吉林省不同年代育成大豆品种氮肥利用特性变化的研究
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摘要
本实验通过对不同年代育成的21个大豆品种不同冠层的植株氮含量、叶片光合特性、植株生物量和产量进行研究,旨在明确大豆遗传改良过程中氮肥利用特性的变化及与产量形成的关系,并探讨氮素光合效率作为评估氮肥利用效率指标的可行性,为以提高氮肥利用效率为目标的大豆生理机制的研究提供方向,进而为大豆氮高效育种和合理施肥的高产栽培技术提供理论依据。
1、随着大豆品种的遗传改良和产量提高,除R4期植株中上层叶片氮含量与品种育成年代呈不显著负相关,其余时期大豆植株叶片氮含量,茎及叶柄氮含量和荚及籽粒氮含量均明显增加了。研究结果表明,R4期作为大豆营养和生殖生长并进的关键时期,现代品种叶片中氮大量向荚及籽粒转移可能是导致中上层叶片氮含量随年代变化呈下降趋势的一个原因。
2、在R4期中层叶片氮含量与产量具有显著负相关关系,R4期中上层和R6期的中层荚及籽粒氮含量与产量具有显著正相关关系。研究结果说明,R2期氮素积累对产量形成的作用不大,R4期叶片中的氮向荚及籽粒的转移率可能与高产具有密切相关性,即R4期高的氮素转运及利用能力是高产的关键。
3、在R2期和R4期不同冠层叶片净光合速率均与品种育成年代均达显著或极显著水平正相关,但R6期的相关性未达显著水平。与净光合速率变化一致,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率也随品种育成年代推进有不同程度的增加,而叶片胞间CO2浓度与品种育成年代呈负相关变化,但在3个生育时期3个指标与育成年代的相关均未达显著水平。R2期、R4期和R6期中上层叶片净光合速率与产量均具有显著的正相关关系,因此将此3个时期的中上层叶片作为高产品种的选择指标均具有可靠性。在R4期叶片净光合速率与产量关系最为密切,说明R4期是影响产量形成的关键时期。
4、在不同年代育成大豆品种,R2期至R6期植株冠层叶片、茎及叶柄和荚及籽粒生物量均随年代推进而增加,其中R4期和R6期中上层叶片、茎及叶柄和荚及籽粒生物量与育成年代呈显著正相关。说明在R4期和R6期现代品种植株比早期品种积累了更多的干物质。研究表明,产量的提高与植株生物量的增加显著相关,而且随生育期的推进,这种相关关系越来越明显,从R4期开始大豆品种植株生物量对产量形成的作用已较为明显,而且越到生育后期植株生物量与产量的相关程度越密切,到R6期几乎全株各器官生物量与产量均有显著正相关关系,特别是R4期和R6期中上层叶片和叶柄的生物量与产量相关最为密切,可作为高产品种的选育指标。
5、关于植株全氮含量、叶片净光合速率和单株生物量关系的研究表明,无论现代还是早期品种,植株全氮含量与叶片净光合速率均具有极显著或显著的正相关关系,且现代品种的相关程度高于早期品种;叶片净光合速率对单株生物量具有决定作用,且随生育期推进这种作用越加明显,而且现代品种的作用明显高于早期品种。植株全氮含量对单株生物量影响表现为早期品种随生育期推进作用越来越弱,而现代品种随生育期推进作用越来越强,说明,R6期大豆氮素积累能力是提高叶片光合作用、增加植株生物量和产量的关键因素。
6、在R4期,大豆3层叶片氮素光合效率与氮肥农学利用效率均呈极显著正相关关系,中上层的叶片氮利用效率和中层茎及叶柄氮利用效率与氮肥农学利用效率呈极显著或显著的正相关关系,在R6期,大豆3层荚及籽粒氮利用效率与氮肥农学效率均达显著正相关关系,中层叶片氮利用效率和茎及叶柄氮利用效率与氮肥农学效率也呈显著正相关关系。以R4期叶片氮素光合效率与氮肥农学利用效率的相关性最为密切,可将R4期大豆全株叶片氮素光合效率作为氮高效品种筛选的一个指标。
7、从R2期到R6期,随氮水平的变化,4个大豆品种的生理特性和产量均表现为低氮促进,高氮抑制的先增加后降低的单峰曲线变化。相近年代育成的不同氮素光合效率品种的比较表明,氮素光合效率高的品种的根系活力、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶片净光合速率、单株干物重等指标均在中、低氮(N1-N2)处理阶段高于氮素光合效率低的品种,在高氮(N3-N4)处理阶段低于氮素光合效率低的品种,此差异在R6期达极显著水平(P<0.01),在R2期和R4期多为显著(P<0.05)或不显著水平；叶片全氮含量和叶绿素含量则在所有氮水平均表现氮素光合效率高的品种的显著低于氮素光合效率低的品种。氮水平与不同氮素光合效率品种产量变化具有一致性,可将氮素光合效率作为选择施氮水平,确定最佳施氮量的一个依据。
In our research, the plant nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate of leaves, plant biomass and yield of different canopy were studied with21soybean varieties which were bred in different years, aiming to understand the correlation between changes in nitrogen-use characteristics and yield with genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, and to explore the feasibility that the nitrogen-photosynthetic efficiency could be as an indicator of nitrogen efficiency. The research aimed to provide direction for the study of soybean physiological mechanisms which aimed to improve nitrogen use efficiency, and then to provide theoretical basis for nitrogen high-efficiency breeding and rational application of fertilizer of soybean.
