棉田土壤硝态氮实时变化规律及氮素平衡初步研究
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摘要
本文选取南疆具有代表性的棉田作为研究对象,开展不同氮肥管理下土壤硝态氮动态变化和棉田氮素养分吸收的研究。利用土钻采取田间原位土壤,进行处理、测定,研究棉花生育期土壤剖面中硝态氮动态变化规律;通过田间采样、室内分析研究棉花生长发育和养分吸收规律;应用氮素质量平衡法估算硝态氮的残留,确定肥料用量是否合理,并进一步提出该气候条件和种植管理制度下经济施氮量。
经过一年的田间试验、室内分析,初步得到以下结果:
1、0-30cm土层硝态氮含量在棉花各生育时期均呈现随着施氮量的增加而升高的趋势,而全生育期土壤硝态氮由表层至深层变化幅度呈降低趋势。传统处理施肥量高,基肥比例大易引起土壤硝态氮的淋移损失,损失数量与棉花生育时期有关,棉花生育期追氮由于棉花对氮素的大量吸收,硝态氮淋移损失相对较小。
2、对土壤硝态氮的统计特征数据分析知,土壤硝态氮的变异系数在46.71-99.78%之间,属中等变异。随棉花生育期推进,土壤硝态氮的空间变异性逐步增强,收获后接近强变异。播前和收获期土壤硝态氮的变化符合球状模型,而初花期则为线性模型;播前和收获期的土壤硝态氮空间相关性相对较强,均呈现出东南边土壤硝态氮含量较高而西北边含量较低;初花期土壤硝态氮的空间相关性不存在。
3.与传统处理相比较,优化处理降低了棉株吸氮量,提高了氮肥农学利用效率和氮素的生理利用效率,而产量仍与之持平;优化处理同时降低了收获后土壤残留硝态氮的数量。
4.棉花生长发育的各个时期土壤硝态氮的残留都很高,但仅在苗期、初铃期表观损失较高。对整个生育期氮素表观平衡率的计算表明优化处理施氮量也超出了合理范围,说明试验地基础肥力较高。
5.根据棉花氮素养分吸收和收获后硝态氮残留的结果以及结合土壤硝态氮测试和棉花生长发育规律,确定该试验地滴灌条件下150kg/hm2纯氮是棉花高产的合理氮肥用量。
The purpose of this study was to quantify the movement and distribution of nitrate in the soil profile and nitrogen uptake by crop in cotton in Nanjiang through different nitrogen fertilizer managements. Firstly we studied temporal dynamics of nitrate content in the soil solution with different nitrogen fertilizer managements in different growing period. The soil samples were obtained by drills which can take soil from deep profiles, then the nitrate leaching loss through a soil layer was calculated by quality approach, in order to point out the main periods in which lots of nitrate loss during cotton growth, Secondly we analyze the constitutes of output and uptake by cotton and yield which was caused by different fertilizer managements. Finally bring forward economical quantity of fertilizer.
1、During cotton entire growing, soil nitrate content of 0-30cm soil layers trended to increase with nitrogen fertilizer rates increased, but change range of entire growing stage trended to reduce from cultivation layer to deeper soil layer. Basial nitrogen fertilizer of traditional treatment can beget leaching loss of soil nitrate before top-dressing, but top-dressing beget hardly the leaching loss because cotton assimilated large numbers of nitrogen for accelerated growing.
2、Analyzing about the statistical characteristic data of soil nitrate content , the result was that the range of coefficient of variation of soil nitrate content is between 46.71% and 99.78%, in which belong to the medium-degree vitiated intensity. Spatial variability of soil nitrate content gradually increased and approached strong variability with cotton growth, which was begeted nitrogen fertilizer. The result of analysis of Sem-variance shows: transformation of soil nitrate content tally with spherical model in before seeding and after harvest, while it is line model in inchoate flowering. Soil nitrate content had relative strong spatial correlation and was more in southeast than northwest in before seeding and after harvest, while soil nitrate content hadn’t spatial correlation in inchoate flowering.
3. Comparing with traditional treatment, optimized treatment reduced the absorption quantity of the cotton nitrogen and enhanced agronomy and physiology utilization efficiency of nitrogen, but holding identical yield and reducing amount of nitrate nitrogen.
4. In the each stage of the cotton growth remnant of soil nitrate nitrogen was higher, but loss of apparent budget of soil nitrate was higher only in the seedling stage and the beginning of bell stage. But computation of the equilibrium ratio of nitrate for the cotton entire growth indicated that the quantity fertilizer of the optimized treatment overstep the reasonable scope, too. This indicated that basal fertility was higher in the field.
