cdma2000 1xEV-DO系统中的服务质量研究
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摘要
cdma2000 1xEV-DO是已经实现大规模商用的后三代移动通信系统,作为互联网的无线延伸,它的核心网络呈现出与IP技术紧密结合并逐步向全IP网络演进的发展趋势,它具有广域大范围覆盖的优势,不仅能够提供高速数据传输服务,而且,网络中运营的多媒体服务的种类也在逐渐增多,随之而来的服务质量问题自然成为人们研究的热点。围绕在cdma2000 1xEV-DO系统中提供服务质量保证这个中心议题,论文分别就cdma2000系统内的QoS模型与实现架构、1xEV-DO系统前向的分组发送调度、分组的缓存管理、呼叫的接纳控制以及业务的端到端性能分析五个方面进行了深入分析和讨论。
针对数据业务上下行流量的不对称和对实时性要求不高的特征,1xEV-DO系统对前向进行了全新的设计,采用了共享业务信道的时分复用方式,在每个时隙以最大的发射功率向选定的单个用户传输数据,并通过“机会主义”调度算法实现了系统吞吐量的提高。然而,信道的共享带来了与传统CDMA网络截然不同的前向调度、用户分组的缓存和接入控制等研究课题,论文针对这些问题展开了研究。
依据国际移动通信标准化组织定义的四个业务类别：会话级、流级、交互级和背景级,为实现多种类型分组的统一调度,先后提出了支持多类别业务统一调度的算法(MCSS)和分层的混合调度策略(LHS)。MCSS采用模糊决策中的综合评判处理方法,对不同业务类别就多个QoS指标的要求进行量化,将其转换为加权向量,再就各分组数据流在调度过程中满足各个QoS指标要求的程度分别进行量化,然后,依据数据流所属的业务类别,对数据流的传输满足各个QoS指标要求的量化结果进行加权求和并排序,最后根据排序结果做出调度决策。
LHS先将传输时隙按预定比例分配给各个数据类,而每个类的业务分组都有相近的传输需求,以此方法实现了为各类业务分配约定比例的传输资源,同时也简化了各类业务内部的分组发送调度；在LHS的第二层,每个类依据所承载的业务的传输特性分别选用合适的调度算法,完成时隙的按用户分配。
对于用户分组的缓存管理问题,讨论了系统前向缓存设置的方式和大小,以及缓存分组的丢弃,重点说明了为缓解系统前向的拥塞,而要实施的分组丢弃的方式以及无线网络中分组丢弃的特殊性。然后,利用丢弃不同用户的分组对缓解无线网络拥塞的作用不相等的这个特性,提出了一种无线共享信道下的区分拥塞程度的自适应分组丢弃策略(ACWPDS)。ACWPDS将无线网络的拥塞程度分为：轻微、中等、严重三个阶段,相应地采取不同的处理机制来决定用户分组的丢弃。
1xEV-DO系统前向是数据容量受限的,系统拥塞与否及拥塞的程度对呼叫接入有着很大的影响,基于对这一特性的分析,提出了一种基于带宽分配的多业务接纳控制策略(TMSAC)。当系统发生严重拥塞时,TMSAC拒绝接入所有的呼叫;而在系统发生中等程度的拥塞时,如果新呼叫所隶属的业务类型的数据流在系统中的传输性能已经恶化,TMSAC就拒绝接入此类呼叫：而对于未发生拥塞和轻微程度的拥塞这两种情况,TMSAC根据系统当前的容量限制和预定的带宽分配比例来决定是否接入新的呼叫。
最后,从评价网络中业务的性能的研究角度出发,提出了一种用于流媒体业务性能评价的端到端QoS分析方法。该方法按照协议栈实现过程中的自底向上的顺序,逐层地分析业务数据从物理层到应用层的、在传输性能上的累积恶化,能够方便地分析影响应用端业务性能的三个QoS指标：差错率、传输速率和时延,结合计算机仿真就能够半定量化地说明不同协议层在QoS保证方面存在的差异。
Cdma2000 1xEV-DO has been successfully put into commercial use in a large scale as a Beyond 3G technology, and its core network is evolving to all IP infrastructure gradually as a means of wireless access to the Internet. With the advantage of wide deployment, it not only provides high speed data transmission service, but also the number of the multimedia services run in its network is increasing. Consequently, the incidental challenges in Quality of Service (QoS) become the hotspots of research. This paper deeply analyzes and discusses the five issues in providing the QoS guarantees in the cdma2000 1xEV-DO system, which are the model and infrastructure of providing QoS, the packet scheduling, queue management, call admission control in the forward shared link and the end-to-end performance evaluation of a certain service in the system.
Many data services are not sensitive to transmission delay, and their throughputs of the uplink and the downlink are unequal. So the traffic channel in the newly designed forward link of the cdma2000 1xEV-DO is time-multiplexed by all users in the system, and the traffic channel is transmitted to a targeted user with the maximum power of base station at any timeslot. Though it achieves great improvement of data throughput via opportunistic scheduling algorithms, being distinct from the traditional CDMA mobile networks, the shared using of traffic channel brings several problems, which include forward packet scheduling, queue management and call admissions control.
