电去离子(EDI)过程及其用于水中Cu～（2+）离子的脱除与浓缩的研究
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摘要
电去离子(Electrodeionization,EDI),是结合离子交换膜与离子交换树脂,在
直流电场的作用下实现连续去离子操作的一种新型分离过程,它能够在无需化学
酸碱再生的条件下,对低浓度溶液进行深度脱盐。近年来,EDI 在纯水生产领域
获得了日益广泛的应用。本文考察了 EDI 对低浓度 CuSO4溶液中离子的脱除和
浓缩性能,以评价 EDI 同时回收纯水和重金属的可能性。
建立了以浓水部分循环方式操作的一级两段 6 个膜对的 EDI 膜堆,有效膜面
积为 135cm2,考察了膜堆电压,淡水流量,循环比,原水浓度和 pH 值等因素对
Cu2+离子的脱除和浓缩性能的影响。在一定的操作条件下,对于 Cu2+离子浓度为
50mg/L 的原料水,通过 EDI 处理后,其产出淡水电阻率可达 2.2-5.6 MΩ.cm,
Cu2+离子浓度低于仪器的检测限,脱除率>99.99%;浓水中 Cu2+离子浓度可达
800-1200 mg/L。研究结果表明,EDI 能够在不需化学再生的条件下实现对 Cu2+
离子的深度脱除和浓缩,有望成为具有巨大优越性的重金属废水回收技术。
考察了各种不同的装置设计和操作条件对处理低浓度 CuSO4 溶液的 EDI 过
程的影响。研究表明,树脂的类型,混合比例及膜堆电压等对过程的正常运行产
生影响。凝胶型树脂在电再生模式下变黑失效;过大的阴阳树脂比例导致树脂床
层和膜面形成 Cu(OH)2和 CuO 沉淀;工作电压过高则造成金属铜在膜的表面还
原沉积。在系统实验研究和理论分析的基础上,采用适当比例的大孔树脂,同时
改善膜堆电阻,则可建立起连续,稳定的 EDI 运行条件。
通过对实验过程的分析,证实 EDI 过程存在两种不同的运行模式。离子浓度
较高的条件下,EDI 在增强传质模式下运行,树脂保持为盐型,EDI 的去离子作
用主要通过树脂对离子传递的增强来实现;离子浓度很低时,EDI 在电再生模式
下运行,树脂被电化学地再生为 H 型和 OH 型,过程相当于连续获得再生的混
床离子交换。对这两种运行模式的基本过程特点做了进一步的分析讨论。
建立了三维离子扩散-迁移模型,结合第二类电渗理论,描述了 EDI 过程的
离子传递机理。离子交换树脂/膜与溶液界面层中高达 108-109V/m 的电势梯度,
造成第二 Wien 效应,加速了水解离反应;而 Cu2+离子参与质子传递反应,对水
解离反应产生催化作用。两种因素的综合作用,导致 EDI 过程水解离的发生。
本文工作首次在国内建立了 EDI 脱除和浓缩稀溶液中重金属离子的膜堆和
实验体系,确立了连续稳定操作的条件,取得了重金属与纯水同时回收的良好效
果,同时系统分析了这一 EDI 新过程的运行模式和传质机理,为重金属废水处
理 EDI 技术的进一步开发提供了理论和技术支持。
Electrodeionization(EDI) is a novel separation process combining ion exchange
resins and ion exchange membranes in a stacked unit which is capable of continuous
deionization under the influence of a DC electric field. Electrodeionization is
consistent with a model of a continuous regenerated mixed resin bed and is
well-suited for deep deionization of dilute solutions without chemical regenerations.
In recent years, EDI has been widely accepted as a competitive technology to produce
high purity water. In this paper, performances of the EDI process for the removal and
concentration of Cu2+ ions from dilute CuSO4 solutions were investigated. The
purpose of the study is to evaluate the viability of the recovery of both high purity
water and heavy metals from dilute heavy-metal-ion containing wastewaters by the
EDI process.