1. With genetic improvement and increase of yield of soybean cultivars, the nitrogen content of soybean leaves, stems and petioles were significantly increased in growth stages, except the nitrogen content of soybean leaves at upper and middle layer were negative correlated with year of release of soybean cultivars at R4. The many studies showed that R4is a very key stage with nutrition growth coordinating with reproductive growth, so the phenomenon that nitrogen content of soybean leaves at upper and middle layer were negative correlated with year of release of modern varieties was result from transfer in nitrogen from leaves to the pod at R4.
2. The nitrogen content at middle layer and production was significantly negative correlated with yield at R4, and the nitrogen content at upper and middle layer at R4and at middle layer at R6were significantly positive correlated with yield at R4. The results showed that nitrogen-accumulation at earlier stage had little effect on yield, but low nitrogen content in leaf and high nitrogen content in pod at R4is the key to high-yield. The rate of nitrogen transferred from leaves to petioles at R4could be significantly correlated with high-yield.
3. Net photosynthetic rate of different canopy at R2and R4were significant or highly significant correlated with year of release, but it was not significant at R6. The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were also inordinately increased with year of release genetic improvement of soybean cultivars. But the intercellular CO2concentration was negative correlated with year of release, and the correlation among stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2concentration and year of release were not reached significant level at three stages. Our results also showed that net photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers were all significantly correlated with yield at R2, R4and R6, so it was the feasibility that the net photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers could be as indicator of high-yield of soybean. It also showed that R4was the key stage.
4. With the genetic progress of soybean cultivars, the biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods had been increased with year of release at R2, R4and R6. The biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods at upper and middle layers were significantly correlated with year of release at R4and R6. It indicated that the more dry matter was accumulated among modern cultivars than the early cultivars at R4and R6.With the genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, the increase in yield of soybean were mainly resulted from the increase in organ biomasses, meanwhile, the correlation was more and more significant with the progress of growth stage. Plant biomass of soybean cultivars had significant effect on yield at R4. And the correlation between plant biomass and yield became more and more significant at later growth stages. At R6, almost the correlation between whole organs biomasses of plant and yield reached significant level. The biomass of leaves and petioles at middle layer were most closely correlated with yield at R4and R6, and it could be as breeding indicators of high-yield.
