再制造产业发展过程中的若干运营管理问题研究
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摘要
随着国家促进循环经济力度的加大，作为循环经济支撑技术之一的再制造受到了越来越多的关注，并得到了各方面的认可，走向了产业化发展的进程。再制造正处在产业发展的初期阶段，在产业化过程中还面临着社会、技术、政策、管理等层面的压力。本文从再制造产业的实际状况出发，以企业的视角针对再制造产业化过程中的若干运营管理问题进行了深入的研究。结合企业开展再制造业务的关注点及再制造产业未来的发展趋势，重点研究了企业开展再制造业务的风险分析及评估、再制造毛坯的回收量预测及再制造率预测、再制造质量管理方法及质量管理体系的建立、中国再制造认证认可模式、中国再制造产业发展模式以及机电产品再制造的补贴政策及考核方法。本文内容从企业开展再制造的决策为起点，以企业开展再制造的绩效评估为终点，对其中关注度较高的相关管理技术及方法进行了研究，层层推进，所涉及的过程是一个有秩序的运营过程。
研究了企业开展再制造业务的风险评估技术。首先结合再制造生产流程对其中的风险点进行了识别，将再制造生产过程中的风险分为设备风险、技术风险、管理风险、操作风险以及环境风险，然后在利用Delphi法针对准则层构建判断矩阵的基础上，运用模糊综合评价法对再制造生产过程中的风险因素权重分配进行了研究。为企业对于是否开展再制造或是开展再制造过程中的风险管理提供了参考，可以有效地帮助企业识别运营过程中的风险并采取措施来规避风险。
研究了再制造毛坯回收量预测技术，提出了再制造率的概念及评估方法，研究了再制造率的预测方法。提出了时序空间的概念，将支持向量机技术运用于再制造毛坯回收量的预测方面，结果表明支持向量机方法相比于多项式回归、人工神经网络等方法在未来数据预测方面具有更小的误差，可以作为再制造毛坯回收量预测工具。结合中国再制造实际状况，提出了再制造率的概念，包括数量再制造率、重量再制造率、价值再制造率、数量比再制造率及价值比再制造率，分析了其各自的适用情形，给出了各自的评估方法。分析了马尔科夫链作为再制造率预测方法的可行性，为企业制定再制造生产计划提供了参考。
研究了再制造质量管理方法，建立了再制造质量管理体系。在对再制造质量管理的特殊性进行分析的基础上，提出了再制造质量管理的思路。分析了再制造质量控制的内容，将支持向量机引入到再制造质量控制中来，结果表明可行。考虑再制造的特殊性，在ISO9000系列标准的框架基础上，运用过程方法建立了包括管理过程、核心过程和支持过程的再制造质量管理体系。
研究了中国再制造认证认可模式。结合国际上通用的八种认证模式，提出了适用于再制造的二方评审和三方认证的认证操作模式以及认证过程采用产品认证和体系认证相结合的模式。分析了再制造产品、再制造企业资质及再制造企业管理体系的认证认可，提出了再制造认证认可的基础工作，并结合实际情况对再制造产品认证的生产及过程控制进了研究。分析了再制造产品在认证申请阶段、型式试验阶段、工厂检查阶段以及后续监督阶段的认证风险点，提出了认证的控制要求。
研究了中国再制造产业的发展模式。在对国外发达国家再制造产业、再制造相关产业发展模式及中国再制造发展形势分析的基础上，提出了中国再制造产业发展的模式，即发展再制造产业应向产业化方向、以集群化模式发展，研究了中国再制造产业发展的工作思路，从七个方面提出了再制造产业发展支撑体系建设规划意见。
研究了中国再制造产业发展的补贴政策及绩效考核方法。基于盈亏平衡图研究了两种情境下的再制造产业发展的补贴政策，给出了再制造产业发展的盈利空间及补贴力度，为相关支持部门提供了政策支持。对再制造绩效考核方法进行了研究，提出了再制造综合评价指标体系，分析了若干种绩效评估方法在再制造产业发展中的适用性，为再制造企业的自身考核及主管部门对再制造企业进行考核提供了理论基础。
本论文基于中国再制造产业发展现状的分析，从再制造产业的发展趋势及需求出发，对再制造产业发展过程中共同关注的若干运营管理问题进行了研究。该研究为再制造企业开展再制造业务引入了新思路、新方法，有利于企业开展决策制定、合理制定再制造生产计划、建立质量管理体系、开展认证认可以及争取政策支持、进行绩效评估，以使企业在开展再制造的过程中良性发展。结合再制造生产实际进行了实证研究，对推动再制造运营管理的发展，提高再制造产品的质量，增强再制造企业的竞争力，缩短我国再制造产业发展进程与发达国家的差距，具有科学意义及现实意义。
With the increasing consideration on advancing Circle Economy,remanufacturing was paid more and more attention as one of main supporttechnologies. Remanufacturing has being in course of industrialization, butin initial phase, and in face of obstacles from respects of society,technology, policy and management etc. Considering the actual states ofChina remanufacturing, this paper researched several operationsmanagement issues which was cared by various aspects from angle of viewof remanufacturing players. Based on need analysis on trend ofdevelopment of China Remanufacturing, six operations management issueswere mainly researched, and there are:(1) risk analysis and assessment ofremanufacturing players,(2) forecasting of recovery quantity ofremanufacturing core and remanufacturing rate,(3) remanufacturingquality management methods and establishment of remanufacturing qualitymanagement system,(4) authentication mode of China remanufacturing,(5) development mode of China remanufacturing industry, and (6) subsidypolicy and performance assessment methods of remanufacturing. The sixissues constituted a regular operation process.
