产业生态问题初探
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摘要
产业与环境的冲突问题成为制约我国经济持续发展的突出因素。解决环境污染的传统方法几乎没有取得实质性进展,环保技术末端控制没有从根本上消除废物,甚至又产生新的污染;政府管制也不能解决日益膨胀的产业活动所引发的环境危机。实质上,环境问题的根源在于产业组织、产业结构、产业政策及制度缺陷等问题所造成的结果,是市场失灵和政府失灵双重叠加的表现。但是,以产业活动为研究对象的产业经济学在产业与环境关系问题研究相对滞后,缺乏系统化综合研究;对清洁生产、生态经济、循环经济、产业生态等缺乏梳理,没有一个系统完整的框架结构。本论文采取规范分析、实证分析、比较分析和定量分析等方法,运用产业经济学理论把产业生态与产业经济有机结合在一起,分别从产业生态与产业组织、产业生态与产业结构、经济系统与自然系统、产业生态与产业政策制度法律等角度进行分析,探索产业经济与环境的协调发展。
国内外理论研究与实践表明,环境问题不是产业经济活动的必然结果。通过产业组织、产业结构和产业制度上的变革,可以使经济与环境同时得到改善。在产业组织上,传统的产业组织理论偏重于竞争与垄断问题,不能有效地解决产业活动所面临的生态问题,也不能解决越来越多的资源稀缺问题;产业生态要求把传统的线性生产方式转变到以物质能源循环利用为目标的产业共生组织,实现产业生态化集群。在产业结构方面,过去的研究偏重于产业之间的比例以及产业结构的高级化,却忽视了经济和自然生态之间的物质能量和信息的交换;产业生态要求关注产业结构与环境的适应性,通过环境促进产业结构的调整与优化。在经济系统方面,产业系统与环境的交互作用被忽略造成系统反馈功能缺失或弱化,对环境攫取而缺乏正强化反馈机制,环境负债自然资本减少,甚至丧失生产能力;可持续发展要求建立自然-经济-社会系统的有机联系,完善产业系统对环境生产的强化反馈。产业生态是一项复杂的系统工程,要求环境法规从末端治理转变到污染预防和产品控制,从污染物废弃物处理扩展到材料选择、制造技术、产品设计、消费模式等各个环节,为此需要健全相应的产业政策、产业制度和法律,形成以可持续发展为目标的产业生态体系。
本文还对产业生态的动力机制进行了探讨。适当的政府管制和公众参与是实现产业生态的驱动力量。其中,企业最基本的利润需要和竞争性是产业共生组织的内在动力,政府管制和制度约束是促进企业技术创新和环境友好的外在动力,社会公众与绿色组织是克服市场失灵和政府失灵的制衡力量,学术团体、研究机构等中间组织对产业生态起着积极推动作用。本文可能的创新之处在于(1)把产业生态与产业经济学有机结合在一起,丰富了产业经济学内涵;(2)建立产业生态与产业组织、产业结构和产业制度的内在联系,系统分析经济与环境冲突的根源,探索自然-经济-社会系统的协调与可持续发展方式。
The conflicts of industry and environment issues have increasingly become a major factor restraining China's economic development. In the past, there was almost no substantial progress achieved with traditional treatment approach to waste discharge and pollution. Environmental protection technologies on end-of-pipe command and control can't radically get rid of wastes and even produce new sources of pollution, neither can government regulation relieve pollution produced by increasingly expanding industry activities. In essence, environmental crisis rooted in flaws of industrial organization, industrial structure, industrial policy and institutions, which revealed the double invalidation effects of market failure and government failure. However, the industrial economy study on industry and environment conflict issues lag behind comparatively to other science fields. Lack systematic and comprehensive theory study and integrated framework on clean production, ecological economy, recycle economy and industrial ecology. This paper adopted several methods including normal analysis, empirical analysis, comparative analysis, quantity analysis and case study. On the basis of concept analysis, this paper integrated industrial ecology and industrial economy, analyzed the relations between industrial ecology and industrial organization, structure, policy, legislation and institutions individually, aiming at exploring the sustainable development between industrial economic system and natural system.
