高产粮区不同施肥模式下农田氮素损失途径及水氮利用效率分析
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摘要
本研究以农业面源污染风险极高的华北高产粮区为对象,将田间定位观测与农田水氮管理模型(WNMM)相结合,系统研究了6种施肥模式下玉米-小麦轮作体系土壤中化肥氮素的去向、农田水氮的运移规律及其生态环境效应,归纳分析了农田氮素损失的途径,最终确定了较优的氮肥管理方案。主要研究结果如下:
玉米季籽粒产量最高为CRF处理,达到8632 kg hm~(-2),其他依次为OPT处理>CRFM处理>FP处理>OPTM处理,小麦季籽粒产量最高为CRFM处理,达到6369 kg hm~(-2),其他依次为OPT处理>FP处理>OPTM处理>CRF处理,优化施肥和缓控释肥呈现出一定的增产效果,方差分析结果显示5个施氮处理间作物籽粒产量无显著差异。
与2009年初始土壤剖面储水量相比,2010年收获期各处理土体储水量均有所下降。各施肥处理下土体储水量有一定区别,但降低幅度基本一致。
除CRFM处理外,各处理均表现为氮亏损。2009年玉米季收获时各施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮累积量较2009年播种前降低,FP处理NO_3~--N累积在70-160cm,集中分布在120-140cm土层,并且累积量居首位;OPT和OPTM处理NO_3~--N累积在100-160cm土层,集中分布在110-130cm土层;CRFM和CRF处理NO_3~--N累积在60-180cm土层,且在各土层分布较均匀。小麦季OPT、OPTM和CRF处理土壤各层NO_3~--N累积量都降低到10kg hm~(-2)以下,相比于FP处理,0-180cm土层NO_3~--N累积量分别降低35%、59%和70%。水氮管理模型(WNMM)的校验结果表明:土壤水分、土壤剖面硝态氮浓度和作物生物学指标的模拟值与实测值比较吻合,结果令人满意,表明应用模型分析土壤水分动态及氮素去向是可行的。
模型模拟结果:玉米季水分损失主要途径是蒸散和渗漏,各处理蒸散量基本一致,OPT处理水分渗漏量最少;5个施肥处理的氮素淋失量占施肥量的比例范围为6%-18%,其中OPT处理氮素淋失量最少;5个施氮处理的氨挥发量占施肥量的比例范围为5%-34%,其中CRF处理氨挥发量最少。小麦季的主要途径是蒸散,各处理的蒸散量基本一致,5个施氮处理的氨挥发量占施肥量的比例范围为7%-16%。2009-2010年农田氮素总损失量依次为FP>OPT>OPTM>CRFM>CRF>CK.
旱地农田氮素损失的主要途径是硝态氮淋失和氨挥发损失。优化的氮肥管理可以显著减少氮素淋失,控释肥可以有效减少农田氨挥发。因此,在保证作物产量的前提下,综合考虑农学效应和环境效应,最终确定优化施肥处理和缓控释肥处理为5个施氮处理中的较优方案。
Using field experiment combined water and nitrogen (N) management model (WNMM), the nitrogen loss, the eco-environmental effect, the soil water and nitrogen behaviors under six kinds of nitrogen fertilizer management practices in high yield production area of Huantai County in Shandong province were systematically studied. The objectives of the paper were to evaluate the agronomic and environmental effects under different management practices and to determine the optimal N management practice. The main results are as follows: The yield for CRF was 8632 kg hm~(-2) and was the highest in the maize growth season .The order of the yield under the other treatments was following as: OPT >CRFM >FP >OPTM. The yield for CRFM was 6369 kg hm~(-2) and was the highest in the wheat growth season .The order of the yield under the other treatments was following as: OPT >FP >OPTM >CRF. The OPT and CRT treatments both could increase grain yield, and the difference among the six fertilizer treatments was not significant.
Soil water storage of in 1.8 m-soil profile on the end of the wheat growth season was lower than that on the beginning of the maize growth season. The difference among different fertilizer treatments was not significant.
The accumulative nitrate in 1.8 m-soil profile after wheat harvest in 2010 was lower than that of before maize sowing in 2009, except for CRFM. During the maize growth season, the substantial amount of NO_3~--N under FP accumulated in soil layer of 70cm to 160cm, especially 120-140cm; the amount of NO_3~--N under OPT and OPTM accumulated in soil layer of 100cm to 160cm, especially 110-130cm; the amount of NO_3~--N under CRFM and CRF accumulated in soil layer of 60cm to 180cm. During the wheat growth season, the amounts of NO_3~--N under OPT, OPTM and CRF reduced to 35%, 59% and 70% of FP.
Based on field experiment, water and N management model (WNMM) was calibrated and validated, the results indicated that the simulated soil water content and nitrate content were both agreed well with the measured values. Thus, the model could be used to simulate the soil water and N transport in the study area.
During the maize growth season, the main sources of water loss were evapotranspiration and leakage, the difference of evapotranspiration among the six fertilizer treatments was not significant and the leakage of water under OPT was the lowest; The results indicated that the ratio of nitrate leaching and NH3 volatilization accounting of fertilizer N ranged from 6% to 18% and 5% to 34%, respectively, and the amount of N leaching under OPT was 14.5 kg hm~(-2), was the lowest in all treatments, but the amount of NH3 volatilization under CRT were 7.6 kg hm~(-2), respectively, was the lowest in all treatments. During the wheat growth season, the main source of water loss was evapotranspiration, and the results indicated that the ratio of NH3 volatilization accounting of fertilizer N ranged from 7% to 16%. The order of total N loss under six treatments was following as: FP > OPT >OPTM >CRFM >CRF>CK.