5. The study on nitrogen content, photosynthesis of leaves, plant biomass showed that the correlation between nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate were reached significant or highly significant level among all the cultivars, and the more correlation were estimated in modern cultivars than early cultivars. With the progress of growth stage, the effect of net photosynthetic rate on biomass of total plant became obvious, and the effect of modern cultivars was more significant than early cultivars. In concrete, the effect of nitrogen content on plant biomass was decreased among early cultivars with the progress of growth stage, but the effect was increased among modern cultivars with the progress of growth stage. It indicated that it is the key that the effect of high accumulation of nitrogen content on the increase photosynthesis, organ biomass and yield of soybean cultivars.
6. During R4, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was highly significantly correlated with agronomic use efficiency at three layers. Correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of leaf at upper and middle layers and correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of middle stems and petioles and agronomic use efficiency were reached significant or highly significant level. Correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of pod at three layers and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached significant level at R6, and the correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of leaves at middle layer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached highly significant level at R6. The results showed that the use efficiency of the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was significant correlated with nitrogen agronomy efficiency at R4, so the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of whole leaves could be as an indicator to select high nitrogen photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers could be as indicator of high-yield of soybean. It also showed that R4was the key stage.
4. With the genetic progress of soybean cultivars, the biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods had been increased with year of release at R2, R4and R6. The biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods at upper and middle layers were significantly correlated with year of release at R4and R6. It indicated that the more dry matter was accumulated among modern cultivars than the early cultivars at R4and R6. With the genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, the increase in yield of soybean were mainly resulted from the increase in organ biomasses, meanwhile, the correlation was more and more significant with the progress of growth stage. Plant biomass of soybean cultivars had significant effect on yield at R4. And the correlation between plant biomass and yield became more and more significant at later growth stages. At R6, almost the correlation between whole organs biomasses of plant and yield reached significant level. The biomass of leaves and petioles at middle layer were most closely correlated with yield at R4and R6, and it could be as breeding indicators of high-yield.
5. The study on nitrogen content, photosynthesis of leaves, plant biomass showed that the correlation between nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate were reached significant or highly significant level among all the cultivars, and the more correlation were estimated in modern cultivars than early cultivars. With the progress of growth stage, the effect of net photosynthetic rate on biomass of total plant became obvious, and the effect of modern cultivars was more significant than early cultivars. In concrete, the effect of nitrogen content on plant biomass was decreased among early cultivars with the progress of growth stage, but the effect was increased among modern cultivars with the progress of growth stage. It indicated that it is the key that the effect of high accumulation of nitrogen content on the increase photosynthesis, organ biomass and yield of soybean cultivars.
6. During R4, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was highly significantly correlated with agronomic use efficiency at three layers. Correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of leaf at upper and middle layers and correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of middle stems and petioles and agronomic use efficiency were reached significant or highly significant level. Correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of pod at three layers and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached significant level at R6, and the correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of leaves at middle layer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached highly significant level at R6. The results showed that the use efficiency of the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was significant correlated with nitrogen agronomy efficiency at R4, so the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of whole leaves could be as an indicator to select high nitrogen efficiency soybean.
7. With the changes of nitrogen level, physiological characteristics and yield of four soybean cultivars were promoting at low-nitrogen level and suppressing at high nitrogen level at R2, R4and R6. It was a single peak curve that increasing at the first, then decreasing later. The comparison of different nitrogen use efficiency cultivars which bred in similar years showed that root activity, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), net photosynthetic rate, the weight of dry matter of high nitrogen use efficiency cultivars were higher than low nitrogen use efficiency cultivars at middle-low nitrogen (N1-N2) processing stages, but lower than low nitrogen use efficiency cultivars at high nitrogen (N3-N4) processing stages. It reached highly significant level (P<0.01) at R6, but it reached significant (P<0.05) or not significant level at R2and R4. Nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaves among high photosynthetic efficiency cultivars was significantly lower than low photosynthetic efficiency cultivars at all levels. Nitrogen level was consisted with yield of different nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency cultivars. So the nitrogen use efficiency could be as a basis of selecting nitrogenous fertilizer, to determine the optimum nitrogen rate.
