纳米结构光催化剂的设计合成与性质研究
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摘要
以半导体材料做为催化剂的太阳能光电化学转换技术的开发和利用以其无二次污染、能耗低、适用范围广等优点成为目前解决环境问题的重要途径之一。由于目前广泛使用的二氧化钛光催化剂在可见光吸收、光催化效率等方面受到限制，因此设计开发具有高光催化活性新结构、新材料具有重要的科学意义。本论文围绕纳米结构光催化剂的设计合成与性质研究展开工作。发展了贵金属复合二氧化钛纳米结构的控制合成和组装技术，构建了具有多孔、大比表面的二氧化钛介孔球，探讨了介孔结构及贵金属复合二氧化钛对提高可见光光催化效率的作用；将材料的选择性吸附和光催化相结合，利用复合结构中碳组分对目标分子的选择性吸附作用，设计制备了一种选择性光催化剂，使其能够应用于降解分离高浓度混合型污水。此外在新型光催化剂方面，研究了钒酸铋的控制合成及其光催化性能测试。主要的研究工作及结果如下：
1、利用非水溶剂热法合成了单分散的TiO_2和Au纳米颗粒，通过微乳体系使单分散的TiO_2和Au纳米晶组装成胶体球，通过煅烧形成具有特殊结构的Au/TiO_2介孔纳米复合微球，实现了Au纳米粒子在TiO_2基底中的高分散负载。该介孔球的比表面积可以达到270m~2·g~(-1)以上并且具有高度开放的介孔，因此可以浓缩溶液中在其表面附近的有机物分子，从而提高其光催化活性。同时，纳米Au颗粒具有很强的表面等离子体共振（SPR）吸收，使Au/TiO_2介孔球能够在可见光区有很强的光响应，显著的提高了Au/TiO_2纳米复合微球的可见光光催化性能。
2、利用隔绝氧气煅烧使纳米颗粒表面有机基团碳化，合成一系列具有高吸附量的Au/C/TiO_2复合介孔球。由于材料本身的负电性，对正电性分子有很强的吸附能力，展现了良好的选择性吸附能力。由于吸附可以起到浓缩反应物的作用，从而提高光催化反应的效率，所以Au/C/TiO_2介孔球材料可以使选择性吸附和光催化很好的结合起来利用其协同作用，达到循环处理大量高浓度废水的目的，为实现选择性光催化降解和分离污水提供可行性依据。
3、发展了旋转液膜法和水热反应相结合的方法制备可见光光催化剂BiVO_4微纳米粒子。通过对反应参数的调节，探讨合成具有新颖形貌和小尺寸、高比表面的钒酸铋微纳米粒子的方法，并对其可见光光催化活性进行了研究。
The exploration of photoelectrochemical conversion technologyusing solar cell semiconductor as catalyst, is one of the importantresearch directions in wastewater processing, benefited from itshigh-energy efficiency, environmental compatibility and wideapplications. The current widely used photocatalyst titanium oxide has anarrow range of visible light absorption and low photoelectric conversion;therefore, it is of great scientific significance to design new structuralmaterial with promising photocatalytic activity. This thesis describes ourcurrent research of the design, synthesis and applications ofphotocatalytic nanomaterials. We developed the controllable synthesisand assembly of noble metal and titanium oxide compositenanocomposite material; made a new titanium oxide mesoporousnanocomposite with high porosity and large surface area; and furtherexplored the effects of mesoporous structure and noble metal dopet to theimprovement of photocatalytic activity under visible light. We invented anew method for synthesizing photocatalyst which has carbon component capable of selective adsorption and thus to achieve dual function ofselective adsorption and photocatalysis. Such catalyst can degrade andseparate high concentration of mixed wastewater. In addition to newphotocatalyst research, we investigated the controllable synthesis andphotocatalytic activity of BiVO4materials. Our work and results are listedas follows,
1. Using solvothermal method, we can obtain monodispersed TiO2nanorods and Au nanoparticles. They can self-assemble into spheresthrough micro emulsion system, and form Au/TiO2mesoporous spheresafter calcination. Such mesoporous spheres can reach a surface area ofabove270m2·g-1with highly opened pores that can pre-concentrate theorganic molecules around the surface. Benefited from the SPR absorptionof Au nanoparticles, Au/TiO2responses strongly to the visible light. Theirvisible light photocatalytic activity of organics was tested.
