茄田土壤硝态氮累积及淋失规律研究
摘要
我国集约化蔬菜生产过程中因过量施氮而导致的硝酸盐淋失和地下水污染所造成的环境问题日益突出,亟待开展相关的基础研究。本文以北京顺义茄田为研究对象,利用田间试验和基于小型原状土柱的渗漏计系统研究了施用无机氮肥、有机肥和灌溉量等不同处理下茄子的产量效应、土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量、当季氮肥利用率以及茄子-土壤系统中氮素平衡规律。研究结果表明：
通过正交设计的方法对无机氮肥、有机肥、灌溉和等4种不同因素处理下的茄子产量和收获后0-2m土层土壤硝态氮累积量进行了研究,其中无机氮肥的四个水平用量分别为262.5kg N/hm2(N1),412.5kg N/hm2(N2),562.5kg N/hm2(N3),712.5kg N/hm2(N4),结果表明：无机氮肥的施用是影响茄子产量以及硝态氮累积量的重要因素,有机肥的过量施用同样会引起土壤硝态氮累积量的增加。通过对基于SNK检验的产量比较结果进行分析,4个获得较高产量的处理中,T2、T3和T5处理的无机氮肥施用量均为412.5kg/hm2,而此时的0-2m土层土壤硝态氮累积量为609.6kg/hm2,高于无机氮肥施用量为262.5kg/hm2时的硝态氮累积量371.2kg/hm2,而无机氮肥施用量为262.5kg/hm2时的产量比412.5kg/hm2水平所对应的产量减少了13.2%,为了兼顾产量效应和硝态氮累积量,初步确定无机氮肥推荐施用量在262.5kg/hm2和412.5kg N/hm2之间;而通过有机肥施用量和对应产量的分析,有机肥推荐施用量折氮后为112.5kg N/hm2,因而推荐总施氮量为375-525kg/hm2之间。
确定施氮量为影响硝态氮累积量的主要因素之后,进一步设置农户施氮量937.5kg N/hm2、中间梯度675kg N/hm2及推荐施氮量450kg N/hm2等三个氮肥梯度值,安排氮肥量级试验,结果表明：收获后各小区1m土层硝态氮的累积总量：农户施氮量>中间梯度>推荐施氮量,其中推荐施氮量水平处理下的1m土层平均硝态氮累积量比农户施氮量和中间梯度处理分别下降了41.7%和51.5%；无肥区、推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量等4个小区的氮素表观平衡值分别为115.2、277.8、312.4和516.7kg/hm2,推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下小区的当季氮肥利用率分别为22.78%、14.09%和6.11%,随着施氮量的增加,对应的氮素表观平衡值也随之上升,系统氮素表观损失的可能性越大,而氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加而呈下降趋势。通过分析试验结果并结合当地生产条件,确定450kg/hm2为北京潮土地区露地秋冬茬茄子的单季最佳施氮量。
本研究利用基于小型原状土柱的渗漏计系统进一步探明了茄田的土壤硝态氮淋失规律：推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下硝态氮的平均淋失浓度以及60cm土层硝态氮淋失量均有显著差异,不同灌溉量和处理下的硝态氮平均淋失浓度和总淋失量的差异均未达到显著。氮肥的施用能显著增加淋失液中的硝态氮浓度,是造成菜地土壤硝态氮淋失的最主要因素。推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下小区的平均淋失浓度分别为13.84、39.09和54.52mg N/L,当氮肥施用量超过推荐的最佳施氮量(450kg/hm2)时,土壤淋失液中的硝态氮浓度均超过20mg/L的国家地下水硝酸盐限量标准,进一步向下淋洗将会造成地下水硝酸盐污染。不同施氮水平卜的总淋失量分别为,N1:17.08kg N/hm2、N2:46.83kg N/hm2、N3:62.71kg N/hm2,各处理之间达到显著差异,总淋失量随着施氮量的增加而增加。试验进一步验证了450kg/hm2为北京潮土地区露地秋冬茬茄子的单季最佳施氮量。
本研究首次在国内引进英国最新开发出来的蔬菜作物模型(?)—SMCR_N,并在试验地区进行了校验和初步评价,为北京潮土地区露地茄子的合理施肥提供参考。试验结果表明SMCR_N模型自带的茄子品种参数适用于紫长茄在北京潮土地区的模拟,模拟结果的均方根误差RMSE=0.4242,标准化均方根误差n-RMSE=0.0548,模型预测效率EF=0.9499,E=0.4>0,拟合指数d=0.9855,决定系统参数R2=0.9583。本试验中的圆茄(京茄一号)与模型自带的茄子品种参数存在差异,需要对相关品种参数值进行有针对性的调整。当作物生长系数K1=1.4时,模型达到最好的模拟性能,其统计结果如下：RMSE=1.2170, n-RMSE=12.48%, EF=0.59, E=0.76, d=0.9292,R2=0.8025。通过调整之后的模型对2010年圆茄试验的作物吸氮量数据进行了模拟,拟合后的决定系数(R2)=0.85,说明模型对圆茄的作物吸氮量的模拟性能良好。下一步的田间试验应该在作物的不同生长期取样,测定不同阶段的作物累积吸氮量,通过更多实测数据来进行模刑的校验和评估,最终达到通过预测作物不同生长期的需氮量来确定施氮量和施肥时间。
In the intensive open field vegetable production, environmental problems caused by excessive application of nitrogen have become increasingly prominent, and it is in urgent need to carry out relevant basic research. This study is carried out at Beijing Shunyi District at open aluvial region, take eggplant for test crops, focusing on different factors:eggplant nitrogen nutrient use, soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation and dynamics, eggplant seasonal crop nitrogen utilization, and soil-eggplant system nitrogen apparent balance, and obtained the following results:
In the study, I set four different factors including inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, irrigation and HA-K by orthogonal design, to study the yield effects and0-2m soil layers' nitrate accumulation. The four levels of inorganic fertilizer rates are262.5kg N/hm2(N1),412.5kg N/hm2(N2),562.5kg N/hm2(N3) and712.5kg N/hm2(N4). The key factor affected0-2m soil layers' nitrate accumulation is inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. To study the comparison between different treatments based on SNK grouping, the T2, T3and T5get the higher yields, with their inorganic fertilizer application rates