A laboratory two-stage EDI unit with six cell pairs was built for studies on the
treatment of dilute heavy-metal-ion containing wastewaters in this work. Each ion
exchange membrane had an effective area of 135cm2.The EDI process was operated
in a flow mode with partial concentrate recirculation. Effects of stack voltage, dilute
flowrate, recirculation ratio, Cu2+ concentration and pH of the feed solution on the
performance of the EDI process were investigated. Under certain conditions, for a
feed solution with Cu2+ concentration of 50mg/L, EDI was able to produce a pure
water product containing non-detectable concentrations of Cu2+. Dilute resistivity of
the EDI process was in the range of 2.2-5.6 MΩ.cm. Cu2+ removal was greater than
99.99%; a concentrate stream with Cu2+ concentrations in the range of 800-1200 mg/L
was also achieved. The test results suggest that EDI is capable of deep deionization
and concentration of dilute CuSO4 solutions without chemical regenerations and is a
potentially viable technology for the recovery of heavy-metal-ion containing
wastewaters.
Effects of different cell configurations and operating conditions on the
performance of the EDI process for dilute CuSO4 solution treatment were investigated.
It was found that the type of the resin, the composition of the mixed resin bed and the
stack voltage are crucial to the operation of the process. Gel type resin become black
and ineffective in the electroregeneration regime. A high ratio of anion exchange resin
over cation exchange resin leads to the formation of Cu(OH)2 and CuO precipitation
II
in the resin bed and on the membrane surface. Copper reduction on the membrane
surface take place if the stack voltage is too high. Based on the analyses of these
phenomena, measures were adopted to eliminate those negative effects. Macroporous
type cation/anion exchange resins were mixed with appropriate ratio, and a reduction
of stack resistance was fulfilled. With these improvements, a steady and continuous
EDI process was achieved.
It is demonstrated that EDI works in two different regimes. At high salinity, the
resins in the dilute streams remain in the salt forms, and the deionization efficiencies
are derived from the resin-enchanced electrical conductivity of the dilute
compartment; at low salinity, the resins are electrochemically converted to the
hydrogen and hydroxide forms, and deionization is consistent with a model of a
continuous regenerated mixed resin bed. The characteristics of the two different
regimes are discussed.
A three-dimensional diffusion-migration model was established. This model,
combining the theory of electroosmosis of the second kind, were used to qualitatively
explain the ion transport mechanism of the EDI process. The potential gradient of
108-109V/m at the resin-solution or membrane-solution interface leads to the second
Wien effect which accelerates the water dissociation reaction. Cu2+ ions are involved
in the proton transfer reaction and are catalytically active to the water dissociation
reaction. The combination of the second Wien effect with the catalytic effect of Cu2+
ions is the origi
直流电场的作用下实现连续去离子操作的一种新型分离过程,它能够在无需化学
酸碱再生的条件下,对低浓度溶液进行深度脱盐。近年来,EDI 在纯水生产领域
获得了日益广泛的应用。本文考察了 EDI 对低浓度 CuSO4溶液中离子的脱除和
浓缩性能,以评价 EDI 同时回收纯水和重金属的可能性。
建立了以浓水部分循环方式操作的一级两段 6 个膜对的 EDI 膜堆,有效膜面
积为 135cm2,考察了膜堆电压,淡水流量,循环比,原水浓度和 pH 值等因素对
Cu2+离子的脱除和浓缩性能的影响。在一定的操作条件下,对于 Cu2+离子浓度为
50mg/L 的原料水,通过 EDI 处理后,其产出淡水电阻率可达 2.2-5.6 MΩ.cm,
Cu2+离子浓度低于仪器的检测限,脱除率>99.99%;浓水中 Cu2+离子浓度可达
800-1200 mg/L。研究结果表明,EDI 能够在不需化学再生的条件下实现对 Cu2+
离子的深度脱除和浓缩,有望成为具有巨大优越性的重金属废水回收技术。
考察了各种不同的装置设计和操作条件对处理低浓度 CuSO4 溶液的 EDI 过
程的影响。研究表明,树脂的类型,混合比例及膜堆电压等对过程的正常运行产
生影响。凝胶型树脂在电再生模式下变黑失效;过大的阴阳树脂比例导致树脂床
层和膜面形成 Cu(OH)2和 CuO 沉淀;工作电压过高则造成金属铜在膜的表面还
原沉积。在系统实验研究和理论分析的基础上,采用适当比例的大孔树脂,同时
改善膜堆电阻,则可建立起连续,稳定的 EDI 运行条件。
通过对实验过程的分析,证实 EDI 过程存在两种不同的运行模式。离子浓度
较高的条件下,EDI 在增强传质模式下运行,树脂保持为盐型,EDI 的去离子作
用主要通过树脂对离子传递的增强来实现;离子浓度很低时,EDI 在电再生模式
下运行,树脂被电化学地再生为 H 型和 OH 型,过程相当于连续获得再生的混
床离子交换。对这两种运行模式的基本过程特点做了进一步的分析讨论。
建立了三维离子扩散-迁移模型,结合第二类电渗理论,描述了 EDI 过程的
离子传递机理。离子交换树脂/膜与溶液界面层中高达 108-109V/m 的电势梯度,
造成第二 Wien 效应,加速了水解离反应;而 Cu2+离子参与质子传递反应,对水
解离反应产生催化作用。两种因素的综合作用,导致 EDI 过程水解离的发生。
本文工作首次在国内建立了 EDI 脱除和浓缩稀溶液中重金属离子的膜堆和
实验体系,确立了连续稳定操作的条件,取得了重金属与纯水同时回收的良好效
果,同时系统分析了这一 EDI 新过程的运行模式和传质机理,为重金属废水处
理 EDI 技术的进一步开发提供了理论和技术支持。
Electrodeionization(EDI) is a novel separation process combining ion exchange
resins and ion exchange membranes in a stacked unit which is capable of continuous
deionization under the influence of a DC electric field. Electrodeionization is
consistent with a model of a continuous regenerated mixed resin bed and is
well-suited for deep deionization of dilute solutions without chemical regenerations.