This paper is addressed itself to the above issues, and proposes two schemes to simultaneously schedule data packets of the multi-class services. The two schemes are the Multi-Class Simultaneous Scheduling (MCSS) and the Layered Hybrid Scheduling (LHS), and they are all built on the base of the analysis of QoS requirements of the four service classes defined by the international mobile communications standard groups, which are the conversional, the streaming, the interactive and the background. MCSS firstly figures out the relative weight vectors for each of the four service classes via the integration evaluation of fuzzy decision mathematics, and it adopts different approaches to quantify the users' degrees of meeting their individual requirements on QoS attributes in the process of packet transmission. It subsequently gets the weighted sums of the quantified results for every user in the system, and finally makes scheduling decision according to the ranking of the weighted sums.
In the LHS's first layer, it allots time slots in the prescribed ratios corresponding to the different traffic classes, because every traffic class has approximate transmission demand, LHS simplifies the packet scheduling belonging to the same traffic class. Then LHS chooses an appropriate scheduling algorithm for every class according to their individual QoS demands in its second layer, the selected algorithms are used to fulfill the allocations of timeslots among users belonging to the same traffic class.
As of queue management, this paper analyzes the mode and size of queue in the forward link, along with packet discarding, then mainly explains the manner and the distinctions of packet discarding in order to mitigate the congestion in the forward link. Since discarding different users'packet achieves unequal gains of alleviating congestion, this paper proposes an Adaptive Congestion sensitive Wireless Packet Discarding Scheme (ACWPDS). ACWPDS divides the wireless congestion into three different grades, which are the slight, the middle and the severe, then adopts the corresponding mechanisms to decide how to discard users' packet.
Data throughput is limited in the forward link of the 1xEV-DO system, and the degree of the congestion in its forward link exerts great influence on the call admission. Using the above property this paper proposes a Throughput allocation based Multi-class Services Admission Control scheme (TMSAC). TMSAC rejects all new arriving call when severe congestion occurs; when middle congestion happens, TMSAC rejects the new call if the data transmission of the corresponding service class deteriorates; if no congestion exits, or the congestion is slight, TMSAC decides the call admission based on the limit of the overall throughput and throughput allocation ratios.
To evaluate the performance of a service in the networks, this paper lastly proposes an end-to-end QoS analytic method for the streaming media using a bottom-up approach, which is applicable to analyze the cumulative performance degradation along the service architecture from the physical layer to the application layer. By means of both mathematic analysis and computer simulations, three QoS attributes affecting the performance of the service are evaluated, which are the delay, throughput and loss rate, and the diversities in providing QoS among different protocol layers can be revealed.
针对数据业务上下行流量的不对称和对实时性要求不高的特征,1xEV-DO系统对前向进行了全新的设计,采用了共享业务信道的时分复用方式,在每个时隙以最大的发射功率向选定的单个用户传输数据,并通过“机会主义”调度算法实现了系统吞吐量的提高。然而,信道的共享带来了与传统CDMA网络截然不同的前向调度、用户分组的缓存和接入控制等研究课题,论文针对这些问题展开了研究。
依据国际移动通信标准化组织定义的四个业务类别：会话级、流级、交互级和背景级,为实现多种类型分组的统一调度,先后提出了支持多类别业务统一调度的算法(MCSS)和分层的混合调度策略(LHS)。MCSS采用模糊决策中的综合评判处理方法,对不同业务类别就多个QoS指标的要求进行量化,将其转换为加权向量,再就各分组数据流在调度过程中满足各个QoS指标要求的程度分别进行量化,然后,依据数据流所属的业务类别,对数据流的传输满足各个QoS指标要求的量化结果进行加权求和并排序,最后根据排序结果做出调度决策。
LHS先将传输时隙按预定比例分配给各个数据类,而每个类的业务分组都有相近的传输需求,以此方法实现了为各类业务分配约定比例的传输资源,同时也简化了各类业务内部的分组发送调度；在LHS的第二层,每个类依据所承载的业务的传输特性分别选用合适的调度算法,完成时隙的按用户分配。
对于用户分组的缓存管理问题,讨论了系统前向缓存设置的方式和大小,以及缓存分组的丢弃,重点说明了为缓解系统前向的拥塞,而要实施的分组丢弃的方式以及无线网络中分组丢弃的特殊性。然后,利用丢弃不同用户的分组对缓解无线网络拥塞的作用不相等的这个特性,提出了一种无线共享信道下的区分拥塞程度的自适应分组丢弃策略(ACWPDS)。ACWPDS将无线网络的拥塞程度分为：轻微、中等、严重三个阶段,相应地采取不同的处理机制来决定用户分组的丢弃。
1xEV-DO系统前向是数据容量受限的,系统拥塞与否及拥塞的程度对呼叫接入有着很大的影响,基于对这一特性的分析,提出了一种基于带宽分配的多业务接纳控制策略(TMSAC)。当系统发生严重拥塞时,TMSAC拒绝接入所有的呼叫;而在系统发生中等程度的拥塞时,如果新呼叫所隶属的业务类型的数据流在系统中的传输性能已经恶化,TMSAC就拒绝接入此类呼叫：而对于未发生拥塞和轻微程度的拥塞这两种情况,TMSAC根据系统当前的容量限制和预定的带宽分配比例来决定是否接入新的呼叫。
最后,从评价网络中业务的性能的研究角度出发,提出了一种用于流媒体业务性能评价的端到端QoS分析方法。该方法按照协议栈实现过程中的自底向上的顺序,逐层地分析业务数据从物理层到应用层的、在传输性能上的累积恶化,能够方便地分析影响应用端业务性能的三个QoS指标：差错率、传输速率和时延,结合计算机仿真就能够半定量化地说明不同协议层在QoS保证方面存在的差异。
