中小企业组织变迁的动因及趋势
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摘要
在人类迈入21世纪的今天，经济和社会环境己发生了天翻地覆的变化。并导致人们的行为、资源的配置方式的变化。这些变化对中小企业的发展而言，既是机遇，也是挑战。中小企业在具有先天劣势的前提下，只有先一步对企业组织做出调整，才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。而未谋先决是建立在对规律的把握前提下。本文力求通过对中小企业组织形成和发展规律的剖析，将企业抽象为相关要素的结合体，并进一步分析和揭示影响和驱动企业组织变迁的相关因素，试图找出中小企业变迁的规律。在此基础上，揭示和预测中小企业组织变迁的趋势和发展方向，以资发展我国中小企业参考。
本文从以下几部分展开：第一部分，对现有的组织理论进行回顾和总结；第二部分，对中小企业加以界定并说明中小企业发展的必要性；第三部分，从实践和理论的角度分析出中小企业在发展中所面临的问题；第四部分，针对中小企业出现的问题和在组织理论的总结基础上，构建出中小企业的组织模型；第五部分，重点分析了组织模型中对中小企业组织变迁有显著影响的因素，及如何影响企业组织的变迁；第六部分，在前面分析的基础上，从理论和实践的角度揭示了中小企业组织变迁的方向。第七部分，通过对石家庄市宏广集团变革案例的分析，验证了文中对中小企业组织变迁中的理论分析。
本文的创新点在于：(1)根据对既有组织理论的总结和对中小企业的特殊性研究分析，全新构建了由多个相关要素构成的中小企业组织模型；(2)首次在企业组织模型中考虑了企业家因素，并明确提出了企业家是组织的要素之一，肯定了企业家对企业组织变迁的影响；(3)在供给链的基础上，结合对现代知识经济的认识，提出了在企业间架构知识链的设想，并进一步提出了在知识链中将企业组织抽象为技术元的概念；(4)结合经济学和管理学，从理论的角度预测了中小企业组织变迁的趋势；(5)提出了企业网络化的两阶段论，即扁平化和虚拟化是企业网络化发展的两个阶段。
Now the human history ushers in the 21st century, Both economic and social environments have changed a lot, and the changes of people's conducts, the disposition of resources are following. All these changes are chances, as well as challenges, to the development of middle and small-sized enterprises. Being inherited weak, middle and small-sized enterprises have to be restructured in order to hold on stable place in intense competence. Decisive plans must be based on the grasp of regulations. This thesis tries to abstract enterprises into a combination of relative elements by analyzing regulations of grow and development of middle and small-sized enterprises. Then it finds out the elements enforcing the changes of middle and small-sized enterprises. By all above study, the organization development tendency of small and medium enterprises is exposed and it can serve as a reference to our domestic middle and small-sized enterprises.
The thesis is developed as following. The first part reviews present theories on organization and gives conclusion. The second part identifies what is middle and small-sized enterprises and points out the necessity for its development. The third part shows in aspects of practice and theory the problems facing up middle and small-sized enterprises in their development. The forth part establishes an organization model based on the present problems and theories of organization. The fifth part analysis the causes that have great influence on the organization development of middle and small-sized enterprises, and how they work. The sixth part points out the organization development tendency of middle and small-sized enterprises. The seventh part verifies all above analysis by illustrating the reform of ShiJiaZhuang HongGuang Group.
There are some initiative points in this thesis. Firstly, according to the conclusion on present organization theories and the analysis on the specialty of middle and small-sized enterprises, this thesis sets up a new organization model made up of several relative elements for middle and small-sized enterprises. Secondly, the new model takes enterpriser into consideration. The thesis points out clearly enterprises as an element in organization and confirms its influence. Thirdly, based on the support chain theory and the modern knowledge economy, the thesis puts forward with a plan of the establishment of knowledge chain between enterprises. In knowledge chain, the organization is abstracted into technologic elements. Fourthly, by combining economics with management science, the thesis forecasts the organization development tendency of middle and small-sized enterprises. Fifthly, it poses a two-step theory on the network of enterprises, that is to say that flat and fiction periods are two steps in the networ
k development enterprises.
