基于纳米技术的人类增强的哲学探索
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摘要
人类增强是借助于技术手段来提高人的身体和心智能力的医学干预措施。随着信息技术、基因技术、神经科学与纳米技术等新兴科学技术的兴起,人类增强的手段更加丰富,范围更加扩大。但由于人类增强是对人身体进行的技术干预,由此也带来了世界范围内有关人类增强的讨论和反思。
文章首先对人类增强的概念进行了深入探讨。在分析疾病、健康、正常等基本概念的基础上,探讨了人类增强的内涵和特征,并从历史的视角,追溯了人类增强的渊源和动力,阐明人类增强在当代的彰显并非偶然。接着,探析了人类增强的主要技术途径和类型。其中,纳米技术由于其本身的特性而成为一种促能技术,易于与其它增强技术或途径相结合,在人类增强的主要类型和方式中占主导地位,起着举足轻重的作用。在这些探讨的基础上,文章进一步分析基于纳米技术的人类增强即纳米增强的的可能性,指出纳米药物、纳米植入物、纳米基因技术是纳米增强的主要可能方式,它们将会极大地提高正常的人的认知能力,增强人的体力,改善人的情绪和外貌、延长人的寿命；相应地,纳米增强将产生认知增强、体能增强、情貌增强和延年益寿四种主要类型的可能效果。然后,进一步探讨了纳米增强在社会伦理方面的积极影响,主要体现在纳米增强的研究和发展能够促进对人的健康与安全方面的研究、提高人的健康水平、延长人的寿命；纳米增强能够提高增强者的工作绩效以及其对自己权利和隐私的保护能力,有助于提高增强者的自主和尊严；纳米增强还有助于缩小社会差距、促进社会平等与公正,以及能带来巨大经济效益等。然而,机遇与挑战并存,纳米增强也是一把双刃剑。文章对纳米增强的社会和伦理消极影响进行了反思,分析了纳米增强可能引起的健康和安全风险、医学化与社会价值观的畸形、老龄化及其相关问题、平等与公正问题、自主与尊严问题等社会和伦理挑战。同时,文章从哲学人类学的视角,探讨了纳米增强可能对人的进化的干预程度、对人的身份的变更、甚至对传统的人的概念的转变产生的巨大影响及意义,指出纳米增强能够加快人的进化,但也可能改变人的身份、改变传统的人的范式。在对纳米增强的这些挑战进行哲学分析的基础上,分别提出了纳米增强需要遵循的“底线原则”的两个要点。
文章最后阐述了纳米增强底线原则的完整内容：(1)纳米增强首先要遵循生命伦理学的不伤害和有利原则、知情同意原则、公正原则等基本原则,(2)纳米增强不能突破人作为生物物种即人种的界限,不能改变传统的人的范式,并对后续研究进行了大致的展望。
Human enhancement refers to any medical intervention measure which tries to improve the abilities of normal human body and mind so as to overcome their current limitations by technical means.With the rise of new science and technology, such as nanotechnology, gene technology, neuroscience and information technology, the means of human enhancement have become more and more, and its range has been expanding. However, human enhancement technologies directly manipulate human bodies, so this naturally leads to the discussions and reflections about human enhancement around the world.
This paper first discusses the concept of human enhancement and then analyses its content and characters when clarifications are made for the basic concepts of disease, health, and normality. Furthermore, the paper retraces the origin and motivation of human enhancement from the historical perspective to show that the growing importance of human enhancement in modern times is by no means accidental. Then the paper discusses the major means and types of human enhancement, among which nanotechnology takes the lead for its own advantage that it could be easily combined with other means and methods as an " enabling technology ". Based on these analysises, the possibility of nano-enabled enhancement which is a kind of human enhancement by nanotechnology is also examined, and the paper points out that nano-medecines, nano-implants and nano-gene-technologies are the major possible means of nano-enabled enhancement, which will help normal human beings to improve cognitive abilities, enhance their physical energy, perfect their emotion and appearance, and promote longevity. There are four types of possible results of nano-enabled enhancement accordingly, which will be cognitive enhancement, physical energy enhancement, emotion and appearance enhancement, and longevity enhancement. The further discussion shows that nano-enabled enhancement has its positive influence on society and economics. The research and development of it promote the studies on human health and safety, improve human health, and also prolong human lives. Nano-enabled enhancement helps the enhanced beings to make improvements on work efficiency and the ability to protect one's rights and privacies, to ensure a better autonomy and dignity of human. At the same time, nano-enabled enhancement also helps to reduce the social gaps, promote equality and justice, and bring great economic benefits, and so on. However, risks of nano-enabled enhancement come along with its opportunities. Reflections are made on the negative influence of nano-enabled enhancement and analyses are made to show the problems nano-enabled enhancement might induce, for instance, the health and security risks, the medicalization, the deformed social values, the aging and its relevant problems, the issues of autonomy and dignity, and other social and ethical challenges. From the anthropological perspective, discussions are also made in the extent of the interference of nano-enabled enhancement to human evolution, and also in terms of its great impact and significance of the alteration of human identities and even the change of the traditional concept of human. It is pointed out that nano-enabled enhancement could accelerate human evolution and meanwhile change human identity and the traditional human paradigm.