(1) Risk analysis and assessment technologies were discussed. At first,the risks in remanufacturing process were recognized as equipment risk,technology risk, management risk manipulation risk and environment risk.Then the weight of risk elements were researched using analyticalhierarchy process based on the establishment of judgment matrixes ofcriterion layer using Delphi method. The research supplies reference to riskmanagement and decision constitution and can be helpful to recognize andevade risks for remanufacturing players.
(2) Forecasting technology of recovery quantity of remanufacturingcore was researched. Concepts and assessment methods of remanufacturingrate were advanced and discussed, as well as the forecasting method ofwhich. The support vector machine (SVM) was used in forecasting ofrecovery quantity of remanufacturing core based on advancing of conceptof time sequence space. The result shows that SVM can bring less inaccuracy relative to polynomial and artificial neural network (ANN) inquantity forecasting. Considering the actual states of Chinaremanufacturing, the concepts of remanufacturing rate were put forward,including Quantity Remanufacturing Rate (QRR), Weight RemanufacturingRate (WRR), Value Remanufacturing Rate (VRR), Quantity-ProportionRemanufacturing Rate (QPRR) and Value-Proportion RemanufacturingRate (VPRR), also the application conditions and assessment methods ofthem were discussed. The feasibility of remanufacturing rate forecastingusing Markov Chain was analyzed at last. The researches can be helpful tothe constitution of remanufacturing production planning.
(3) Remanufacturing quality management methods was discussed andremanufacturing quality management system was put forward. Firstly, theversions of remanufacturing quality management were discussed based onanalysis of particularity of which. Then SVM was introduced toremanufacturing quality control and result shows well. Theremanufacturing quality management system was established using processmethod based on frame of ISO9000, which includes management process, core process and support process.
(4) Authentication mode of China remanufacturing was investigated.Based on the international current eight authentication modes, theauthentication mode of China remanufacturing was advanced, i.e. operationmode adopts form of evaluation by the second side in conjunction withauthentication by the third side, and process mode adopts form of productauthentication in conjunction with system authentication. The base jobs ofremanufacturing authentication was put forward based on analysis onremanufacturing product authentication, remanufacturer qualificationauthentication and management system authentication. Also the productioncontrol and process control of remanufacturing product authentication wasdiscussed. At last, the control requirements were advanced based onanalysis on risk points in different phases of remanufacturing productauthentication, the phases are requisition phase, type approval test phase,practical inspection phase and subsequent supervision phase.
(5) Development mode of China remanufacturing industry wasadvanced. In response to development regularity of correlative industry, development mode of China remanufacturing industry was advanced basedon analysis of remanufacturing industry of developed countries anddevelopment phase and trend of China remanufacturing industry. Theconclusion is that China remanufacturing industry should adopt thedevelopment mode of assemble with corresponding manufacturing industryand large-scale. The development suggestions were debated and thenotions of construction of industry development support system werediscussed from seven aspects.
(6) Subsidy policy and performance assessment methods ofremanufacturing were discussed. The subsidy policies in two situationswere discussed based on breakeven chart, the profit status and subsidymagnitudes were put forward subsequently. These will be helpful in policyconstitution for correlative departments. Also, the performance assessmentmethods were studied. The integrated assessment indexing system ofremanufacturing was advanced and based on which the applicability ofseveral performance assessment methods in development ofremanufacturing industry were discussed. These provided theoretical basis and operation guide for remanufacturer to develop self-assessment and forthe authorities concerned to evaluate the performance of remanufacturers.
