教师：规训者与被规训者
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摘要
在教师研究的领域中,教师角色是一个重要的话题,教师界的态度是最终决定改革成功或失败的因素。本研究试图从规训的角度来考察幼儿园教师的角色问题,探索幼儿教师角色的“实然”状态,探寻教师角色的本质和意义,并展示了一幅生动的幼儿园日常教育生活的画面,为我们教育改革的推行、教师教育和教师专业的发展寻找一些现实的依据。
“规训”是福柯在《规训与惩罚》提出的核心概念,福柯认为权力体现为对人的控制、支配,规训性的权力机制通过规范化的训练来支配、控制人的行为,甚至造就人的行为。这种支配和控制不是借助暴力、酷刑使人服从,而是通过日常的规范化的纪律、检查、训练来达到支配、控制的目的,行使权力的功能。
本文采用个案研究的方法,通过对某高校的附属幼儿园某班的日常生活进行了人种学考察,从规训的角度考证了幼儿教师角色的真实状态。在幼儿园的整日生活中幼儿教师借助各种细微的管理技术完成了对儿童的管理与控制,如通过制定时间表,将时间进行细致的划分和精心的计算,保证时间的充分利用和高质量,使教师和学生高效、专注的投入教学活动中;通过空间的管理――教室的分隔、布置和座位的编排,便于对学生实施监督和控制,使儿童的活动限定在一定的空间范围之内;通过对儿童身体的控制,使每个个体的细节(举手、站立、坐姿、队列、课间操等)都能符合“要求”;通过纪律这种新技术用于控制每个儿童的时间,并调节时间,保证时段的积累,从而保证学习“利润”的持续增长,以及最大限度地利用稍纵即逝的时间。从教师教学的日常生活当中我们可以看出,教师的实然角色是:时间表的制定与管理者、空间的分配者、身体控制者、创生的筹划者的角色,教师在对幼儿的教育过程中已经背离了教育是为了人更好的发展的最终目的,而走向了另一个极端――规训。
根据教师角色的真实情况和造成此种情况的复杂原因,分析了教师角色的特征,教师角色具有双重性,教师既是规训者又是被规训者。作为规训者的教师,教师教育的目的是为了创造出一群被驯顺的肉体,使儿童成为可以被驾驭、使用、改造和改善的肉体。教师教育的手段――规范化裁决,使儿童的身体及其活动处于被规范的状态,使得幼儿园的规则在儿童的心中内化,儿童成为教育的纯粹客体,成为教育训练和模塑的对象。教师教育过程是训练,它主要通过“训练”把大量混杂、无用、盲目流动的肉体和力量变成多样性的个别因素。
教师作为被规训者的角色特征,体现在教师只是普遍化规训出来的一员,他们首先被教育规训,然后再来规训学生,同时也在受来自教育制度、文化、社会以及自身生存压力的规约。对于作为普通人的教师来说,因为他们是被规训者,最终才导致成为规训者。首先应归因为以分数为目的的应试教育。在经历了幼儿园、小学、初中等这种应试教育的规训后,在成为教师之后大体继承了应试教育下教师的角色,在这种应试教育的影响下,虽然幼儿园还不用考试,但是已经受到了应试文化的侵蚀。学生学习的模式、考核的方式等等,无不和应试如出一辙。其次,师范教育形同虚设,与实际的教学相脱节。第三,狭隘的教师专业化发展路径,教师专业化发展并非立足于教师职业的特点和教师专业化的特殊性,而是简单地套用其他成熟的专业的模式和标准。另外,还有文化、制度、生存压力对教师的规限,使教师的角色走向异化。
在描述和分析的基础上,本文也畅想了理想的教师角色,并提出了对理想教师角色的建构途径,希望能对我们的教师、对教师教育的改革提供一些有益的启发和帮助。
In the field of teacher research, the role of teacher is an important topic. the attitude of teachers is the ultimate success or failure of decision factors in education reform. This study attempts to inspect the role of kindergarten teachers from discipline perspective, and explore the nature role of teachers in childhood education, and explored nature and significance to the role of teachers and displayed a vividly day-to-day kindergarten education life picture. Looking for some realistic basis of the implementation of education reform,teacher education and professional development of teachers.
“Discipline”is Michel Foucault in“discipline and punish”the core concept of power that embodiment of the people's control, Disclaimer , the mechanism of the power discipline through standardized training, and control the people's behavior, even bring up people's behavior. Such domination and control than by violence, torture people obedience, but through the standardization of day-to-day discipline, inspection, training, and to achieve the purpose of control, and the function of the exercise of power.