Cdma2000 1xEV-DO has been successfully put into commercial use in a large scale as a Beyond 3G technology, and its core network is evolving to all IP infrastructure gradually as a means of wireless access to the Internet. With the advantage of wide deployment, it not only provides high speed data transmission service, but also the number of the multimedia services run in its network is increasing. Consequently, the incidental challenges in Quality of Service (QoS) become the hotspots of research. This paper deeply analyzes and discusses the five issues in providing the QoS guarantees in the cdma2000 1xEV-DO system, which are the model and infrastructure of providing QoS, the packet scheduling, queue management, call admission control in the forward shared link and the end-to-end performance evaluation of a certain service in the system.
Many data services are not sensitive to transmission delay, and their throughputs of the uplink and the downlink are unequal. So the traffic channel in the newly designed forward link of the cdma2000 1xEV-DO is time-multiplexed by all users in the system, and the traffic channel is transmitted to a targeted user with the maximum power of base station at any timeslot. Though it achieves great improvement of data throughput via opportunistic scheduling algorithms, being distinct from the traditional CDMA mobile networks, the shared using of traffic channel brings several problems, which include forward packet scheduling, queue management and call admissions control.
This paper is addressed itself to the above issues, and proposes two schemes to simultaneously schedule data packets of the multi-class services. The two schemes are the Multi-Class Simultaneous Scheduling (MCSS) and the Layered Hybrid Scheduling (LHS), and they are all built on the base of the analysis of QoS requirements of the four service classes defined by the international mobile communications standard groups, which are the conversional, the streaming, the interactive and the background. MCSS firstly figures out the relative weight vectors for each of the four service classes via the integration evaluation of fuzzy decision mathematics, and it adopts different approaches to quantify the users' degrees of meeting their individual requirements on QoS attributes in the process of packet transmission. It subsequently gets the weighted sums of the quantified results for every user in the system, and finally makes scheduling decision according to the ranking of the weighted sums.
In the LHS's first layer, it allots time slots in the prescribed ratios corresponding to the different traffic classes, because every traffic class has approximate transmission demand, LHS simplifies the packet scheduling belonging to the same traffic class. Then LHS chooses an appropriate scheduling algorithm for every class according to their individual QoS demands in its second layer, the selected algorithms are used to fulfill the allocations of timeslots among users belonging to the same traffic class.
As of queue management, this paper analyzes the mode and size of queue in the forward link, along with packet discarding, then mainly explains the manner and the distinctions of packet discarding in order to mitigate the congestion in the forward link. Since discarding different users'packet achieves unequal gains of alleviating congestion, this paper proposes an Adaptive Congestion sensitive Wireless Packet Discarding Scheme (ACWPDS). ACWPDS divides the wireless congestion into three different grades, which are the slight, the middle and the severe, then adopts the corresponding mechanisms to decide how to discard users' packet.
Data throughput is limited in the forward link of the 1xEV-DO system, and the degree of the congestion in its forward link exerts great influence on the call admission. Using the above property this paper proposes a Throughput allocation based Multi-class Services Admission Control scheme (TMSAC). TMSAC rejects all new arriving call when severe congestion occurs; when middle congestion happens, TMSAC rejects the new call if the data transmission of the corresponding service class deteriorates; if no congestion exits, or the congestion is slight, TMSAC decides the call admission based on the limit of the overall throughput and throughput allocation ratios.
To evaluate the performance of a service in the networks, this paper lastly proposes an end-to-end QoS analytic method for the streaming media using a bottom-up approach, which is applicable to analyze the cumulative performance degradation along the service architecture from the physical layer to the application layer. By means of both mathematic analysis and computer simulations, three QoS attributes affecting the performance of the service are evaluated, which are the delay, throughput and loss rate, and the diversities in providing QoS among different protocol layers can be revealed.
引文
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