Several operations management issues especially cared byremanufacturing players in the course of industrialization of Chinaremanufacturing were studied based on analysis on actual demands andtrend of development. It introduced new thoughts and methods into thedeveloping remanufacturing operations management of Chinaremanufacturing players. It will be helpful for business decision-making,constituting remanufacturing production planning, establishingremanufacturing quality management system, proceeding remanufacturingauthentication, striving for policy support, and performance assessment.The effectivity of these methods was checked by empirical study. It hasscientific and significant application significance and which will promotethe development of remanufacturing operations management, improvequality of remanufacturing product, enhance the competitive power ofremanufacturers, and shorten the development gap of remanufacturingindustry between our country and developed countries.
研究了企业开展再制造业务的风险评估技术。首先结合再制造生产流程对其中的风险点进行了识别，将再制造生产过程中的风险分为设备风险、技术风险、管理风险、操作风险以及环境风险，然后在利用Delphi法针对准则层构建判断矩阵的基础上，运用模糊综合评价法对再制造生产过程中的风险因素权重分配进行了研究。为企业对于是否开展再制造或是开展再制造过程中的风险管理提供了参考，可以有效地帮助企业识别运营过程中的风险并采取措施来规避风险。
研究了再制造毛坯回收量预测技术，提出了再制造率的概念及评估方法，研究了再制造率的预测方法。提出了时序空间的概念，将支持向量机技术运用于再制造毛坯回收量的预测方面，结果表明支持向量机方法相比于多项式回归、人工神经网络等方法在未来数据预测方面具有更小的误差，可以作为再制造毛坯回收量预测工具。结合中国再制造实际状况，提出了再制造率的概念，包括数量再制造率、重量再制造率、价值再制造率、数量比再制造率及价值比再制造率，分析了其各自的适用情形，给出了各自的评估方法。分析了马尔科夫链作为再制造率预测方法的可行性，为企业制定再制造生产计划提供了参考。
研究了再制造质量管理方法，建立了再制造质量管理体系。在对再制造质量管理的特殊性进行分析的基础上，提出了再制造质量管理的思路。分析了再制造质量控制的内容，将支持向量机引入到再制造质量控制中来，结果表明可行。考虑再制造的特殊性，在ISO9000系列标准的框架基础上，运用过程方法建立了包括管理过程、核心过程和支持过程的再制造质量管理体系。
研究了中国再制造认证认可模式。结合国际上通用的八种认证模式，提出了适用于再制造的二方评审和三方认证的认证操作模式以及认证过程采用产品认证和体系认证相结合的模式。分析了再制造产品、再制造企业资质及再制造企业管理体系的认证认可，提出了再制造认证认可的基础工作，并结合实际情况对再制造产品认证的生产及过程控制进了研究。分析了再制造产品在认证申请阶段、型式试验阶段、工厂检查阶段以及后续监督阶段的认证风险点，提出了认证的控制要求。
研究了中国再制造产业的发展模式。在对国外发达国家再制造产业、再制造相关产业发展模式及中国再制造发展形势分析的基础上，提出了中国再制造产业发展的模式，即发展再制造产业应向产业化方向、以集群化模式发展，研究了中国再制造产业发展的工作思路，从七个方面提出了再制造产业发展支撑体系建设规划意见。
研究了中国再制造产业发展的补贴政策及绩效考核方法。基于盈亏平衡图研究了两种情境下的再制造产业发展的补贴政策，给出了再制造产业发展的盈利空间及补贴力度，为相关支持部门提供了政策支持。对再制造绩效考核方法进行了研究，提出了再制造综合评价指标体系，分析了若干种绩效评估方法在再制造产业发展中的适用性，为再制造企业的自身考核及主管部门对再制造企业进行考核提供了理论基础。
本论文基于中国再制造产业发展现状的分析，从再制造产业的发展趋势及需求出发，对再制造产业发展过程中共同关注的若干运营管理问题进行了研究。该研究为再制造企业开展再制造业务引入了新思路、新方法，有利于企业开展决策制定、合理制定再制造生产计划、建立质量管理体系、开展认证认可以及争取政策支持、进行绩效评估，以使企业在开展再制造的过程中良性发展。结合再制造生产实际进行了实证研究，对推动再制造运营管理的发展，提高再制造产品的质量，增强再制造企业的竞争力，缩短我国再制造产业发展进程与发达国家的差距，具有科学意义及现实意义。
With the increasing consideration on advancing Circle Economy,remanufacturing was paid more and more attention as one of main supporttechnologies. Remanufacturing has being in course of industrialization, butin initial phase, and in face of obstacles from respects of society,technology, policy and management etc. Considering the actual states ofChina remanufacturing, this paper researched several operationsmanagement issues which was cared by various aspects from angle of viewof remanufacturing players. Based on need analysis on trend ofdevelopment of China Remanufacturing, six operations management issueswere mainly researched, and there are:(1) risk analysis and assessment ofremanufacturing players,(2) forecasting of recovery quantity ofremanufacturing core and remanufacturing rate,(3) remanufacturingquality management methods and establishment of remanufacturing qualitymanagement system,(4) authentication mode of China remanufacturing,(5) development mode of China remanufacturing industry, and (6) subsidypolicy and performance assessment methods of remanufacturing. The sixissues constituted a regular operation process.
