攀枝花钒钛矿区植被群落调查及植物金属含量分析研究
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摘要
土壤重金属污染因其难以根除、常年累积的特性而成为一类备受关注的环境问题,植物修复技术的出现给土壤污染治理带来了新的希望。而植物修复技术能得以应用的前提就是找到相应重金属的超富集植物或者耐性植物,这些植物大多存在于常年开采的矿床周围。本文通过野外实地调查、采样,结合室内分析的方法对四川攀枝花朱家包包钒钛矿区的植被群落组成及土壤特性进行了研究。通过对土壤基本理化性质、植物和土壤中重金属以及钛含量的测定分析,了解矿区土壤的基本理化性质和重金属污染状况,弄清了矿区的植被类型、群落组成及其优势植物种类,并探讨了植物与土壤金属含量间的关系,具体研究结果如下:
(1)由于矿区的长期开采,原生植被已经被破坏,无常绿阔叶林,取而代之的是灌木和草本,植被主要以人工栽种的油桐等人工次生林为主。植被总覆盖度约为40%,在矿区群落结构的分层中,乔木层以油桐为代表,灌木层主要是车桑子、马缨丹、戟叶酸模,草本层则以从毛羊胡子草为代表。本研究所调查的75种植物,分属22科52属,种类较多的是菊科22种,禾本科13种,豆科9种。矿区优势草本植物有紫茎泽兰、紫花香薷、从毛羊胡子草、戟叶蓼、糙野青茅、罗氏草、百日菊,优势灌木植物有车桑子、马桑、马缨丹以及乔木植物油桐。在某些地段植物单种优势度较高,如马鞭草、戟叶酸模、辣子草、小白酒草、狗尾草和狼牙草等。
(2)矿区土壤呈中性偏弱碱性,有机质含量普遍较高。土壤中Ti、Pb和Cd含量平均达到了17082 mg·kg~(-1)、4.97 mg·kg~(-1)、18401mg·kg~(-1),表现异常,Ti含量高与所在矿区矿种有关,Pb和Cd的含量都超过了土壤环境质量三级标准500mg·kg~(-1)和1mg·kg~(-1),说明矿区土壤受到铅、镉的严重污染。土壤中金属含量趋势表现为:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd。
(3)植物中各种金属含量大体表现为:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd,与调查区土壤中重金属含量的趋势一致。紫茎泽兰、青蒿、臭根子草、车桑子、紫花香薷、从毛羊胡子草、驳骨丹、马鞭草、芦竹、糙野青茅、猪屎豆和万寿菊等13种植物体地上部和地下部含Pb量都在10 mg·kg~(-1)以内,同时,紫茎泽兰、戟叶酸模、车桑子、从毛羊胡子草、马缨丹、罗氏草、糙野青茅、黑荆、狼牙草、毛臂形草、拐枣、荞麦、猪屎豆、苋和何首乌等15种植物地上部和地下部含Cd量都在0.1-0.5 mg·kg~(-1)之间,含量极低,初步筛选出这些长势优良的植物作为Pb和Cd的耐性品种进一步研究。
(4)植物地上部Zn、Cr的含量与土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量成极显著正相关,Pb含量与土壤中全氮和碱解氮含量呈显著正相关。植物地下部Cr含量与土壤中pH和速效磷呈显著正相关,Ti含量与土壤中的速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关。
植物地上部和地下部的Cr、Cu、Cd含量与相应土壤中Cr、Cu、Cd含量均呈极显著正相关,说明植物中这三种重金属含量与土壤相应重金属含量有必然联系。而植物中Pb、Zn、Ti含量与相应土壤中Pb、Zn、Ti含量的相关性不显著。
Soil contamination has become the focal point of environmental problems,for hard to extirpate and accumulating year by year.Therefore,phytoremediation-a new green technique was proposed.Hyperaccumulator or tolerant plants was the key to apply the technique to heavy metal contaminated soil,so the author investigated to screening out of such plant species.A survey was conducted on plant vegetation in Pan zhihua Ti-lead mine area,Sichuan Province,respectively in August,2007 and August,2008.By analyzing the soil properties and heavy metal concentrations in both collected plants and soil samples,the major results were revealed as followed:
(1)The original subtropical plants were destroyed due to the exploitation of mine, there is no evergreen broad-leaved forest,formed secondary bush and herbaceous land, the coverage of which was about 40%.And it is Vernicia fodii along the road.In plant vegetation,the representative plants were Vernicia fodii for arbor layer; Dodonaea viscose,Lantana camara,Rumex hastatus for brushwood layer; Eriophorum comosum for herbaceous layer.There were 75 kinds of plants which were mostly herbs,belonged to 22 families and 52 genuses.The dominant plant species included Eupatorium adenophorum、Elsholtzia argyi、Eriophorum comosum、Polygonum thunbergii、Deeuxia scabrescens、Rottbellia exaltata、Zinnia elegans、Polygonum multiflorum、Artemisia argyi、Bidens pilosa、Adenostemma lavenia、Crassocephalum crepidioides、Dodonaea viscose、Coriaria sinica、Lantana camara、Vernicia fodii,and Verbena officinalis、Rumex hastatus、Galinsoga parviflora、Conyza Canadensis、Setaria viridis、Indigofera pseudotinctoria in some special places.
(2) The mine soil was slightly acali,and the contents of organic matter were quite high in common.Soil there was higly contaminated by Pb、Ti、Cd.The heavy metal concentrations in soils were in an order of:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd.
(3) The tendency of heavy metal concentrations in plants is:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd,which is the same as the concentrations in soil communities.Of these plants, We got 13 kinds of plants which only absorb few Pb and 15 kinds which absorb few Cd,and,we defound these plants be ecosystem revegetation types,such as Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng and Rumex hastatus D.Don etc.
