水污染负荷分配理论模型与方法研究
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摘要
水污染负荷分配是水污染总量控制的关键环节。本文从污染负荷分配应遵循的公平性、效率性以及区域差异性原则出发,依据决策准则的不同组合,提出3种水污染负荷分配模式,并将其应用于巢湖流域9个市、县之间的COD和氨氮削减负荷分摊,以期为水污染物总量分配提供新思路、新方法。论文的主要研究成果归纳如下:
(1)利用基尼系数可以反映不公平程度的特性,从社会、经济、环境等多个领域筛选出6项指标,构建了以基尼系数为度量标准的水污染负荷公平分配评价指标体系。基于统计数据信息的模糊性、不准确性以及不同评价指标重要性程度的差异,建立了带有弹性约束和信息熵权的水污染物总量分配模糊优化决策模型,并采用模糊线性规划方法求解。
(2)在定义加权综合基尼系数和环境经济效率参数的基础上,从经济最优性与公平性角度,构建了一个以环境经济收益最大、污染负荷削减费用最低和加权综合基尼系数值最小等为目标的水污染负荷分配多目标决策优化模型,并采用理想点法求取最优解。
(3)考虑区域间客观存在的差异性,兼顾公平性与效率性,从水污染负荷分配涉及的社会、经济、环境、技术与管理等因素出发,筛选出16项评价指标,构建了具有多层次结构的水污染负荷分配评价指标体系。结合Vague集理论同时考虑隶属与非隶属信息的特点,建立了基于Vague集的区域水污染负荷分配多目标决策模式。
(4)在实例应用中,根据巢湖流域“十一五”规划的总量控制目标,以2007年为水污染负荷分配基准年,对流域水污染物削减量进行分配。结果显示:在3种分配方法中,合肥市分摊到的COD和氨氮削减量都是最多的;在流域7个县中,庐江县与和县是重点削减区域。虽然不同分配方法的削减量分摊结果存在一定的差异,但仍与汇流区域社会经济总体发展状况基本吻合,证明了上述分配方法的科学性和合理性。
It is the core of water pollutant total amount control to allocate water waste loads. In this research, three models for water waste loads allocation were proposed based on different combinations of decision making principles such as equity, efficiency, and regional differences which should be followed in waste loads allocation. As a case, these models were applied to the distribution of reduction amount of COD and NH3-N loads among nine cities and counties in Chaohu Lake Basin. The main results were summarized as follows:
(1) In terms of the characteristic of Gini coefficient reflecting the unfair level in economics, six indices were selected from such fields as society, economy, environment, etc., to construct an assessment system for water waste loads, which was measured for equity by using environmental Gini coefficient. Considering the fuzziness and imprecision of statistical data and differences in the importance of assessment indices, a fuzzy optimization model, with elastic constraints and weighted information entropy, was proposed for waste loads allocation, and solved by the fuzzy linear programming.
(2) On the basis of defining weighted comprehensive Gini coefficient and environmental economic benefit parameter, a multi-objective decision making model for waste load allocations, which takes such three factors as economic income maximum, pollution abatement cost minimum and weighted comprehensive Gini coefficient minimum to be objectives, was proposed from the viewpoints of economy optimization and fair principles, and solved by the ideal point method.
(3) Based on the principles of equity and efficiency and the differences between subdistricts, an evaluation index system for water waste loads allocation was established, which contained a multi-level structure comprised of sixteen indices involved in society, economic, environment, technique and management etc. According to the characteristics that attached and non-attached information are both taken into consideration by Vague set theory, a multi-objective decision making model was proposed for water waste loads allocation.
(4) Take the 2007 year as the base year of water waste loads allocation, the reduction amount of water waste loads are distributed in Chaohu Lake basin, under the target of the total amount control in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan". Study results indicated that Hefei City got the largest reduction amount of COD and NH3-N loads, and Lujiang County and He County were focused on reducing regions in seven counties of the basin. Although there were some differences among the results from different allocation methods, it proved the science and rationality of the allocation methods by fiting with the local social and economic situations.
(1)利用基尼系数可以反映不公平程度的特性,从社会、经济、环境等多个领域筛选出6项指标,构建了以基尼系数为度量标准的水污染负荷公平分配评价指标体系。基于统计数据信息的模糊性、不准确性以及不同评价指标重要性程度的差异,建立了带有弹性约束和信息熵权的水污染物总量分配模糊优化决策模型,并采用模糊线性规划方法求解。
(2)在定义加权综合基尼系数和环境经济效率参数的基础上,从经济最优性与公平性角度,构建了一个以环境经济收益最大、污染负荷削减费用最低和加权综合基尼系数值最小等为目标的水污染负荷分配多目标决策优化模型,并采用理想点法求取最优解。
(3)考虑区域间客观存在的差异性,兼顾公平性与效率性,从水污染负荷分配涉及的社会、经济、环境、技术与管理等因素出发,筛选出16项评价指标,构建了具有多层次结构的水污染负荷分配评价指标体系。结合Vague集理论同时考虑隶属与非隶属信息的特点,建立了基于Vague集的区域水污染负荷分配多目标决策模式。
(4)在实例应用中,根据巢湖流域“十一五”规划的总量控制目标,以2007年为水污染负荷分配基准年,对流域水污染物削减量进行分配。结果显示:在3种分配方法中,合肥市分摊到的COD和氨氮削减量都是最多的;在流域7个县中,庐江县与和县是重点削减区域。虽然不同分配方法的削减量分摊结果存在一定的差异,但仍与汇流区域社会经济总体发展状况基本吻合,证明了上述分配方法的科学性和合理性。
It is the core of water pollutant total amount control to allocate water waste loads. In this research, three models for water waste loads allocation were proposed based on different combinations of decision making principles such as equity, efficiency, and regional differences which should be followed in waste loads allocation. As a case, these models were applied to the distribution of reduction amount of COD and NH3-N loads among nine cities and counties in Chaohu Lake Basin. The main results were summarized as follows:
(1) In terms of the characteristic of Gini coefficient reflecting the unfair level in economics, six indices were selected from such fields as society, economy, environment, etc., to construct an assessment system for water waste loads, which was measured for equity by using environmental Gini coefficient. Considering the fuzziness and imprecision of statistical data and differences in the importance of assessment indices, a fuzzy optimization model, with elastic constraints and weighted information entropy, was proposed for waste loads allocation, and solved by the fuzzy linear programming.
(2) On the basis of defining weighted comprehensive Gini coefficient and environmental economic benefit parameter, a multi-objective decision making model for waste load allocations, which takes such three factors as economic income maximum, pollution abatement cost minimum and weighted comprehensive Gini coefficient minimum to be objectives, was proposed from the viewpoints of economy optimization and fair principles, and solved by the ideal point method.
(3) Based on the principles of equity and efficiency and the differences between subdistricts, an evaluation index system for water waste loads allocation was established, which contained a multi-level structure comprised of sixteen indices involved in society, economic, environment, technique and management etc. According to the characteristics that attached and non-attached information are both taken into consideration by Vague set theory, a multi-objective decision making model was proposed for water waste loads allocation.
(4) Take the 2007 year as the base year of water waste loads allocation, the reduction amount of water waste loads are distributed in Chaohu Lake basin, under the target of the total amount control in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan". Study results indicated that Hefei City got the largest reduction amount of COD and NH3-N loads, and Lujiang County and He County were focused on reducing regions in seven counties of the basin. Although there were some differences among the results from different allocation methods, it proved the science and rationality of the allocation methods by fiting with the local social and economic situations.
引文
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