(1) Risk analysis and assessment technologies were discussed. At first,the risks in remanufacturing process were recognized as equipment risk,technology risk, management risk manipulation risk and environment risk.Then the weight of risk elements were researched using analyticalhierarchy process based on the establishment of judgment matrixes ofcriterion layer using Delphi method. The research supplies reference to riskmanagement and decision constitution and can be helpful to recognize andevade risks for remanufacturing players.
(2) Forecasting technology of recovery quantity of remanufacturingcore was researched. Concepts and assessment methods of remanufacturingrate were advanced and discussed, as well as the forecasting method ofwhich. The support vector machine (SVM) was used in forecasting ofrecovery quantity of remanufacturing core based on advancing of conceptof time sequence space. The result shows that SVM can bring less inaccuracy relative to polynomial and artificial neural network (ANN) inquantity forecasting. Considering the actual states of Chinaremanufacturing, the concepts of remanufacturing rate were put forward,including Quantity Remanufacturing Rate (QRR), Weight RemanufacturingRate (WRR), Value Remanufacturing Rate (VRR), Quantity-ProportionRemanufacturing Rate (QPRR) and Value-Proportion RemanufacturingRate (VPRR), also the application conditions and assessment methods ofthem were discussed. The feasibility of remanufacturing rate forecastingusing Markov Chain was analyzed at last. The researches can be helpful tothe constitution of remanufacturing production planning.
(3) Remanufacturing quality management methods was discussed andremanufacturing quality management system was put forward. Firstly, theversions of remanufacturing quality management were discussed based onanalysis of particularity of which. Then SVM was introduced toremanufacturing quality control and result shows well. Theremanufacturing quality management system was established using processmethod based on frame of ISO9000, which includes management process, core process and support process.
(4) Authentication mode of China remanufacturing was investigated.Based on the international current eight authentication modes, theauthentication mode of China remanufacturing was advanced, i.e. operationmode adopts form of evaluation by the second side in conjunction withauthentication by the third side, and process mode adopts form of productauthentication in conjunction with system authentication. The base jobs ofremanufacturing authentication was put forward based on analysis onremanufacturing product authentication, remanufacturer qualificationauthentication and management system authentication. Also the productioncontrol and process control of remanufacturing product authentication wasdiscussed. At last, the control requirements were advanced based onanalysis on risk points in different phases of remanufacturing productauthentication, the phases are requisition phase, type approval test phase,practical inspection phase and subsequent supervision phase.
(5) Development mode of China remanufacturing industry wasadvanced. In response to development regularity of correlative industry, development mode of China remanufacturing industry was advanced basedon analysis of remanufacturing industry of developed countries anddevelopment phase and trend of China remanufacturing industry. Theconclusion is that China remanufacturing industry should adopt thedevelopment mode of assemble with corresponding manufacturing industryand large-scale. The development suggestions were debated and thenotions of construction of industry development support system werediscussed from seven aspects.
(6) Subsidy policy and performance assessment methods ofremanufacturing were discussed. The subsidy policies in two situationswere discussed based on breakeven chart, the profit status and subsidymagnitudes were put forward subsequently. These will be helpful in policyconstitution for correlative departments. Also, the performance assessmentmethods were studied. The integrated assessment indexing system ofremanufacturing was advanced and based on which the applicability ofseveral performance assessment methods in development ofremanufacturing industry were discussed. These provided theoretical basis and operation guide for remanufacturer to develop self-assessment and forthe authorities concerned to evaluate the performance of remanufacturers.
Several operations management issues especially cared byremanufacturing players in the course of industrialization of Chinaremanufacturing were studied based on analysis on actual demands andtrend of development. It introduced new thoughts and methods into thedeveloping remanufacturing operations management of Chinaremanufacturing players. It will be helpful for business decision-making,constituting remanufacturing production planning, establishingremanufacturing quality management system, proceeding remanufacturingauthentication, striving for policy support, and performance assessment.The effectivity of these methods was checked by empirical study. It hasscientific and significant application significance and which will promotethe development of remanufacturing operations management, improvequality of remanufacturing product, enhance the competitive power ofremanufacturers, and shorten the development gap of remanufacturingindustry between our country and developed countries.
引文
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