1、随着大豆品种的遗传改良和产量提高,除R4期植株中上层叶片氮含量与品种育成年代呈不显著负相关,其余时期大豆植株叶片氮含量,茎及叶柄氮含量和荚及籽粒氮含量均明显增加了。研究结果表明,R4期作为大豆营养和生殖生长并进的关键时期,现代品种叶片中氮大量向荚及籽粒转移可能是导致中上层叶片氮含量随年代变化呈下降趋势的一个原因。
2、在R4期中层叶片氮含量与产量具有显著负相关关系,R4期中上层和R6期的中层荚及籽粒氮含量与产量具有显著正相关关系。研究结果说明,R2期氮素积累对产量形成的作用不大,R4期叶片中的氮向荚及籽粒的转移率可能与高产具有密切相关性,即R4期高的氮素转运及利用能力是高产的关键。
3、在R2期和R4期不同冠层叶片净光合速率均与品种育成年代均达显著或极显著水平正相关,但R6期的相关性未达显著水平。与净光合速率变化一致,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率也随品种育成年代推进有不同程度的增加,而叶片胞间CO2浓度与品种育成年代呈负相关变化,但在3个生育时期3个指标与育成年代的相关均未达显著水平。R2期、R4期和R6期中上层叶片净光合速率与产量均具有显著的正相关关系,因此将此3个时期的中上层叶片作为高产品种的选择指标均具有可靠性。在R4期叶片净光合速率与产量关系最为密切,说明R4期是影响产量形成的关键时期。
4、在不同年代育成大豆品种,R2期至R6期植株冠层叶片、茎及叶柄和荚及籽粒生物量均随年代推进而增加,其中R4期和R6期中上层叶片、茎及叶柄和荚及籽粒生物量与育成年代呈显著正相关。说明在R4期和R6期现代品种植株比早期品种积累了更多的干物质。研究表明,产量的提高与植株生物量的增加显著相关,而且随生育期的推进,这种相关关系越来越明显,从R4期开始大豆品种植株生物量对产量形成的作用已较为明显,而且越到生育后期植株生物量与产量的相关程度越密切,到R6期几乎全株各器官生物量与产量均有显著正相关关系,特别是R4期和R6期中上层叶片和叶柄的生物量与产量相关最为密切,可作为高产品种的选育指标。
5、关于植株全氮含量、叶片净光合速率和单株生物量关系的研究表明,无论现代还是早期品种,植株全氮含量与叶片净光合速率均具有极显著或显著的正相关关系,且现代品种的相关程度高于早期品种;叶片净光合速率对单株生物量具有决定作用,且随生育期推进这种作用越加明显,而且现代品种的作用明显高于早期品种。植株全氮含量对单株生物量影响表现为早期品种随生育期推进作用越来越弱,而现代品种随生育期推进作用越来越强,说明,R6期大豆氮素积累能力是提高叶片光合作用、增加植株生物量和产量的关键因素。
6、在R4期,大豆3层叶片氮素光合效率与氮肥农学利用效率均呈极显著正相关关系,中上层的叶片氮利用效率和中层茎及叶柄氮利用效率与氮肥农学利用效率呈极显著或显著的正相关关系,在R6期,大豆3层荚及籽粒氮利用效率与氮肥农学效率均达显著正相关关系,中层叶片氮利用效率和茎及叶柄氮利用效率与氮肥农学效率也呈显著正相关关系。以R4期叶片氮素光合效率与氮肥农学利用效率的相关性最为密切,可将R4期大豆全株叶片氮素光合效率作为氮高效品种筛选的一个指标。
7、从R2期到R6期,随氮水平的变化,4个大豆品种的生理特性和产量均表现为低氮促进,高氮抑制的先增加后降低的单峰曲线变化。相近年代育成的不同氮素光合效率品种的比较表明,氮素光合效率高的品种的根系活力、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶片净光合速率、单株干物重等指标均在中、低氮(N1-N2)处理阶段高于氮素光合效率低的品种,在高氮(N3-N4)处理阶段低于氮素光合效率低的品种,此差异在R6期达极显著水平(P<0.01),在R2期和R4期多为显著(P<0.05)或不显著水平；叶片全氮含量和叶绿素含量则在所有氮水平均表现氮素光合效率高的品种的显著低于氮素光合效率低的品种。氮水平与不同氮素光合效率品种产量变化具有一致性,可将氮素光合效率作为选择施氮水平,确定最佳施氮量的一个依据。
In our research, the plant nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate of leaves, plant biomass and yield of different canopy were studied with21soybean varieties which were bred in different years, aiming to understand the correlation between changes in nitrogen-use characteristics and yield with genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, and to explore the feasibility that the nitrogen-photosynthetic efficiency could be as an indicator of nitrogen efficiency. The research aimed to provide direction for the study of soybean physiological mechanisms which aimed to improve nitrogen use efficiency, and then to provide theoretical basis for nitrogen high-efficiency breeding and rational application of fertilizer of soybean.
1. With genetic improvement and increase of yield of soybean cultivars, the nitrogen content of soybean leaves, stems and petioles were significantly increased in growth stages, except the nitrogen content of soybean leaves at upper and middle layer were negative correlated with year of release of soybean cultivars at R4. The many studies showed that R4is a very key stage with nutrition growth coordinating with reproductive growth, so the phenomenon that nitrogen content of soybean leaves at upper and middle layer were negative correlated with year of release of modern varieties was result from transfer in nitrogen from leaves to the pod at R4.