5.According to the result of the cotton nitrogen absorption and nitrate nitrogen remains in harvest stage, integrated soil nitrate test and the cotton growth characteristic, the reasonable quality of nitrogen fertilizer was 150kg/ hm2 under drip irrigation in Nanjiang.
经过一年的田间试验、室内分析,初步得到以下结果:
1、0-30cm土层硝态氮含量在棉花各生育时期均呈现随着施氮量的增加而升高的趋势,而全生育期土壤硝态氮由表层至深层变化幅度呈降低趋势。传统处理施肥量高,基肥比例大易引起土壤硝态氮的淋移损失,损失数量与棉花生育时期有关,棉花生育期追氮由于棉花对氮素的大量吸收,硝态氮淋移损失相对较小。
2、对土壤硝态氮的统计特征数据分析知,土壤硝态氮的变异系数在46.71-99.78%之间,属中等变异。随棉花生育期推进,土壤硝态氮的空间变异性逐步增强,收获后接近强变异。播前和收获期土壤硝态氮的变化符合球状模型,而初花期则为线性模型;播前和收获期的土壤硝态氮空间相关性相对较强,均呈现出东南边土壤硝态氮含量较高而西北边含量较低;初花期土壤硝态氮的空间相关性不存在。
3.与传统处理相比较,优化处理降低了棉株吸氮量,提高了氮肥农学利用效率和氮素的生理利用效率,而产量仍与之持平;优化处理同时降低了收获后土壤残留硝态氮的数量。
4.棉花生长发育的各个时期土壤硝态氮的残留都很高,但仅在苗期、初铃期表观损失较高。对整个生育期氮素表观平衡率的计算表明优化处理施氮量也超出了合理范围,说明试验地基础肥力较高。
5.根据棉花氮素养分吸收和收获后硝态氮残留的结果以及结合土壤硝态氮测试和棉花生长发育规律,确定该试验地滴灌条件下150kg/hm2纯氮是棉花高产的合理氮肥用量。
The purpose of this study was to quantify the movement and distribution of nitrate in the soil profile and nitrogen uptake by crop in cotton in Nanjiang through different nitrogen fertilizer managements. Firstly we studied temporal dynamics of nitrate content in the soil solution with different nitrogen fertilizer managements in different growing period. The soil samples were obtained by drills which can take soil from deep profiles, then the nitrate leaching loss through a soil layer was calculated by quality approach, in order to point out the main periods in which lots of nitrate loss during cotton growth, Secondly we analyze the constitutes of output and uptake by cotton and yield which was caused by different fertilizer managements. Finally bring forward economical quantity of fertilizer.
1、During cotton entire growing, soil nitrate content of 0-30cm soil layers trended to increase with nitrogen fertilizer rates increased, but change range of entire growing stage trended to reduce from cultivation layer to deeper soil layer. Basial nitrogen fertilizer of traditional treatment can beget leaching loss of soil nitrate before top-dressing, but top-dressing beget hardly the leaching loss because cotton assimilated large numbers of nitrogen for accelerated growing.
2、Analyzing about the statistical characteristic data of soil nitrate content , the result was that the range of coefficient of variation of soil nitrate content is between 46.71% and 99.78%, in which belong to the medium-degree vitiated intensity. Spatial variability of soil nitrate content gradually increased and approached strong variability with cotton growth, which was begeted nitrogen fertilizer. The result of analysis of Sem-variance shows: transformation of soil nitrate content tally with spherical model in before seeding and after harvest, while it is line model in inchoate flowering. Soil nitrate content had relative strong spatial correlation and was more in southeast than northwest in before seeding and after harvest, while soil nitrate content hadn’t spatial correlation in inchoate flowering.
3. Comparing with traditional treatment, optimized treatment reduced the absorption quantity of the cotton nitrogen and enhanced agronomy and physiology utilization efficiency of nitrogen, but holding identical yield and reducing amount of nitrate nitrogen.
4. In the each stage of the cotton growth remnant of soil nitrate nitrogen was higher, but loss of apparent budget of soil nitrate was higher only in the seedling stage and the beginning of bell stage. But computation of the equilibrium ratio of nitrate for the cotton entire growth indicated that the quantity fertilizer of the optimized treatment overstep the reasonable scope, too. This indicated that basal fertility was higher in the field.
5.According to the result of the cotton nitrogen absorption and nitrate nitrogen remains in harvest stage, integrated soil nitrate test and the cotton growth characteristic, the reasonable quality of nitrogen fertilizer was 150kg/ hm2 under drip irrigation in Nanjiang.
引文
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