of412.5kg/hm2. But the soil layers' nitrate accumulation of N2treatment is609.6kg/hm2, higher than the soil layers' nitrate accumulation when its inorganic fertilizer application rates was262.5kg/hm2. For this study, the appropriate amount of organic fertilizer should be OM1(7.5t/hm2)(in this case the nitrogen content of the commercial organic fertilizer is:1.5%), equal to the nitrogen amount of112.5kg N/hm2. Therefore, for this experiment, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer recommendations was between375and525kg N/hm2.
Futher, I set three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application rates with N1=450kg N/hm2, N2=675kg N/hm2and N3=937.5kg N/hm2. The0-1m soil profile residual nitrate-N after harvest of different nitrogen levels are:N3> N2> N1, and compared to the amount of soil profile residual nitrate-N of N3and N2treatment, the N1treatment decreased by41.7%and51.5%. Of the N0, N1, N2and N3treatment, the apparent nitrogen balance values were115.2,277.8,312.4and516.7kg/hm2, respectively. With the amount of nitrogen application increasing, the corresponding apparent nitrogen balance value will rise correspondently, and the apparent nitrogen loss of the system is more likely to occur. After N1, N2and N3nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the nitrogen efficiency are:22.78%,14.09%and6.11%, respectively. And the NUE will futher to decline with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application. In summary, N1=450kg/hm2is the appropriate amount of nitrogen rates for eggplant in Shunyi district.
In2010,Iuse lysimeter based on undisturbed soil columns to study the soil nitrate-N leaching regulations in the vegetable field of Beijing alluvial soil region. The main experimental findings are as follows:
Under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments, the average nitrate leaching concentrations were significantly different. Nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the nitrate concentration in leaching solution, which is the most important factor to cause the vegetable filed nitrate leaching. With the different irrigation management and HA-K treatment, the average concentration of nitrate leaching and total leaching losses were not significantly different. By sampling the leaching solution at different stages in the growing season and analysising its dynamics of nitrate leaching concentration, the T1, T4and T7treatment which get the lowest nitrate-N average concentration and nitrate-N leaching losses are all treated by N1application (450kg/hm2), the sample concentrations of other treatments are higher than the20mg/L national limits for groundwater sources, and more likely to cause groundwater nitrate pollution.
The study made the first application of the model-SMCR_N in vegetable crops at China, a certain amount of work of the introduction of the model and a preliminary assessment of the applicability of the model for Beijing aluvial region. The own crop parameters of the model can be directly applied to the long-eggplant simulation. The configurations of round-eggplant (Beijing eggplant No.1) are different from model's own eggplant parameter, it need to futher to adjust the relevant parameter values. When crop growth parameter K1=1.4, the model simulation achieves the best performance. When complete the adjustment of growth parameters of K1, simulated N uptake of round-eggplant and got the coefficient of determination (R2)=0.85, which means the model's predictions of crop N uptake are in good performance.
