施氮对棉花养分吸收规律及产量品质影响的研究
摘要
试验研究不同氮肥施用量对棉株氮、磷、钾养分吸收规律,以及探索北疆适宜的施氮量、为提高氮肥利用效率,建立北疆棉花高效施用氮肥技术提供实践经验和科学依据。研究表明,棉花干物质积累量前期积累少且慢、中期增多且加快、后期缓慢增加的趋势。运用Logistic方程拟合不同施氮处理的干物质积累动态,干物质积累的最大时刻t0约出现在播种后的85d～94d,合理的施氮可以较长的延长干物质积累的旺盛期,促进棉花经济产量的形成。
适量施氮可以增加棉花对氮、磷、钾的吸收量,促进养分在棉花体内的物质合成与运转。棉花的整个生育过程中,对氮的吸收旺盛期集中在播种后的54d～114d、磷的在57d～112d、钾的在44d～89d。在各处理中,N2处理氮、磷、钾积累旺盛期最长,分别可达56d、55d、43d,比其它各处理延长了5d～17d、2d～10d、2～15d,表明适宜施氮促进磷、钾旺盛期延长,为棉花的高产提供了必备的养分。N2处理的氮素积累旺盛期在播种后的第54d开始、氮素积累最大时刻在播种后的第82d。因此,追施氮肥的最佳时期是播种后的第54d和第82d。
不施氮肥或施氮肥较少的棉株养分积累量最低,而较低的养分积累量不利于棉花产量的形成,获得的皮棉产量分别仅为1061.31kg/hm2、1280.59kg/hm2;在每公顷施氮量为300kg的中等水平可以显著提高棉株体内的养分积累量,使氮、磷、钾的吸收量达到最高,分别为319.70kg/hm2、189.58kg/hm2和213.27kg/hm2,并获得最高的产量1355.40kg/hm2。科学的确定了棉田经济施氮量为320.46kg/hm2。
施氮改善了棉花的纤维品质,其中纤维长度、整齐度、强度和可纺系数值均增加,增加到一定的程度又减小,各处理间的纤维长度和整齐度差异性显著,特别是N2、N5处理与其它各处理存在极显著差异。而对成熟度、马克隆值、短绒指数影响不大。结果表明,施氮可提高棉花可纺系数。施氮会明显改善棉花的纤维品质。
150kg/hm2低施氮的农学利用率最高为1.46kg/kg,有利于提高经济产量,300kg/hm2中等施氮的表观利用率、偏生产力最高,分别为11.23%、8.54kg/kg,有利于氮素的吸收。农民常规施肥的氮素表观利用率、偏生产力、农学利用率均比300kg/hm2中等施氮低,但施氮量却多了20.78kg/hm2。在收益方面,300kg/hm2中等施氮比农民常规施氮增产皮棉185.41kg/hm2,增加收益2607.63元/hm2。可见,适量施氮可以减少成本,获得较高收益。
The experiment study on different amount nitrogen fertilizer effects plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient absorption, as well as explored appropriate nitrogen application rate the northern of Xinjiang, in order to improve used efficiency of nitrogen, establish technology of efficient Nitrogen in cotton, provide practical experience and scientific basis of the northern of Xinjiang.
Studies have showed that dry matter accumulation of cotton were short and slow in the growth of perhaps, it increased fast in the medium-term and slowly increased in the latter. It used Logistic equation to fit dry matter accumulation of different nitrogen, the greatest moment of dry matter accumulation appeared about after 85d~94d of planting, Executed reasonable nitrogen can reasonable extended period of dry matter accumulation of the strong period, it promoted the formation of economic output of cotton. Executed reasonable nitrogen can increase the amount of nitrogen、phosphorus、and potassium uptake and promote nutrient substances that synthesized and operated in the body of cotton. in the entire reproductive process of cotton, a strong period of absorption nitrogen on the sowing period after 54d~114d, phosphorus after 57d~112d, potassium after 44d~89d.In the process, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the strong period accumulation of N2 processing is the longest, respectively, up to 56d、55d、43d, than others extended 5d~17d, 2d~10d, 2d~15d, it shows that appropriate execute nitrogen promoted strong period to extend of phosphorus、potassium, it provided essential nutrients for the high-yielding cotton. Strong period of accumulation nitrogen of N2 processing in the 54d after sowing, the greatest moment of nitrogen accumulation in the 82d after sowing. Therefore, the best nitrogen topdressing in the 54d and 82d after sowing period.