2. The nitrogen content at middle layer and production was significantly negative correlated with yield at R4, and the nitrogen content at upper and middle layer at R4and at middle layer at R6were significantly positive correlated with yield at R4. The results showed that nitrogen-accumulation at earlier stage had little effect on yield, but low nitrogen content in leaf and high nitrogen content in pod at R4is the key to high-yield. The rate of nitrogen transferred from leaves to petioles at R4could be significantly correlated with high-yield.
3. Net photosynthetic rate of different canopy at R2and R4were significant or highly significant correlated with year of release, but it was not significant at R6. The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were also inordinately increased with year of release genetic improvement of soybean cultivars. But the intercellular CO2concentration was negative correlated with year of release, and the correlation among stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2concentration and year of release were not reached significant level at three stages. Our results also showed that net photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers were all significantly correlated with yield at R2, R4and R6, so it was the feasibility that the net photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers could be as indicator of high-yield of soybean. It also showed that R4was the key stage.
4. With the genetic progress of soybean cultivars, the biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods had been increased with year of release at R2, R4and R6. The biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods at upper and middle layers were significantly correlated with year of release at R4and R6. It indicated that the more dry matter was accumulated among modern cultivars than the early cultivars at R4and R6.With the genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, the increase in yield of soybean were mainly resulted from the increase in organ biomasses, meanwhile, the correlation was more and more significant with the progress of growth stage. Plant biomass of soybean cultivars had significant effect on yield at R4. And the correlation between plant biomass and yield became more and more significant at later growth stages. At R6, almost the correlation between whole organs biomasses of plant and yield reached significant level. The biomass of leaves and petioles at middle layer were most closely correlated with yield at R4and R6, and it could be as breeding indicators of high-yield.
5. The study on nitrogen content, photosynthesis of leaves, plant biomass showed that the correlation between nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate were reached significant or highly significant level among all the cultivars, and the more correlation were estimated in modern cultivars than early cultivars. With the progress of growth stage, the effect of net photosynthetic rate on biomass of total plant became obvious, and the effect of modern cultivars was more significant than early cultivars. In concrete, the effect of nitrogen content on plant biomass was decreased among early cultivars with the progress of growth stage, but the effect was increased among modern cultivars with the progress of growth stage. It indicated that it is the key that the effect of high accumulation of nitrogen content on the increase photosynthesis, organ biomass and yield of soybean cultivars.