通过正交设计的方法对无机氮肥、有机肥、灌溉和等4种不同因素处理下的茄子产量和收获后0-2m土层土壤硝态氮累积量进行了研究,其中无机氮肥的四个水平用量分别为262.5kg N/hm2(N1),412.5kg N/hm2(N2),562.5kg N/hm2(N3),712.5kg N/hm2(N4),结果表明：无机氮肥的施用是影响茄子产量以及硝态氮累积量的重要因素,有机肥的过量施用同样会引起土壤硝态氮累积量的增加。通过对基于SNK检验的产量比较结果进行分析,4个获得较高产量的处理中,T2、T3和T5处理的无机氮肥施用量均为412.5kg/hm2,而此时的0-2m土层土壤硝态氮累积量为609.6kg/hm2,高于无机氮肥施用量为262.5kg/hm2时的硝态氮累积量371.2kg/hm2,而无机氮肥施用量为262.5kg/hm2时的产量比412.5kg/hm2水平所对应的产量减少了13.2%,为了兼顾产量效应和硝态氮累积量,初步确定无机氮肥推荐施用量在262.5kg/hm2和412.5kg N/hm2之间;而通过有机肥施用量和对应产量的分析,有机肥推荐施用量折氮后为112.5kg N/hm2,因而推荐总施氮量为375-525kg/hm2之间。
确定施氮量为影响硝态氮累积量的主要因素之后,进一步设置农户施氮量937.5kg N/hm2、中间梯度675kg N/hm2及推荐施氮量450kg N/hm2等三个氮肥梯度值,安排氮肥量级试验,结果表明：收获后各小区1m土层硝态氮的累积总量：农户施氮量>中间梯度>推荐施氮量,其中推荐施氮量水平处理下的1m土层平均硝态氮累积量比农户施氮量和中间梯度处理分别下降了41.7%和51.5%；无肥区、推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量等4个小区的氮素表观平衡值分别为115.2、277.8、312.4和516.7kg/hm2,推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下小区的当季氮肥利用率分别为22.78%、14.09%和6.11%,随着施氮量的增加,对应的氮素表观平衡值也随之上升,系统氮素表观损失的可能性越大,而氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加而呈下降趋势。通过分析试验结果并结合当地生产条件,确定450kg/hm2为北京潮土地区露地秋冬茬茄子的单季最佳施氮量。
本研究利用基于小型原状土柱的渗漏计系统进一步探明了茄田的土壤硝态氮淋失规律：推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下硝态氮的平均淋失浓度以及60cm土层硝态氮淋失量均有显著差异,不同灌溉量和处理下的硝态氮平均淋失浓度和总淋失量的差异均未达到显著。氮肥的施用能显著增加淋失液中的硝态氮浓度,是造成菜地土壤硝态氮淋失的最主要因素。推荐施氮量、中间梯度和农户施氮量3个施氮水平处理下小区的平均淋失浓度分别为13.84、39.09和54.52mg N/L,当氮肥施用量超过推荐的最佳施氮量(450kg/hm2)时,土壤淋失液中的硝态氮浓度均超过20mg/L的国家地下水硝酸盐限量标准,进一步向下淋洗将会造成地下水硝酸盐污染。不同施氮水平卜的总淋失量分别为,N1:17.08kg N/hm2、N2:46.83kg N/hm2、N3:62.71kg N/hm2,各处理之间达到显著差异,总淋失量随着施氮量的增加而增加。试验进一步验证了450kg/hm2为北京潮土地区露地秋冬茬茄子的单季最佳施氮量。
本研究首次在国内引进英国最新开发出来的蔬菜作物模型(?)—SMCR_N,并在试验地区进行了校验和初步评价,为北京潮土地区露地茄子的合理施肥提供参考。试验结果表明SMCR_N模型自带的茄子品种参数适用于紫长茄在北京潮土地区的模拟,模拟结果的均方根误差RMSE=0.4242,标准化均方根误差n-RMSE=0.0548,模型预测效率EF=0.9499,E=0.4>0,拟合指数d=0.9855,决定系统参数R2=0.9583。本试验中的圆茄(京茄一号)与模型自带的茄子品种参数存在差异,需要对相关品种参数值进行有针对性的调整。当作物生长系数K1=1.4时,模型达到最好的模拟性能,其统计结果如下：RMSE=1.2170, n-RMSE=12.48%, EF=0.59, E=0.76, d=0.9292,R2=0.8025。通过调整之后的模型对2010年圆茄试验的作物吸氮量数据进行了模拟,拟合后的决定系数(R2)=0.85,说明模型对圆茄的作物吸氮量的模拟性能良好。下一步的田间试验应该在作物的不同生长期取样,测定不同阶段的作物累积吸氮量,通过更多实测数据来进行模刑的校验和评估,最终达到通过预测作物不同生长期的需氮量来确定施氮量和施肥时间。
In the intensive open field vegetable production, environmental problems caused by excessive application of nitrogen have become increasingly prominent, and it is in urgent need to carry out relevant basic research. This study is carried out at Beijing Shunyi District at open aluvial region, take eggplant for test crops, focusing on different factors:eggplant nitrogen nutrient use, soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation and dynamics, eggplant seasonal crop nitrogen utilization, and soil-eggplant system nitrogen apparent balance, and obtained the following results:
In the study, I set four different factors including inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, irrigation and HA-K by orthogonal design, to study the yield effects and0-2m soil layers' nitrate accumulation. The four levels of inorganic fertilizer rates are262.5kg N/hm2(N1),412.5kg N/hm2(N2),562.5kg N/hm2(N3) and712.5kg N/hm2(N4). The key factor affected0-2m soil layers' nitrate accumulation is inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. To study the comparison between different treatments based on SNK grouping, the T2, T3and T5get the higher yields, with their inorganic fertilizer application rates of412.5kg/hm2. But the soil layers' nitrate accumulation of N2treatment is609.6kg/hm2, higher than the soil layers' nitrate accumulation when its inorganic fertilizer application rates was262.5kg/hm2. For this study, the appropriate amount of organic fertilizer should be OM1(7.5t/hm2)(in this case the nitrogen content of the commercial organic fertilizer is:1.5%), equal to the nitrogen amount of112.5kg N/hm2. Therefore, for this experiment, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer recommendations was between375and525kg N/hm2.