This paper finally concludes that nano-enabled enhancement needs to follow a basic "bottom line principle", which includes two large points:first, nano-enabled enhancement needs to follow the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, informed consent, and justice and other basic principles of bioethics; and, second, nano-enabled enhancement should not transgress the boundary of human as a species, nor change human's traditional paradigm.
文章首先对人类增强的概念进行了深入探讨。在分析疾病、健康、正常等基本概念的基础上,探讨了人类增强的内涵和特征,并从历史的视角,追溯了人类增强的渊源和动力,阐明人类增强在当代的彰显并非偶然。接着,探析了人类增强的主要技术途径和类型。其中,纳米技术由于其本身的特性而成为一种促能技术,易于与其它增强技术或途径相结合,在人类增强的主要类型和方式中占主导地位,起着举足轻重的作用。在这些探讨的基础上,文章进一步分析基于纳米技术的人类增强即纳米增强的的可能性,指出纳米药物、纳米植入物、纳米基因技术是纳米增强的主要可能方式,它们将会极大地提高正常的人的认知能力,增强人的体力,改善人的情绪和外貌、延长人的寿命；相应地,纳米增强将产生认知增强、体能增强、情貌增强和延年益寿四种主要类型的可能效果。然后,进一步探讨了纳米增强在社会伦理方面的积极影响,主要体现在纳米增强的研究和发展能够促进对人的健康与安全方面的研究、提高人的健康水平、延长人的寿命；纳米增强能够提高增强者的工作绩效以及其对自己权利和隐私的保护能力,有助于提高增强者的自主和尊严；纳米增强还有助于缩小社会差距、促进社会平等与公正,以及能带来巨大经济效益等。然而,机遇与挑战并存,纳米增强也是一把双刃剑。文章对纳米增强的社会和伦理消极影响进行了反思,分析了纳米增强可能引起的健康和安全风险、医学化与社会价值观的畸形、老龄化及其相关问题、平等与公正问题、自主与尊严问题等社会和伦理挑战。同时,文章从哲学人类学的视角,探讨了纳米增强可能对人的进化的干预程度、对人的身份的变更、甚至对传统的人的概念的转变产生的巨大影响及意义,指出纳米增强能够加快人的进化,但也可能改变人的身份、改变传统的人的范式。在对纳米增强的这些挑战进行哲学分析的基础上,分别提出了纳米增强需要遵循的“底线原则”的两个要点。
文章最后阐述了纳米增强底线原则的完整内容：(1)纳米增强首先要遵循生命伦理学的不伤害和有利原则、知情同意原则、公正原则等基本原则,(2)纳米增强不能突破人作为生物物种即人种的界限,不能改变传统的人的范式,并对后续研究进行了大致的展望。
Human enhancement refers to any medical intervention measure which tries to improve the abilities of normal human body and mind so as to overcome their current limitations by technical means.With the rise of new science and technology, such as nanotechnology, gene technology, neuroscience and information technology, the means of human enhancement have become more and more, and its range has been expanding. However, human enhancement technologies directly manipulate human bodies, so this naturally leads to the discussions and reflections about human enhancement around the world.
This paper first discusses the concept of human enhancement and then analyses its content and characters when clarifications are made for the basic concepts of disease, health, and normality. Furthermore, the paper retraces the origin and motivation of human enhancement from the historical perspective to show that the growing importance of human enhancement in modern times is by no means accidental. Then the paper discusses the major means and types of human enhancement, among which nanotechnology takes the lead for its own advantage that it could be easily combined with other means and methods as an " enabling technology ". Based on these analysises, the possibility of nano-enabled enhancement which is a kind of human enhancement by nanotechnology is also examined, and the paper points out that nano-medecines, nano-implants and nano-gene-technologies are the major possible means of nano-enabled enhancement, which will help normal human beings to improve cognitive abilities, enhance their physical energy, perfect their emotion and appearance, and promote longevity. There are four types of possible results of nano-enabled enhancement accordingly, which will be cognitive enhancement, physical energy enhancement, emotion and appearance enhancement, and longevity enhancement. The further discussion shows that nano-enabled enhancement has its positive influence on society and economics. The research and development of it promote the studies on human health and safety, improve human health, and also prolong human lives. Nano-enabled enhancement helps the enhanced beings to make improvements on work efficiency and the ability to protect one's rights and privacies, to ensure a better autonomy and dignity of human. At the same time, nano-enabled enhancement also helps to reduce the social gaps, promote equality and justice, and bring great economic benefits, and so on. However, risks of nano-enabled enhancement come along with its opportunities. Reflections are made on the negative influence of nano-enabled enhancement and analyses are made to show the problems nano-enabled enhancement might induce, for instance, the health and security risks, the medicalization, the deformed social values, the aging and its relevant problems, the issues of autonomy and dignity, and other social and ethical challenges. From the anthropological perspective, discussions are also made in the extent of the interference of nano-enabled enhancement to human evolution, and also in terms of its great impact and significance of the alteration of human identities and even the change of the traditional concept of human. It is pointed out that nano-enabled enhancement could accelerate human evolution and meanwhile change human identity and the traditional human paradigm.
This paper finally concludes that nano-enabled enhancement needs to follow a basic "bottom line principle", which includes two large points:first, nano-enabled enhancement needs to follow the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, informed consent, and justice and other basic principles of bioethics; and, second, nano-enabled enhancement should not transgress the boundary of human as a species, nor change human's traditional paradigm.
引文
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