Plant nutrient accumulation of no or less nitrogen fertilizer are lowest, while the lower amount of nutrient accumulation is not conducive to the formation of cotton production, obtained lint yield were only 1061.31kg/hm2, 1280.59kg/hm2; it executed higher nitrogen to the cotton, the body of plant can not get higher accumulation of nutrients. the amount of the nitrogen was 300kg /hm2 can significantly improve nutrient accumulation in the planting body, so that the amount of taking up nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was the highest, respectively 319.70kg/hm2, 189.58kg/hm2 and 213.27kg/hm2, and the highest production was 1355.40kg/hm2. Science to determine the economic nitrogen application rate was 320.46kg/hm2 in Cotton fields.
Executing nitrogen improve the quality of cotton fiber, which fiber length, uniformity, strength and spin ability were increased, to a certain extent, it reduced, the fiber length and the uniformity was significantly higher between the treatments, especially N2、N5 existed more significant difference than others. Or litter effected on maturity, micron air value, short fiber index. The results showed that nitrogen increased efficient of cotton spinning. Exciting nitrogen will be improve fiber quality of cotton.
The agriculture efficiency of the lowest executed nitrogen of 150kg/hm2 was 1.46kg/kg that it was highest. It enhanced economic out put. The apparent utilization and the partial productivity of moderately executed nitrogen is highest. They were 11.23%、8.54kg/kg, it enhance absorption of nitrogen. The agricultural efficiency of nitrogen, the apparent utilization and the partial productivity of farmers executed nitrogen was lowest than moderate executed nitrogen, but the a mount of nitrogen was 20.78kg/hm2 more than moderately executed nitrogen. In the aspect of profit, the lint yield of the moderately executed nitrogen of 300kg/hm2 was 185.4kg/hm2, it was more than conventional fertilization, it was more than conventional fertilization. It increased profit of 2607.63 yuan/hm2. So appropriate executed nitrogen may be reduce cost, receive a higher income.
适量施氮可以增加棉花对氮、磷、钾的吸收量,促进养分在棉花体内的物质合成与运转。棉花的整个生育过程中,对氮的吸收旺盛期集中在播种后的54d～114d、磷的在57d～112d、钾的在44d～89d。在各处理中,N2处理氮、磷、钾积累旺盛期最长,分别可达56d、55d、43d,比其它各处理延长了5d～17d、2d～10d、2～15d,表明适宜施氮促进磷、钾旺盛期延长,为棉花的高产提供了必备的养分。N2处理的氮素积累旺盛期在播种后的第54d开始、氮素积累最大时刻在播种后的第82d。因此,追施氮肥的最佳时期是播种后的第54d和第82d。
不施氮肥或施氮肥较少的棉株养分积累量最低,而较低的养分积累量不利于棉花产量的形成,获得的皮棉产量分别仅为1061.31kg/hm2、1280.59kg/hm2;在每公顷施氮量为300kg的中等水平可以显著提高棉株体内的养分积累量,使氮、磷、钾的吸收量达到最高,分别为319.70kg/hm2、189.58kg/hm2和213.27kg/hm2,并获得最高的产量1355.40kg/hm2。科学的确定了棉田经济施氮量为320.46kg/hm2。
施氮改善了棉花的纤维品质,其中纤维长度、整齐度、强度和可纺系数值均增加,增加到一定的程度又减小,各处理间的纤维长度和整齐度差异性显著,特别是N2、N5处理与其它各处理存在极显著差异。而对成熟度、马克隆值、短绒指数影响不大。结果表明,施氮可提高棉花可纺系数。施氮会明显改善棉花的纤维品质。
150kg/hm2低施氮的农学利用率最高为1.46kg/kg,有利于提高经济产量,300kg/hm2中等施氮的表观利用率、偏生产力最高,分别为11.23%、8.54kg/kg,有利于氮素的吸收。农民常规施肥的氮素表观利用率、偏生产力、农学利用率均比300kg/hm2中等施氮低,但施氮量却多了20.78kg/hm2。在收益方面,300kg/hm2中等施氮比农民常规施氮增产皮棉185.41kg/hm2,增加收益2607.63元/hm2。可见,适量施氮可以减少成本,获得较高收益。
The experiment study on different amount nitrogen fertilizer effects plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient absorption, as well as explored appropriate nitrogen application rate the northern of Xinjiang, in order to improve used efficiency of nitrogen, establish technology of efficient Nitrogen in cotton, provide practical experience and scientific basis of the northern of Xinjiang.
