds of operation mode of interrelated supply chain were put forward, and the characteristic, applicable conditions, optimal performance aim, key problems of various modes were deeply analyzed. Additionally, in order to verify the reasonableness and practicability of the research results, we carried through the typical case study of Guitang Group, Yili Resource Group, Chongqing Iron & Steel Group and Chongqing Lafarge Group.
Thirdly, considering that there exist different conditions of wastes supply and demand in the operation of interrelated supply chain and different matching degrees of the wastes supply and demand have different effect on the performance of the interrelated supply chain, the independent decision-making model and the joint decision-making model of two core enterprises of interrelated supply chain were established. According to the model solution, the different waste supply and demand, the quantificational conditions and the output and price strategy of main product under the above conditions were given. Research results suggest that when waste supply is far less than demand, the cooperation space of system profit and main product output do not exist. When waste supply is far greater than demand, the cooperation space of main product output of downstream supply chain could reach the maximum, and the cooperation space of system profit is rather large. When waste supply is almost equal to demand, the cooperation space of system profit and main product output of upstream supply chain would be the largest, and the cooperation space of system profit also would reach the biggest.
Fourthly, considering the leader-follower market behavior in the wastes supply relationship, Stackelberg model between the two core manufacturers was built up. And then, what we demonstrated the cooperation mechanism based on Stackelberg model was unreasonable and we explored the benefit conflict between the two core manufacturers. Furthermore, the coordination mechanism based on Nash negotiation model was put forward for reusing wastes fully and gaining economic income as much as possible.
Finally, industrial waste is a kind of additional resource produced by the process of product production, so it is difficult to obtain the key information about wastes reuse value for the producer, such as its reuse cost and the market prospect of the product produced by reusing it. Therefore, applying the theory of principal-agent, we built up the trading game model between the waste supplier and reusing manufacturer. Additionally, we studied on the characteristics and efficiency of optimal trading contract of adverse selection so as to get an incentive to reuse waste at the furthest. The research results show that a group of separating contracts menu manner based on price & quantity is suitable for avoiding adverse selection, and improving the trading efficiency and making full use of industrial waste.
引文
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