本文从以下几部分展开：第一部分，对现有的组织理论进行回顾和总结；第二部分，对中小企业加以界定并说明中小企业发展的必要性；第三部分，从实践和理论的角度分析出中小企业在发展中所面临的问题；第四部分，针对中小企业出现的问题和在组织理论的总结基础上，构建出中小企业的组织模型；第五部分，重点分析了组织模型中对中小企业组织变迁有显著影响的因素，及如何影响企业组织的变迁；第六部分，在前面分析的基础上，从理论和实践的角度揭示了中小企业组织变迁的方向。第七部分，通过对石家庄市宏广集团变革案例的分析，验证了文中对中小企业组织变迁中的理论分析。
本文的创新点在于：(1)根据对既有组织理论的总结和对中小企业的特殊性研究分析，全新构建了由多个相关要素构成的中小企业组织模型；(2)首次在企业组织模型中考虑了企业家因素，并明确提出了企业家是组织的要素之一，肯定了企业家对企业组织变迁的影响；(3)在供给链的基础上，结合对现代知识经济的认识，提出了在企业间架构知识链的设想，并进一步提出了在知识链中将企业组织抽象为技术元的概念；(4)结合经济学和管理学，从理论的角度预测了中小企业组织变迁的趋势；(5)提出了企业网络化的两阶段论，即扁平化和虚拟化是企业网络化发展的两个阶段。
Now the human history ushers in the 21st century, Both economic and social environments have changed a lot, and the changes of people's conducts, the disposition of resources are following. All these changes are chances, as well as challenges, to the development of middle and small-sized enterprises. Being inherited weak, middle and small-sized enterprises have to be restructured in order to hold on stable place in intense competence. Decisive plans must be based on the grasp of regulations. This thesis tries to abstract enterprises into a combination of relative elements by analyzing regulations of grow and development of middle and small-sized enterprises. Then it finds out the elements enforcing the changes of middle and small-sized enterprises. By all above study, the organization development tendency of small and medium enterprises is exposed and it can serve as a reference to our domestic middle and small-sized enterprises.
The thesis is developed as following. The first part reviews present theories on organization and gives conclusion. The second part identifies what is middle and small-sized enterprises and points out the necessity for its development. The third part shows in aspects of practice and theory the problems facing up middle and small-sized enterprises in their development. The forth part establishes an organization model based on the present problems and theories of organization. The fifth part analysis the causes that have great influence on the organization development of middle and small-sized enterprises, and how they work. The sixth part points out the organization development tendency of middle and small-sized enterprises. The seventh part verifies all above analysis by illustrating the reform of ShiJiaZhuang HongGuang Group.
There are some initiative points in this thesis. Firstly, according to the conclusion on present organization theories and the analysis on the specialty of middle and small-sized enterprises, this thesis sets up a new organization model made up of several relative elements for middle and small-sized enterprises. Secondly, the new model takes enterpriser into consideration. The thesis points out clearly enterprises as an element in organization and confirms its influence. Thirdly, based on the support chain theory and the modern knowledge economy, the thesis puts forward with a plan of the establishment of knowledge chain between enterprises. In knowledge chain, the organization is abstracted into technologic elements. Fourthly, by combining economics with management science, the thesis forecasts the organization development tendency of middle and small-sized enterprises. Fifthly, it poses a two-step theory on the network of enterprises, that is to say that flat and fiction periods are two steps in the networ
k development enterprises.
引文
[1][美]W·阿瑟·刘易斯著，梁小民译．经济增长理论[M]．上海人民出版社，1994
[2]卢现祥著．西方新制度经济学[M]．中国发展出版社，1996
[3]杨瑞龙主编．企业共同治理的经济学分析[M]．经济科学出版社，1996
[4]刘诗白主编．经营管理大系·管理组织卷[M]．上海人民出版社，1990
[5]钱平凡著．组织转型[M]．浙江人民出版社，1999
[6][美]艾尔弗雷德·D·钱德勒著．战略与结构[M]．云南人民出版社，2002
[7]袁春晓．供给链变迁与企业组织形式的演化[J]．管理世界，2002／3
[8]徐巍伟，陆一平．从组织变迁理论探讨国有企业改革[J]．西安交通大学学报，2001／12
[9]刘伟东，陈凤杰著．中小企业现代经营[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2002
[10]陈凤杰编著．中小企业创新[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2002
[11]姚小涛，席酉民著．环境变革中的企业与企业集团[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[12]理查德·L·达夫特著，李维安译．组织理论与设计精要[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[13]MBA必修核心课程编译组．管理创新[M]．中国国际广播出版社，2001
[14]迈克·波特著．竞争优势[M]．中国财政经济出版社，2000
[15]何诚颖，徐暮斌著．国有企业改革与战略性重组[M]．中国财政经济出版社，2000
[16]梁磊，王洪涛等著．企业集团发展模式与运行机制比较[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[17]赵增耀编著．企业集团治理[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[18]芮明杰．管理学[M]．上海人民出版社，1999
[19]苗东升．系统科学精要[M]．中国人民大学出版社，1998
[20]黎红秀．企业电子商务中的物流、资金流、信息流[J]，商务研究2000／10
[21]王树梅，王玲．中小企业信息化实践与思考[J]．企业活力，2002／4
[22]魏杰．企业制度安排[M]．中国发展出版社，2002
[23]张建忠．企业集团创新、蜕变与成长[M]．社会科学文献出版社，2000
[24]约瑟夫·熊彼特．经济发展理论(中译本)[M]．商务印书馆，1997
[25]蒋自强．当代西方经济学流派[M]．复旦大学出版社，1996
[26]郭晓君，王春和，张廷茂等著．知识经济与企业管理[M]．中国经济出版社，1998
[27][英]经济学家情报社，安达信咨询公司，IBM咨询公司著．未来组织设计[M]．新华出版社，2000
[28]沈青．企业战略联盟的价值思考[J]．北方经贸，2002／3
[29]盛小平．试论知识企业的界定[J]．现代情报，2000／5
[30] 陈永杰．知识企业与学习型组织[J]．企业经济，2001／3
[31] 约翰·B·库伦著，邱立成等译．多国管理战略要经[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[32] 汤齐．信息时代的企业组织形式：虚拟企业[J]．石家庄经济学院学报，2002／1
[33] 彼得·圣吉著，郭进隆译．第五项修炼[M]．上海三联书店，1998
[34] 唐·泰普斯科特，阿特·卡斯顿著，米克斯译．范式的转变—信息技术的前景[M]．东北财经大学出版社，1999
[35] 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯著．组织行为学[M]．中国人民大学出版社，1997
[36] 锁箭著．中小企业的国际比较[M]．中国社会科学出版社，2001
[37] Ron Ashkenes, Dave Ulriich, Todd Jick and Steve Kerr: 《The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organizational Structure》, Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers, 1997
[38] Greiner, E.Larry, 《Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow》, Harvard Business Review, July-August.