6. During R4, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was highly significantly correlated with agronomic use efficiency at three layers. Correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of leaf at upper and middle layers and correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of middle stems and petioles and agronomic use efficiency were reached significant or highly significant level. Correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of pod at three layers and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached significant level at R6, and the correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of leaves at middle layer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached highly significant level at R6. The results showed that the use efficiency of the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was significant correlated with nitrogen agronomy efficiency at R4, so the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of whole leaves could be as an indicator to select high nitrogen photosynthetic rate at upper and middle layers could be as indicator of high-yield of soybean. It also showed that R4was the key stage.
4. With the genetic progress of soybean cultivars, the biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods had been increased with year of release at R2, R4and R6. The biomass of leaves, stems, petioles and pods at upper and middle layers were significantly correlated with year of release at R4and R6. It indicated that the more dry matter was accumulated among modern cultivars than the early cultivars at R4and R6. With the genetic improvement of soybean cultivars, the increase in yield of soybean were mainly resulted from the increase in organ biomasses, meanwhile, the correlation was more and more significant with the progress of growth stage. Plant biomass of soybean cultivars had significant effect on yield at R4. And the correlation between plant biomass and yield became more and more significant at later growth stages. At R6, almost the correlation between whole organs biomasses of plant and yield reached significant level. The biomass of leaves and petioles at middle layer were most closely correlated with yield at R4and R6, and it could be as breeding indicators of high-yield.
5. The study on nitrogen content, photosynthesis of leaves, plant biomass showed that the correlation between nitrogen content and net photosynthetic rate were reached significant or highly significant level among all the cultivars, and the more correlation were estimated in modern cultivars than early cultivars. With the progress of growth stage, the effect of net photosynthetic rate on biomass of total plant became obvious, and the effect of modern cultivars was more significant than early cultivars. In concrete, the effect of nitrogen content on plant biomass was decreased among early cultivars with the progress of growth stage, but the effect was increased among modern cultivars with the progress of growth stage. It indicated that it is the key that the effect of high accumulation of nitrogen content on the increase photosynthesis, organ biomass and yield of soybean cultivars.
6. During R4, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was highly significantly correlated with agronomic use efficiency at three layers. Correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of leaf at upper and middle layers and correlation between nitrogen use efficiency of middle stems and petioles and agronomic use efficiency were reached significant or highly significant level. Correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of pod at three layers and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached significant level at R6, and the correlation between the nitrogen use efficiency of leaves at middle layer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was reached highly significant level at R6. The results showed that the use efficiency of the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency was significant correlated with nitrogen agronomy efficiency at R4, so the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of whole leaves could be as an indicator to select high nitrogen efficiency soybean.
7. With the changes of nitrogen level, physiological characteristics and yield of four soybean cultivars were promoting at low-nitrogen level and suppressing at high nitrogen level at R2, R4and R6. It was a single peak curve that increasing at the first, then decreasing later. The comparison of different nitrogen use efficiency cultivars which bred in similar years showed that root activity, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), net photosynthetic rate, the weight of dry matter of high nitrogen use efficiency cultivars were higher than low nitrogen use efficiency cultivars at middle-low nitrogen (N1-N2) processing stages, but lower than low nitrogen use efficiency cultivars at high nitrogen (N3-N4) processing stages. It reached highly significant level (P<0.01) at R6, but it reached significant (P<0.05) or not significant level at R2and R4. Nitrogen content and chlorophyll content of leaves among high photosynthetic efficiency cultivars was significantly lower than low photosynthetic efficiency cultivars at all levels. Nitrogen level was consisted with yield of different nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency cultivars. So the nitrogen use efficiency could be as a basis of selecting nitrogenous fertilizer, to determine the optimum nitrogen rate.
引文
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