In recent years, EDI has been widely accepted as a competitive technology to produce
high purity water. In this paper, performances of the EDI process for the removal and
concentration of Cu2+ ions from dilute CuSO4 solutions were investigated. The
purpose of the study is to evaluate the viability of the recovery of both high purity
water and heavy metals from dilute heavy-metal-ion containing wastewaters by the
EDI process.
A laboratory two-stage EDI unit with six cell pairs was built for studies on the
treatment of dilute heavy-metal-ion containing wastewaters in this work. Each ion
exchange membrane had an effective area of 135cm2.The EDI process was operated
in a flow mode with partial concentrate recirculation. Effects of stack voltage, dilute
flowrate, recirculation ratio, Cu2+ concentration and pH of the feed solution on the
performance of the EDI process were investigated. Under certain conditions, for a
feed solution with Cu2+ concentration of 50mg/L, EDI was able to produce a pure
water product containing non-detectable concentrations of Cu2+. Dilute resistivity of
the EDI process was in the range of 2.2-5.6 MΩ.cm. Cu2+ removal was greater than
99.99%; a concentrate stream with Cu2+ concentrations in the range of 800-1200 mg/L
was also achieved. The test results suggest that EDI is capable of deep deionization
and concentration of dilute CuSO4 solutions without chemical regenerations and is a
potentially viable technology for the recovery of heavy-metal-ion containing
wastewaters.
Effects of different cell configurations and operating conditions on the
performance of the EDI process for dilute CuSO4 solution treatment were investigated.
It was found that the type of the resin, the composition of the mixed resin bed and the
stack voltage are crucial to the operation of the process. Gel type resin become black
and ineffective in the electroregeneration regime. A high ratio of anion exchange resin
over cation exchange resin leads to the formation of Cu(OH)2 and CuO precipitation
II
in the resin bed and on the membrane surface. Copper reduction on the membrane
surface take place if the stack voltage is too high. Based on the analyses of these
phenomena, measures were adopted to eliminate those negative effects. Macroporous
type cation/anion exchange resins were mixed with appropriate ratio, and a reduction
of stack resistance was fulfilled. With these improvements, a steady and continuous
EDI process was achieved.
It is demonstrated that EDI works in two different regimes. At high salinity, the
resins in the dilute streams remain in the salt forms, and the deionization efficiencies
are derived from the resin-enchanced electrical conductivity of the dilute
compartment; at low salinity, the resins are electrochemically converted to the
hydrogen and hydroxide forms, and deionization is consistent with a model of a
continuous regenerated mixed resin bed. The characteristics of the two different
regimes are discussed.
A three-dimensional diffusion-migration model was established. This model,
combining the theory of electroosmosis of the second kind, were used to qualitatively
explain the ion transport mechanism of the EDI process. The potential gradient of
108-109V/m at the resin-solution or membrane-solution interface leads to the second
Wien effect which accelerates the water dissociation reaction. Cu2+ ions are involved
in the proton transfer reaction and are catalytically active to the water dissociation
reaction. The combination of the second Wien effect with the catalytic effect of Cu2+
ions is the origi
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