[39] Ron Ashkenas, Dave Ulrich, Todd Jick and Steve Kerr: 《The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organizational Structure》.Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers, 1997.
[2]卢现祥著．西方新制度经济学[M]．中国发展出版社，1996
[3]杨瑞龙主编．企业共同治理的经济学分析[M]．经济科学出版社，1996
[4]刘诗白主编．经营管理大系·管理组织卷[M]．上海人民出版社，1990
[5]钱平凡著．组织转型[M]．浙江人民出版社，1999
[6][美]艾尔弗雷德·D·钱德勒著．战略与结构[M]．云南人民出版社，2002
[7]袁春晓．供给链变迁与企业组织形式的演化[J]．管理世界，2002／3
[8]徐巍伟，陆一平．从组织变迁理论探讨国有企业改革[J]．西安交通大学学报，2001／12
[9]刘伟东，陈凤杰著．中小企业现代经营[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2002
[10]陈凤杰编著．中小企业创新[M]．东北财经大学出版社，2002
[11]姚小涛，席酉民著．环境变革中的企业与企业集团[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[12]理查德·L·达夫特著，李维安译．组织理论与设计精要[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[13]MBA必修核心课程编译组．管理创新[M]．中国国际广播出版社，2001
[14]迈克·波特著．竞争优势[M]．中国财政经济出版社，2000
[15]何诚颖，徐暮斌著．国有企业改革与战略性重组[M]．中国财政经济出版社，2000
[16]梁磊，王洪涛等著．企业集团发展模式与运行机制比较[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[17]赵增耀编著．企业集团治理[M]．机械工业出版社，2002
[18]芮明杰．管理学[M]．上海人民出版社，1999
[19]苗东升．系统科学精要[M]．中国人民大学出版社，1998
[20]黎红秀．企业电子商务中的物流、资金流、信息流[J]，商务研究2000／10
[21]王树梅，王玲．中小企业信息化实践与思考[J]．企业活力，2002／4
[22]魏杰．企业制度安排[M]．中国发展出版社，2002
[23]张建忠．企业集团创新、蜕变与成长[M]．社会科学文献出版社，2000
[24]约瑟夫·熊彼特．经济发展理论(中译本)[M]．商务印书馆，1997
[25]蒋自强．当代西方经济学流派[M]．复旦大学出版社，1996
[26]郭晓君，王春和，张廷茂等著．知识经济与企业管理[M]．中国经济出版社，1998
[27][英]经济学家情报社，安达信咨询公司，IBM咨询公司著．未来组织设计[M]．新华出版社，2000
[28]沈青．企业战略联盟的价值思考[J]．北方经贸，2002／3
[29]盛小平．试论知识企业的界定[J]．现代情报，2000／5
[30] 陈永杰．知识企业与学习型组织[J]．企业经济，2001／3
[31] 约翰·B·库伦著，邱立成等译．多国管理战略要经[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[32] 汤齐．信息时代的企业组织形式：虚拟企业[J]．石家庄经济学院学报，2002／1
[33] 彼得·圣吉著，郭进隆译．第五项修炼[M]．上海三联书店，1998
[34] 唐·泰普斯科特，阿特·卡斯顿著，米克斯译．范式的转变—信息技术的前景[M]．东北财经大学出版社，1999
[35] 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯著．组织行为学[M]．中国人民大学出版社，1997
[36] 锁箭著．中小企业的国际比较[M]．中国社会科学出版社，2001
[37] Ron Ashkenes, Dave Ulriich, Todd Jick and Steve Kerr: 《The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organizational Structure》, Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers, 1997
[38] Greiner, E.Larry, 《Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow》, Harvard Business Review, July-August.
[39] Ron Ashkenas, Dave Ulrich, Todd Jick and Steve Kerr: 《The Boundaryless Organization: Breaking the Chains of Organizational Structure》.Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers, 1997.