The OPT and CRT treatments both are the best management practices considering their high grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies, and environmental protection.
玉米季籽粒产量最高为CRF处理,达到8632 kg hm~(-2),其他依次为OPT处理>CRFM处理>FP处理>OPTM处理,小麦季籽粒产量最高为CRFM处理,达到6369 kg hm~(-2),其他依次为OPT处理>FP处理>OPTM处理>CRF处理,优化施肥和缓控释肥呈现出一定的增产效果,方差分析结果显示5个施氮处理间作物籽粒产量无显著差异。
与2009年初始土壤剖面储水量相比,2010年收获期各处理土体储水量均有所下降。各施肥处理下土体储水量有一定区别,但降低幅度基本一致。
除CRFM处理外,各处理均表现为氮亏损。2009年玉米季收获时各施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮累积量较2009年播种前降低,FP处理NO_3~--N累积在70-160cm,集中分布在120-140cm土层,并且累积量居首位;OPT和OPTM处理NO_3~--N累积在100-160cm土层,集中分布在110-130cm土层;CRFM和CRF处理NO_3~--N累积在60-180cm土层,且在各土层分布较均匀。小麦季OPT、OPTM和CRF处理土壤各层NO_3~--N累积量都降低到10kg hm~(-2)以下,相比于FP处理,0-180cm土层NO_3~--N累积量分别降低35%、59%和70%。水氮管理模型(WNMM)的校验结果表明:土壤水分、土壤剖面硝态氮浓度和作物生物学指标的模拟值与实测值比较吻合,结果令人满意,表明应用模型分析土壤水分动态及氮素去向是可行的。
模型模拟结果:玉米季水分损失主要途径是蒸散和渗漏,各处理蒸散量基本一致,OPT处理水分渗漏量最少;5个施肥处理的氮素淋失量占施肥量的比例范围为6%-18%,其中OPT处理氮素淋失量最少;5个施氮处理的氨挥发量占施肥量的比例范围为5%-34%,其中CRF处理氨挥发量最少。小麦季的主要途径是蒸散,各处理的蒸散量基本一致,5个施氮处理的氨挥发量占施肥量的比例范围为7%-16%。2009-2010年农田氮素总损失量依次为FP>OPT>OPTM>CRFM>CRF>CK.
旱地农田氮素损失的主要途径是硝态氮淋失和氨挥发损失。优化的氮肥管理可以显著减少氮素淋失,控释肥可以有效减少农田氨挥发。因此,在保证作物产量的前提下,综合考虑农学效应和环境效应,最终确定优化施肥处理和缓控释肥处理为5个施氮处理中的较优方案。
Using field experiment combined water and nitrogen (N) management model (WNMM), the nitrogen loss, the eco-environmental effect, the soil water and nitrogen behaviors under six kinds of nitrogen fertilizer management practices in high yield production area of Huantai County in Shandong province were systematically studied. The objectives of the paper were to evaluate the agronomic and environmental effects under different management practices and to determine the optimal N management practice. The main results are as follows: The yield for CRF was 8632 kg hm~(-2) and was the highest in the maize growth season .The order of the yield under the other treatments was following as: OPT >CRFM >FP >OPTM. The yield for CRFM was 6369 kg hm~(-2) and was the highest in the wheat growth season .The order of the yield under the other treatments was following as: OPT >FP >OPTM >CRF. The OPT and CRT treatments both could increase grain yield, and the difference among the six fertilizer treatments was not significant.
Soil water storage of in 1.8 m-soil profile on the end of the wheat growth season was lower than that on the beginning of the maize growth season. The difference among different fertilizer treatments was not significant.
The accumulative nitrate in 1.8 m-soil profile after wheat harvest in 2010 was lower than that of before maize sowing in 2009, except for CRFM. During the maize growth season, the substantial amount of NO_3~--N under FP accumulated in soil layer of 70cm to 160cm, especially 120-140cm; the amount of NO_3~--N under OPT and OPTM accumulated in soil layer of 100cm to 160cm, especially 110-130cm; the amount of NO_3~--N under CRFM and CRF accumulated in soil layer of 60cm to 180cm. During the wheat growth season, the amounts of NO_3~--N under OPT, OPTM and CRF reduced to 35%, 59% and 70% of FP.
Based on field experiment, water and N management model (WNMM) was calibrated and validated, the results indicated that the simulated soil water content and nitrate content were both agreed well with the measured values. Thus, the model could be used to simulate the soil water and N transport in the study area.
During the maize growth season, the main sources of water loss were evapotranspiration and leakage, the difference of evapotranspiration among the six fertilizer treatments was not significant and the leakage of water under OPT was the lowest; The results indicated that the ratio of nitrate leaching and NH3 volatilization accounting of fertilizer N ranged from 6% to 18% and 5% to 34%, respectively, and the amount of N leaching under OPT was 14.5 kg hm~(-2), was the lowest in all treatments, but the amount of NH3 volatilization under CRT were 7.6 kg hm~(-2), respectively, was the lowest in all treatments. During the wheat growth season, the main source of water loss was evapotranspiration, and the results indicated that the ratio of NH3 volatilization accounting of fertilizer N ranged from 7% to 16%. The order of total N loss under six treatments was following as: FP > OPT >OPTM >CRFM >CRF>CK.
The OPT and CRT treatments both are the best management practices considering their high grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies, and environmental protection.
引文
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