In this paper, using the case study method, inspect a subsidiary of a college classes in a kindergarten for the daily life of the ethnographic study, from which the perspective of discipline research the teachers of the true role of the state. During the full-day kindergarten in the life of child care, teachers resort to various minor management technology for children with the control, such as through the development of the timetable will be time for the demarcation of meticulous and careful calculated to ensure that the full time used and high-quality so that the teachers and students efficient, focused investment in the teaching and learning .Through space segregation of classroom, layout and seating arrangements to facilitate the implementation of the supervision and control of the students, so that children's activities in a certain space, limited the scope of the child's physical , and the details of each individual (show of hands, standing, sitting, formation, exercise, etc.) can meet the“requirements”. Through the discipline of new technology for the control of each child time and settling time to ensure that the accumulation period, thus ensuring that learning“profits”sustained growth, as well as maximize the use of vanish time. Teaching from the daily lives of these that we can see that the role of teachers is Include: timetable for the formulation and managers, the allocation of space, physical control, the role of teachers in early childhood education have deviated from the process of education is a better person to the ultimate objective of development, and go to the other extreme -- discipline.
According to the role of teachers and the true cause of such complex of the situation, analyze the characteristics of the role of teachers, teachers have a dual role, discipline and to be discipline. Teachers of the purpose of education is to create a group were Disciplined the physical, so that children can be to control, use, and improve the physical transformation. Teacher education means - standardized ruling, the child's body and its activities are regulated by the state, makes the rules of kindergarten children in their hearts as purely object of education, training and education become the object of molding. The educational process is training, mainly through training a large amount of mixed, useless, blind and the physical movement of forces into the diversity of individual factors.
The teacher to be discipline, as was the role of features, reflected in the generalized discipline that is only one out. They first to be discipline, and then come back discipline students, but also discipline from the education, culture , as well as social pressure on the statute of their own survival. For a ordinary people, as teachers, because they are regulated by training, which will eventually become a discipline that led to. First deserves due to the scores for the purpose of the exam-oriented education. After the kindergarten, elementary and junior high schools, such as the regulation of this exam-oriented education training, in order to become a teacher after the examination-oriented education that generally inherited the role of the teacher in this exam-oriented education under the influence. Although the kindergarten still not examinations, but has been examed by the cultural erosion. Learning model, the evaluation methods, and test all the same. Secondly, teacher education exists was in name only, and is separated from the actual teaching. Third, the narrow path of teacher professional development, teacher professional development is not based on the characteristics of the teaching profession and teacher professional particularity, but simple to use other mature professional models and standards. In addition, there are cultural, institutional and survival pressure on the subject of teachers, the role of teachers to alienation.
On the basis of description and analyses ,I imagined the ideal teacher's role, and put forward the ideal way to construct the role of teachers, we hope to the teachers, teacher education reform provided some useful enlightenment and help.
“规训”是福柯在《规训与惩罚》提出的核心概念,福柯认为权力体现为对人的控制、支配,规训性的权力机制通过规范化的训练来支配、控制人的行为,甚至造就人的行为。这种支配和控制不是借助暴力、酷刑使人服从,而是通过日常的规范化的纪律、检查、训练来达到支配、控制的目的,行使权力的功能。
本文采用个案研究的方法,通过对某高校的附属幼儿园某班的日常生活进行了人种学考察,从规训的角度考证了幼儿教师角色的真实状态。在幼儿园的整日生活中幼儿教师借助各种细微的管理技术完成了对儿童的管理与控制,如通过制定时间表,将时间进行细致的划分和精心的计算,保证时间的充分利用和高质量,使教师和学生高效、专注的投入教学活动中;通过空间的管理――教室的分隔、布置和座位的编排,便于对学生实施监督和控制,使儿童的活动限定在一定的空间范围之内;通过对儿童身体的控制,使每个个体的细节(举手、站立、坐姿、队列、课间操等)都能符合“要求”;通过纪律这种新技术用于控制每个儿童的时间,并调节时间,保证时段的积累,从而保证学习“利润”的持续增长,以及最大限度地利用稍纵即逝的时间。从教师教学的日常生活当中我们可以看出,教师的实然角色是:时间表的制定与管理者、空间的分配者、身体控制者、创生的筹划者的角色,教师在对幼儿的教育过程中已经背离了教育是为了人更好的发展的最终目的,而走向了另一个极端――规训。
根据教师角色的真实情况和造成此种情况的复杂原因,分析了教师角色的特征,教师角色具有双重性,教师既是规训者又是被规训者。作为规训者的教师,教师教育的目的是为了创造出一群被驯顺的肉体,使儿童成为可以被驾驭、使用、改造和改善的肉体。教师教育的手段――规范化裁决,使儿童的身体及其活动处于被规范的状态,使得幼儿园的规则在儿童的心中内化,儿童成为教育的纯粹客体,成为教育训练和模塑的对象。教师教育过程是训练,它主要通过“训练”把大量混杂、无用、盲目流动的肉体和力量变成多样性的个别因素。
教师作为被规训者的角色特征,体现在教师只是普遍化规训出来的一员,他们首先被教育规训,然后再来规训学生,同时也在受来自教育制度、文化、社会以及自身生存压力的规约。对于作为普通人的教师来说,因为他们是被规训者,最终才导致成为规训者。首先应归因为以分数为目的的应试教育。在经历了幼儿园、小学、初中等这种应试教育的规训后,在成为教师之后大体继承了应试教育下教师的角色,在这种应试教育的影响下,虽然幼儿园还不用考试,但是已经受到了应试文化的侵蚀。学生学习的模式、考核的方式等等,无不和应试如出一辙。其次,师范教育形同虚设,与实际的教学相脱节。第三,狭隘的教师专业化发展路径,教师专业化发展并非立足于教师职业的特点和教师专业化的特殊性,而是简单地套用其他成熟的专业的模式和标准。另外,还有文化、制度、生存压力对教师的规限,使教师的角色走向异化。