(4) The correlation analyses between heavy metal concentrations of soils and plants suggested that there was certain relationship between Cr、Zn concentrations in plant communities and value of CEC、TN、AN、AP、AKin soil,between Pb and TN andAN,Cr and pH、AP,Ti and AP、AK.Additionally,there were certain positive correlations between heavy metal concentrations in plants and associated soils,such as Cu、Cd、Cr.
(1)由于矿区的长期开采,原生植被已经被破坏,无常绿阔叶林,取而代之的是灌木和草本,植被主要以人工栽种的油桐等人工次生林为主。植被总覆盖度约为40%,在矿区群落结构的分层中,乔木层以油桐为代表,灌木层主要是车桑子、马缨丹、戟叶酸模,草本层则以从毛羊胡子草为代表。本研究所调查的75种植物,分属22科52属,种类较多的是菊科22种,禾本科13种,豆科9种。矿区优势草本植物有紫茎泽兰、紫花香薷、从毛羊胡子草、戟叶蓼、糙野青茅、罗氏草、百日菊,优势灌木植物有车桑子、马桑、马缨丹以及乔木植物油桐。在某些地段植物单种优势度较高,如马鞭草、戟叶酸模、辣子草、小白酒草、狗尾草和狼牙草等。
(2)矿区土壤呈中性偏弱碱性,有机质含量普遍较高。土壤中Ti、Pb和Cd含量平均达到了17082 mg·kg~(-1)、4.97 mg·kg~(-1)、18401mg·kg~(-1),表现异常,Ti含量高与所在矿区矿种有关,Pb和Cd的含量都超过了土壤环境质量三级标准500mg·kg~(-1)和1mg·kg~(-1),说明矿区土壤受到铅、镉的严重污染。土壤中金属含量趋势表现为:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd。
(3)植物中各种金属含量大体表现为:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd,与调查区土壤中重金属含量的趋势一致。紫茎泽兰、青蒿、臭根子草、车桑子、紫花香薷、从毛羊胡子草、驳骨丹、马鞭草、芦竹、糙野青茅、猪屎豆和万寿菊等13种植物体地上部和地下部含Pb量都在10 mg·kg~(-1)以内,同时,紫茎泽兰、戟叶酸模、车桑子、从毛羊胡子草、马缨丹、罗氏草、糙野青茅、黑荆、狼牙草、毛臂形草、拐枣、荞麦、猪屎豆、苋和何首乌等15种植物地上部和地下部含Cd量都在0.1-0.5 mg·kg~(-1)之间,含量极低,初步筛选出这些长势优良的植物作为Pb和Cd的耐性品种进一步研究。
(4)植物地上部Zn、Cr的含量与土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量成极显著正相关,Pb含量与土壤中全氮和碱解氮含量呈显著正相关。植物地下部Cr含量与土壤中pH和速效磷呈显著正相关,Ti含量与土壤中的速效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关。
植物地上部和地下部的Cr、Cu、Cd含量与相应土壤中Cr、Cu、Cd含量均呈极显著正相关,说明植物中这三种重金属含量与土壤相应重金属含量有必然联系。而植物中Pb、Zn、Ti含量与相应土壤中Pb、Zn、Ti含量的相关性不显著。
Soil contamination has become the focal point of environmental problems,for hard to extirpate and accumulating year by year.Therefore,phytoremediation-a new green technique was proposed.Hyperaccumulator or tolerant plants was the key to apply the technique to heavy metal contaminated soil,so the author investigated to screening out of such plant species.A survey was conducted on plant vegetation in Pan zhihua Ti-lead mine area,Sichuan Province,respectively in August,2007 and August,2008.By analyzing the soil properties and heavy metal concentrations in both collected plants and soil samples,the major results were revealed as followed:
(1)The original subtropical plants were destroyed due to the exploitation of mine, there is no evergreen broad-leaved forest,formed secondary bush and herbaceous land, the coverage of which was about 40%.And it is Vernicia fodii along the road.In plant vegetation,the representative plants were Vernicia fodii for arbor layer; Dodonaea viscose,Lantana camara,Rumex hastatus for brushwood layer; Eriophorum comosum for herbaceous layer.There were 75 kinds of plants which were mostly herbs,belonged to 22 families and 52 genuses.The dominant plant species included Eupatorium adenophorum、Elsholtzia argyi、Eriophorum comosum、Polygonum thunbergii、Deeuxia scabrescens、Rottbellia exaltata、Zinnia elegans、Polygonum multiflorum、Artemisia argyi、Bidens pilosa、Adenostemma lavenia、Crassocephalum crepidioides、Dodonaea viscose、Coriaria sinica、Lantana camara、Vernicia fodii,and Verbena officinalis、Rumex hastatus、Galinsoga parviflora、Conyza Canadensis、Setaria viridis、Indigofera pseudotinctoria in some special places.
(2) The mine soil was slightly acali,and the contents of organic matter were quite high in common.Soil there was higly contaminated by Pb、Ti、Cd.The heavy metal concentrations in soils were in an order of:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd.
(3) The tendency of heavy metal concentrations in plants is:Pb＞Ti＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Cd,which is the same as the concentrations in soil communities.Of these plants, We got 13 kinds of plants which only absorb few Pb and 15 kinds which absorb few Cd,and,we defound these plants be ecosystem revegetation types,such as Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng and Rumex hastatus D.Don etc.
(4) The correlation analyses between heavy metal concentrations of soils and plants suggested that there was certain relationship between Cr、Zn concentrations in plant communities and value of CEC、TN、AN、AP、AKin soil,between Pb and TN andAN,Cr and pH、AP,Ti and AP、AK.Additionally,there were certain positive correlations between heavy metal concentrations in plants and associated soils,such as Cu、Cd、Cr.
引文
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