Literatures and practice on home and abroad revealed that the conflict between economic and environment is not an inevitable outcome of industrial activities, or there is no positive casual relations between industrial activities and environmental pollution. Both economy and environment can be improved simultaneously by transformation of industrial organization, structure and institutions. However, traditional theories on industrial organization focused on monopoly and competition issues, overlooked the inner relationships between organization and environment, therefore it could neither solve effectively ecological problems which industrial activities are facing nor overcome more and more resource scarce issues. Industrial Ecology suggests transforming traditional linear production organization into industrial symbiosis by recycling material and energy to realize industrial ecological clusters. Industrial structure concentrated on inter-industry ratios, high ranking evolution and input-output relations, but ignored the interchange, transmission, migration and circulation laws of material, energy and information between economy and environment. Industrial Ecology propose to pay close attention on structure adaptability to environment, promote structure regulate and optimization by environment coordinate. The neglect of economic system inter-action with environment resulted in the economic system imperfection and some functional defects. Constant grab from natural system without feedback mechanism to nature lead to environmental negative debt and natural capital decline, even made environmental productivity degraded or lose production abilities. Sustainable Development requires coordinate relations of natural-economic-social system and enhances the positive intensified feedback of industrial system to environment. Industrial ecology is a complex systematic engineering, which needs environmental legislation extending from end-of-pipe to pollution precaution and production control, from pollution and wastes processing transformed to every production chain links on material selection, production process technology, production design and consumption model. It is necessary to perfect adaptive industrial policy, industrial institutions and legislation to form the sustainable industrial ecological legislation system.
This paper explored the mechanism of industrial ecology drive force. Adaptive government regulation and public involvement are driving forces to realize industrial ecology, the inner drive force of pursuing industrial symbiosis primarily sources from the most basic desire for profitable and competitive, meanwhile, government regulation and institutions limitation form the external drive force which promotes enterprises technology innovation and environment harmonious development. There also exists a third drive force from public and Greenpeace Organization which supervise or monitoring and restrains industrial pollution, the third force acts as a remedy for market failure and government failure. Intermediary organizations such as academic research groups and business associations play active and positive roles in the transforming process. All these forces function diversely in different parts of the world.
This paper's innovations rely on: 1. enriched industrial economy theoretical system by integrating industrial ecology and industrial economy; 2. suggested interrelations among industrial ecology and industrial organization, structure and institutions, systematic analyze the source of conflict between economic and environment, explore the coordinate and sustainable development of natural-economy-social systems.
国内外理论研究与实践表明,环境问题不是产业经济活动的必然结果。通过产业组织、产业结构和产业制度上的变革,可以使经济与环境同时得到改善。在产业组织上,传统的产业组织理论偏重于竞争与垄断问题,不能有效地解决产业活动所面临的生态问题,也不能解决越来越多的资源稀缺问题;产业生态要求把传统的线性生产方式转变到以物质能源循环利用为目标的产业共生组织,实现产业生态化集群。在产业结构方面,过去的研究偏重于产业之间的比例以及产业结构的高级化,却忽视了经济和自然生态之间的物质能量和信息的交换;产业生态要求关注产业结构与环境的适应性,通过环境促进产业结构的调整与优化。在经济系统方面,产业系统与环境的交互作用被忽略造成系统反馈功能缺失或弱化,对环境攫取而缺乏正强化反馈机制,环境负债自然资本减少,甚至丧失生产能力;可持续发展要求建立自然-经济-社会系统的有机联系,完善产业系统对环境生产的强化反馈。产业生态是一项复杂的系统工程,要求环境法规从末端治理转变到污染预防和产品控制,从污染物废弃物处理扩展到材料选择、制造技术、产品设计、消费模式等各个环节,为此需要健全相应的产业政策、产业制度和法律,形成以可持续发展为目标的产业生态体系。
本文还对产业生态的动力机制进行了探讨。适当的政府管制和公众参与是实现产业生态的驱动力量。其中,企业最基本的利润需要和竞争性是产业共生组织的内在动力,政府管制和制度约束是促进企业技术创新和环境友好的外在动力,社会公众与绿色组织是克服市场失灵和政府失灵的制衡力量,学术团体、研究机构等中间组织对产业生态起着积极推动作用。本文可能的创新之处在于(1)把产业生态与产业经济学有机结合在一起,丰富了产业经济学内涵;(2)建立产业生态与产业组织、产业结构和产业制度的内在联系,系统分析经济与环境冲突的根源,探索自然-经济-社会系统的协调与可持续发展方式。