Futher, I set three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application rates with N1=450kg N/hm2, N2=675kg N/hm2and N3=937.5kg N/hm2. The0-1m soil profile residual nitrate-N after harvest of different nitrogen levels are:N3> N2> N1, and compared to the amount of soil profile residual nitrate-N of N3and N2treatment, the N1treatment decreased by41.7%and51.5%. Of the N0, N1, N2and N3treatment, the apparent nitrogen balance values were115.2,277.8,312.4and516.7kg/hm2, respectively. With the amount of nitrogen application increasing, the corresponding apparent nitrogen balance value will rise correspondently, and the apparent nitrogen loss of the system is more likely to occur. After N1, N2and N3nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the nitrogen efficiency are:22.78%,14.09%and6.11%, respectively. And the NUE will futher to decline with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application. In summary, N1=450kg/hm2is the appropriate amount of nitrogen rates for eggplant in Shunyi district.
In2010,Iuse lysimeter based on undisturbed soil columns to study the soil nitrate-N leaching regulations in the vegetable field of Beijing alluvial soil region. The main experimental findings are as follows:
Under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments, the average nitrate leaching concentrations were significantly different. Nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the nitrate concentration in leaching solution, which is the most important factor to cause the vegetable filed nitrate leaching. With the different irrigation management and HA-K treatment, the average concentration of nitrate leaching and total leaching losses were not significantly different. By sampling the leaching solution at different stages in the growing season and analysising its dynamics of nitrate leaching concentration, the T1, T4and T7treatment which get the lowest nitrate-N average concentration and nitrate-N leaching losses are all treated by N1application (450kg/hm2), the sample concentrations of other treatments are higher than the20mg/L national limits for groundwater sources, and more likely to cause groundwater nitrate pollution.
The study made the first application of the model-SMCR_N in vegetable crops at China, a certain amount of work of the introduction of the model and a preliminary assessment of the applicability of the model for Beijing aluvial region. The own crop parameters of the model can be directly applied to the long-eggplant simulation. The configurations of round-eggplant (Beijing eggplant No.1) are different from model's own eggplant parameter, it need to futher to adjust the relevant parameter values. When crop growth parameter K1=1.4, the model simulation achieves the best performance. When complete the adjustment of growth parameters of K1, simulated N uptake of round-eggplant and got the coefficient of determination (R2)=0.85, which means the model's predictions of crop N uptake are in good performance.
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