Studies have showed that dry matter accumulation of cotton were short and slow in the growth of perhaps, it increased fast in the medium-term and slowly increased in the latter. It used Logistic equation to fit dry matter accumulation of different nitrogen, the greatest moment of dry matter accumulation appeared about after 85d~94d of planting, Executed reasonable nitrogen can reasonable extended period of dry matter accumulation of the strong period, it promoted the formation of economic output of cotton. Executed reasonable nitrogen can increase the amount of nitrogen、phosphorus、and potassium uptake and promote nutrient substances that synthesized and operated in the body of cotton. in the entire reproductive process of cotton, a strong period of absorption nitrogen on the sowing period after 54d~114d, phosphorus after 57d~112d, potassium after 44d~89d.In the process, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the strong period accumulation of N2 processing is the longest, respectively, up to 56d、55d、43d, than others extended 5d~17d, 2d~10d, 2d~15d, it shows that appropriate execute nitrogen promoted strong period to extend of phosphorus、potassium, it provided essential nutrients for the high-yielding cotton. Strong period of accumulation nitrogen of N2 processing in the 54d after sowing, the greatest moment of nitrogen accumulation in the 82d after sowing. Therefore, the best nitrogen topdressing in the 54d and 82d after sowing period.
Plant nutrient accumulation of no or less nitrogen fertilizer are lowest, while the lower amount of nutrient accumulation is not conducive to the formation of cotton production, obtained lint yield were only 1061.31kg/hm2, 1280.59kg/hm2; it executed higher nitrogen to the cotton, the body of plant can not get higher accumulation of nutrients. the amount of the nitrogen was 300kg /hm2 can significantly improve nutrient accumulation in the planting body, so that the amount of taking up nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was the highest, respectively 319.70kg/hm2, 189.58kg/hm2 and 213.27kg/hm2, and the highest production was 1355.40kg/hm2. Science to determine the economic nitrogen application rate was 320.46kg/hm2 in Cotton fields.
Executing nitrogen improve the quality of cotton fiber, which fiber length, uniformity, strength and spin ability were increased, to a certain extent, it reduced, the fiber length and the uniformity was significantly higher between the treatments, especially N2、N5 existed more significant difference than others. Or litter effected on maturity, micron air value, short fiber index. The results showed that nitrogen increased efficient of cotton spinning. Exciting nitrogen will be improve fiber quality of cotton.
The agriculture efficiency of the lowest executed nitrogen of 150kg/hm2 was 1.46kg/kg that it was highest. It enhanced economic out put. The apparent utilization and the partial productivity of moderately executed nitrogen is highest. They were 11.23%、8.54kg/kg, it enhance absorption of nitrogen. The agricultural efficiency of nitrogen, the apparent utilization and the partial productivity of farmers executed nitrogen was lowest than moderate executed nitrogen, but the a mount of nitrogen was 20.78kg/hm2 more than moderately executed nitrogen. In the aspect of profit, the lint yield of the moderately executed nitrogen of 300kg/hm2 was 185.4kg/hm2, it was more than conventional fertilization, it was more than conventional fertilization. It increased profit of 2607.63 yuan/hm2. So appropriate executed nitrogen may be reduce cost, receive a higher income.
引文
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