The conflicts of industry and environment issues have increasingly become a major factor restraining China's economic development. In the past, there was almost no substantial progress achieved with traditional treatment approach to waste discharge and pollution. Environmental protection technologies on end-of-pipe command and control can't radically get rid of wastes and even produce new sources of pollution, neither can government regulation relieve pollution produced by increasingly expanding industry activities. In essence, environmental crisis rooted in flaws of industrial organization, industrial structure, industrial policy and institutions, which revealed the double invalidation effects of market failure and government failure. However, the industrial economy study on industry and environment conflict issues lag behind comparatively to other science fields. Lack systematic and comprehensive theory study and integrated framework on clean production, ecological economy, recycle economy and industrial ecology. This paper adopted several methods including normal analysis, empirical analysis, comparative analysis, quantity analysis and case study. On the basis of concept analysis, this paper integrated industrial ecology and industrial economy, analyzed the relations between industrial ecology and industrial organization, structure, policy, legislation and institutions individually, aiming at exploring the sustainable development between industrial economic system and natural system.
Literatures and practice on home and abroad revealed that the conflict between economic and environment is not an inevitable outcome of industrial activities, or there is no positive casual relations between industrial activities and environmental pollution. Both economy and environment can be improved simultaneously by transformation of industrial organization, structure and institutions. However, traditional theories on industrial organization focused on monopoly and competition issues, overlooked the inner relationships between organization and environment, therefore it could neither solve effectively ecological problems which industrial activities are facing nor overcome more and more resource scarce issues. Industrial Ecology suggests transforming traditional linear production organization into industrial symbiosis by recycling material and energy to realize industrial ecological clusters. Industrial structure concentrated on inter-industry ratios, high ranking evolution and input-output relations, but ignored the interchange, transmission, migration and circulation laws of material, energy and information between economy and environment. Industrial Ecology propose to pay close attention on structure adaptability to environment, promote structure regulate and optimization by environment coordinate. The neglect of economic system inter-action with environment resulted in the economic system imperfection and some functional defects. Constant grab from natural system without feedback mechanism to nature lead to environmental negative debt and natural capital decline, even made environmental productivity degraded or lose production abilities. Sustainable Development requires coordinate relations of natural-economic-social system and enhances the positive intensified feedback of industrial system to environment. Industrial ecology is a complex systematic engineering, which needs environmental legislation extending from end-of-pipe to pollution precaution and production control, from pollution and wastes processing transformed to every production chain links on material selection, production process technology, production design and consumption model. It is necessary to perfect adaptive industrial policy, industrial institutions and legislation to form the sustainable industrial ecological legislation system.
This paper explored the mechanism of industrial ecology drive force. Adaptive government regulation and public involvement are driving forces to realize industrial ecology, the inner drive force of pursuing industrial symbiosis primarily sources from the most basic desire for profitable and competitive, meanwhile, government regulation and institutions limitation form the external drive force which promotes enterprises technology innovation and environment harmonious development. There also exists a third drive force from public and Greenpeace Organization which supervise or monitoring and restrains industrial pollution, the third force acts as a remedy for market failure and government failure. Intermediary organizations such as academic research groups and business associations play active and positive roles in the transforming process. All these forces function diversely in different parts of the world.
This paper's innovations rely on: 1. enriched industrial economy theoretical system by integrating industrial ecology and industrial economy; 2. suggested interrelations among industrial ecology and industrial organization, structure and institutions, systematic analyze the source of conflict between economic and environment, explore the coordinate and sustainable development of natural-economy-social systems.
引文
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