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炮口制退器优化设计理论与方法研究
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摘要
炮口制退器是火炮上一个重要膛口装置,它可以减小火炮的后坐力和后坐位移,但同时会引起炮手方向冲击波超压值增加。本文采用流场数值模拟的方法和基于遗传算法、试验设计技术和近似模型的优化方法对炮口制退器进行了深入研究,所研究内容主要包括制退器性能评价、炮口制退器结构优化以及膛口流场发展机理研究。
     应用非定常无粘欧拉方程建立了无弹丸、无初始流动流场计算模型。以非结构网格对流场划分网格,应用有限体积法对方程组进行数值求解。得到整个流场中超压值分布。为了综合衡量制退器性能,对炮口制退器效率计算分三种计算方法进行了研究。结合实验测试的炮口制退器效率计算,结合膛口流场数值模拟制退器效率计算方法以及传统半经验炮口制退器效率计算方法。其中结合膛口流场数值模拟炮口制退器效率计算方法又可按流动类型分为定常流计算和非定常流计算两种情况。
     以二维无粘膛口流场计算为基础,采用多岛遗传算法对斜切扩展喷口制退器的效率进行了单目标优化,得到了在给定约束条件下的最优解,并将二维模型优化结果应用到三维模型中进行了验算。采用多目标遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ对该斜切扩张喷口制退器结构参数以制退器所受冲击力和炮手方向某给定点超压值为目标进行了多目标优化,优化得到了Pareto最优解集。
     采用三维无粘流场数值计算,以拉丁超立方方法对炮口制退器性能进行仿真试验研究,在试验研究结果的基础上分别应用响应面方法和Kriging方法生成制退器性能近似模型,最后以近似模型代替流场数值计算,采用多岛遗传算法和NSGA-Ⅱ对制退器性能分别进行了单目标优化和多目标优化。通过多目标优化得到了Pareto最优解集。在最优解集中选择制退器效率较高的一个设计方案作为优化后模型制退器B,进行了流场验证计算,验证表明近似模型具有很高的近似精度。最后对该结构炮口制退器进行了静强度校核,校核结果表明制退器结构强度满足要求。
     采用N-S方程结合标准κ-ε两方程模型,建立了含弹丸运动以及初始流场的膛口流场数值模型。分别采用以下方案对膛口流场发展机理进行了研究:无膛口装置二维轴对称多组分模型;带炮口制退器二维轴对称模型;带现役炮口制退器A三维模型;带孔式炮口制退器B三维模型。通过计算得到了清晰的膛口流场波系结构,对膛口流场发展规律进行了分析。根据计算结果对比了制退器A和制退器B之间综合性能上的差异,对比结果表明孔式制退器B的性能在两个方面均优于制退器A,其降低冲击波超压值的效果很明显。最后通过实验测试对炮口制退器A综合性能进行了验证研究。
Muzzle brake is an important muzzle device which can decrease the recoil force andrecoil length. At the same time, it can also increase the overpressure of blast wave in thedirection of the gunners. In this dissertation muzzle brake was studied with numericalsimulation of blast flow, design of experiment, approximation method and optimizationwith GA(Genetic Algorithm). The content of the dissertation includes the analyzing ofthe muzzle brake performance, optimization of muzzle brake and the study of the blastflow development.
     The inviscid Euler equations were applied to set up the model of the muzzle flowfield with no pill and no initial flow field. The domain of the flow was meshed withunstructured grids and the equations were solved with a finite volume method. Thedistribution of the overpressure was obtained. Then in order to evaluate the overallperformance of the muzzle brake the efficiency was calculated with three methods,method combining with the experimental testing, method combining with flow fieldsimulation and the semi-experiential method. The method combining with flow fieldsimulation includes the steady flow simulation and the unsteady flow simulation.
     The single objective optimization was developed on a muzzle brake with bevelnozzles based on the 2D numerical simulation of blast flow with an optimization methodof multi-island GA. The optimal design with the given constrains was obtained. Then theoptimal 2D result was applied to build a 3D model to evaluate the improvement of themuzzle brake performance. The improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ) was employed in the multi-objective optimization of the same muzzle brake.The two objectives are the impact force on the muzzle brake and the overpressure at thegiven spot in the gunner's direction. After the optimization the Pareto solution set ofmuzzle brake performance was obtained.
     The numerical simulation of the 3-D inviscid blast flow and the Latin HypercubeSampling were applied in the simulation experiment of the muzzle brake performance.Then the RSM(Response Surface Method) and the Kriging method were usedindividually to establish the approximate models of the muzzle brake performance basedon the simulation experimental results. The two approximate models were applied insteadof numerical simulation of flow field in the single-objective and multi-objectiveoptimization of the muzzle brake with multi-island GA and NSGA-Ⅱindividually. ThePareto solution set was obtained after the multi-objective optimization. One high performance design with higher efficiency was picked out and named muzzle brake B.The simulation of the muzzle blast flow field with the muzzle brake B indicates highprecision of the approximation model. Finally the static strength analysis was performed,which indicates satisfactory strength performance.
     The Navier-Stokes equations and the standard high Renault numberκ-εtwo-equation turbulence model were applied to describe the muzzle blast flow with amoving pill and initial flow. The following cases were studied to analyze thedevelopment of muzzle blast flow, 2D axial symmetric model without muzzle brake, 2Daxial symmetric model with a muzzle brake, 3D model with muzzle brake A which isapplied on a gun in service, 3D model with muzzle brake B which is perforated. Clearshock structure was obtained in the simulation results and the development of the muzzleblast flow was analyzed. The comparison of the performance of muzzle brake A andmuzzle brake B was carried on according to the simulation results, which shows theperformance of muzzle brake B was higher in both ways than muzzle brake A. At last thetest of the performance of muzzle brake A was performed in an experiment.
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