在描述和分析的基础上,本文也畅想了理想的教师角色,并提出了对理想教师角色的建构途径,希望能对我们的教师、对教师教育的改革提供一些有益的启发和帮助。
In the field of teacher research, the role of teacher is an important topic. the attitude of teachers is the ultimate success or failure of decision factors in education reform. This study attempts to inspect the role of kindergarten teachers from discipline perspective, and explore the nature role of teachers in childhood education, and explored nature and significance to the role of teachers and displayed a vividly day-to-day kindergarten education life picture. Looking for some realistic basis of the implementation of education reform,teacher education and professional development of teachers.
“Discipline”is Michel Foucault in“discipline and punish”the core concept of power that embodiment of the people's control, Disclaimer , the mechanism of the power discipline through standardized training, and control the people's behavior, even bring up people's behavior. Such domination and control than by violence, torture people obedience, but through the standardization of day-to-day discipline, inspection, training, and to achieve the purpose of control, and the function of the exercise of power.
In this paper, using the case study method, inspect a subsidiary of a college classes in a kindergarten for the daily life of the ethnographic study, from which the perspective of discipline research the teachers of the true role of the state. During the full-day kindergarten in the life of child care, teachers resort to various minor management technology for children with the control, such as through the development of the timetable will be time for the demarcation of meticulous and careful calculated to ensure that the full time used and high-quality so that the teachers and students efficient, focused investment in the teaching and learning .Through space segregation of classroom, layout and seating arrangements to facilitate the implementation of the supervision and control of the students, so that children's activities in a certain space, limited the scope of the child's physical , and the details of each individual (show of hands, standing, sitting, formation, exercise, etc.) can meet the“requirements”. Through the discipline of new technology for the control of each child time and settling time to ensure that the accumulation period, thus ensuring that learning“profits”sustained growth, as well as maximize the use of vanish time. Teaching from the daily lives of these that we can see that the role of teachers is Include: timetable for the formulation and managers, the allocation of space, physical control, the role of teachers in early childhood education have deviated from the process of education is a better person to the ultimate objective of development, and go to the other extreme -- discipline.
According to the role of teachers and the true cause of such complex of the situation, analyze the characteristics of the role of teachers, teachers have a dual role, discipline and to be discipline. Teachers of the purpose of education is to create a group were Disciplined the physical, so that children can be to control, use, and improve the physical transformation. Teacher education means - standardized ruling, the child's body and its activities are regulated by the state, makes the rules of kindergarten children in their hearts as purely object of education, training and education become the object of molding. The educational process is training, mainly through training a large amount of mixed, useless, blind and the physical movement of forces into the diversity of individual factors.
The teacher to be discipline, as was the role of features, reflected in the generalized discipline that is only one out. They first to be discipline, and then come back discipline students, but also discipline from the education, culture , as well as social pressure on the statute of their own survival. For a ordinary people, as teachers, because they are regulated by training, which will eventually become a discipline that led to. First deserves due to the scores for the purpose of the exam-oriented education. After the kindergarten, elementary and junior high schools, such as the regulation of this exam-oriented education training, in order to become a teacher after the examination-oriented education that generally inherited the role of the teacher in this exam-oriented education under the influence. Although the kindergarten still not examinations, but has been examed by the cultural erosion. Learning model, the evaluation methods, and test all the same. Secondly, teacher education exists was in name only, and is separated from the actual teaching. Third, the narrow path of teacher professional development, teacher professional development is not based on the characteristics of the teaching profession and teacher professional particularity, but simple to use other mature professional models and standards. In addition, there are cultural, institutional and survival pressure on the subject of teachers, the role of teachers to alienation.
On the basis of description and analyses ,I imagined the ideal teacher's role, and put forward the ideal way to construct the role of teachers, we hope to the teachers, teacher education reform provided some useful enlightenment and help.
引文
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