2. Calcinating the Au/TiO2sphere can transform the surface organicgroup into carbon and thus obtain Au/C/TiO2composite sphere with largeadsorption ability. Such material bearing negative charge on surface hasstrong affinity to molecules bearing positive charges. However, the poresize on the composite sphere enables selective adsorption of molecules.Therefore, Au/C/TiO2mesoporous composite sphere can incooperateselective adsorption and photocatalytic ability to process wastewater inmultiple cycles. Au/C/TiO2are the very important paradigm for selective photocatalysis.
3. Making use of rotating liquid membrane method andhydrothermal method, we have synthesized a new type of BiVO4photocatalyst. Through the variation of experimental conditions, a seriesof new topological BiVO4nanocrystals were obtained and theirphotocatalytic activity was tested.
1、利用非水溶剂热法合成了单分散的TiO_2和Au纳米颗粒，通过微乳体系使单分散的TiO_2和Au纳米晶组装成胶体球，通过煅烧形成具有特殊结构的Au/TiO_2介孔纳米复合微球，实现了Au纳米粒子在TiO_2基底中的高分散负载。该介孔球的比表面积可以达到270m~2·g~(-1)以上并且具有高度开放的介孔，因此可以浓缩溶液中在其表面附近的有机物分子，从而提高其光催化活性。同时，纳米Au颗粒具有很强的表面等离子体共振（SPR）吸收，使Au/TiO_2介孔球能够在可见光区有很强的光响应，显著的提高了Au/TiO_2纳米复合微球的可见光光催化性能。
2、利用隔绝氧气煅烧使纳米颗粒表面有机基团碳化，合成一系列具有高吸附量的Au/C/TiO_2复合介孔球。由于材料本身的负电性，对正电性分子有很强的吸附能力，展现了良好的选择性吸附能力。由于吸附可以起到浓缩反应物的作用，从而提高光催化反应的效率，所以Au/C/TiO_2介孔球材料可以使选择性吸附和光催化很好的结合起来利用其协同作用，达到循环处理大量高浓度废水的目的，为实现选择性光催化降解和分离污水提供可行性依据。
3、发展了旋转液膜法和水热反应相结合的方法制备可见光光催化剂BiVO_4微纳米粒子。通过对反应参数的调节，探讨合成具有新颖形貌和小尺寸、高比表面的钒酸铋微纳米粒子的方法，并对其可见光光催化活性进行了研究。
The exploration of photoelectrochemical conversion technologyusing solar cell semiconductor as catalyst, is one of the importantresearch directions in wastewater processing, benefited from itshigh-energy efficiency, environmental compatibility and wideapplications. The current widely used photocatalyst titanium oxide has anarrow range of visible light absorption and low photoelectric conversion;therefore, it is of great scientific significance to design new structuralmaterial with promising photocatalytic activity. This thesis describes ourcurrent research of the design, synthesis and applications ofphotocatalytic nanomaterials. We developed the controllable synthesisand assembly of noble metal and titanium oxide compositenanocomposite material; made a new titanium oxide mesoporousnanocomposite with high porosity and large surface area; and furtherexplored the effects of mesoporous structure and noble metal dopet to theimprovement of photocatalytic activity under visible light. We invented anew method for synthesizing photocatalyst which has carbon component capable of selective adsorption and thus to achieve dual function ofselective adsorption and photocatalysis. Such catalyst can degrade andseparate high concentration of mixed wastewater. In addition to newphotocatalyst research, we investigated the controllable synthesis andphotocatalytic activity of BiVO4materials. Our work and results are listedas follows,
1. Using solvothermal method, we can obtain monodispersed TiO2nanorods and Au nanoparticles. They can self-assemble into spheresthrough micro emulsion system, and form Au/TiO2mesoporous spheresafter calcination. Such mesoporous spheres can reach a surface area ofabove270m2·g-1with highly opened pores that can pre-concentrate theorganic molecules around the surface. Benefited from the SPR absorptionof Au nanoparticles, Au/TiO2responses strongly to the visible light. Theirvisible light photocatalytic activity of organics was tested.
2. Calcinating the Au/TiO2sphere can transform the surface organicgroup into carbon and thus obtain Au/C/TiO2composite sphere with largeadsorption ability. Such material bearing negative charge on surface hasstrong affinity to molecules bearing positive charges. However, the poresize on the composite sphere enables selective adsorption of molecules.Therefore, Au/C/TiO2mesoporous composite sphere can incooperateselective adsorption and photocatalytic ability to process wastewater inmultiple cycles. Au/C/TiO2are the very important paradigm for selective photocatalysis.
3. Making use of rotating liquid membrane method andhydrothermal method, we have synthesized a new type of BiVO4photocatalyst. Through the variation of experimental conditions, a seriesof new topological BiVO4nanocrystals were obtained and theirphotocatalytic activity was tested.
引文
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