交流型分布式电源及微网系统模型分析与暂态仿真
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摘要
在含有大量分布式电源和电力电子变流装置的微网中，微型燃气轮机发电系统和风力发电系统等交流型分布式电源是其重要组成部分。论文针对分布式发电系统动态特性和建模需要，围绕分布式电源中电机的暂态仿真建模方法、交流型分布式发电系统的模型修正、以及微网控制策略改进等方面，研究适用于微网系统暂态仿真的相关模型与控制方法，并进行了仿真验证。论文具体工作如下：
（1）分析了各类电机模型的数学建模方式和迭代求解特性，特别是电机内部电气方程和机械方程在不同建模坐标系和系统求解框架下的解耦方法；采用多种电磁暂态仿真软件包，包括PSCAD、EMTP、MATLAB/SimPowerSystems和天津大学自主开发的适用于分布式发电系统暂态仿真的TSDG（TransientSimulation for Distributed Generation），对同一仿真场景下不同电机模型的动态特性进行了仿真对比。
（2）研究了微型燃气轮机发电系统的原动装置、发电机、变流器及控制器等各部分暂态仿真模型；提出了基于试验数据的模型改进方法，包括：根据微燃机原动装置数学模型和试验数据进行拟合，确定了微燃机输入变量相关参数，提高了微燃机稳态输出的模拟精度；在系统中增加速率限制环节，模拟了微燃机热力学的延迟特性，提高了在功率指令变化时暂态响应曲线的拟合度。
（3）总结了微网模式切换的控制方法和策略，分析了不同的控制策略在微网并网和孤岛运行状态相互转换时的动态特性；对传统的P-f和Q-V下垂控制进行改进，在考虑辐射状的低压微网线路压降的基础上，实现了并网运行时基于下垂控制的间接恒功率控制方式；提出了控制参数自动调节机制，在微网模式切换等剧烈动态过程中，提高了电压响应速度；分析了基于频率和幅值参考值反馈的同步并网控制的原理，实现了利用公共连接点两端电压幅值和相位信息进行孤岛微网系统运行点移动的微网平滑同步并网过程。
（4）研究了微网系统中风力发电系统的暂态仿真建模方法；基于自主开发的暂态仿真程序TSDG，针对中低压微网典型案例系统，对含多种分布式电源的微网算例进行了仿真验证。通过与商业仿真软件包的比较，验证了本文采用的电机模型的正确性和有效性。
In the distributed energy resources powered micro-grid with a large number ofDG sources and power electronics devices, the AC distributed energy resources suchas microturbine generation system and wind power system are very important. Thetransient modeling methods of machines in distributed generation systems, the modelimprovement of microturbine generation system and micro-grid control strategies arestudied in this dissertation for the transient simulation of micro-grid, and the transientsimulation is achieved. The work in this dissertation is summarized as follows:
1) The mathematical modeling methods and iterative solutions for various typesof machines are studied, focusing on the decoupling of electrical equations andmechanical equations in the different modeling coordinate system and solvingframework. The dynamic simulation results of the different machine models in thesame simulation scenario is compared using a variety of simulation softwarepackagescontaining PSCAD, EMTP, MATLAB/SimPowerSystems and self-developed TSDG.
2) The microturbine generation system is modeled and simulated in the paper,which is composed of microturbine, high speed permanent magnet synchronousgenerator, converter, inverter, controller and filter. The simulation model is improvedboth in steady operating points and transient process with the experimental data of apractical microturbine generation system. The relevant parameters of microturbineinput can be calculated through data fitting based on the input-output relationship toenhance the microturbine output accuracy in steady state. The rate limiter, whichreflects the delay characteristic of thermodynamic process, is applied in the powercommands of the microturbine and inverter to improve the dynamic characteristics.
3) The micro-grid control strategies when operating modes change aresummarized. And the typical droop control based on P-f and Q-V characteristics isimproved to achieve constant power control. And the parameter automatic adjustmentis applied to reduce the voltage fluctuation caused by the power mismatch in themicrogrid. At the same time, the method of grid synchronization control based on thepositive feedback is analyzed to achieve micro-grid reconnection to the network whilemaintaining the output power of DGs, using the information of voltage applitude andphase at the PCC to move the micro-grid operating point.
4) The transient simulation modeling methods of wind power system is studied.Based on self-developed transient simulation program TSDG, the transient simulationof micro-grid with various DG sources is achieved in a typical medium-voltage andlow-voltage micro-grid system. The results comparision with the commercialsimulation tool have verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the machine modelsused in this dissertation.
（1）分析了各类电机模型的数学建模方式和迭代求解特性，特别是电机内部电气方程和机械方程在不同建模坐标系和系统求解框架下的解耦方法；采用多种电磁暂态仿真软件包，包括PSCAD、EMTP、MATLAB/SimPowerSystems和天津大学自主开发的适用于分布式发电系统暂态仿真的TSDG（TransientSimulation for Distributed Generation），对同一仿真场景下不同电机模型的动态特性进行了仿真对比。
（2）研究了微型燃气轮机发电系统的原动装置、发电机、变流器及控制器等各部分暂态仿真模型；提出了基于试验数据的模型改进方法，包括：根据微燃机原动装置数学模型和试验数据进行拟合，确定了微燃机输入变量相关参数，提高了微燃机稳态输出的模拟精度；在系统中增加速率限制环节，模拟了微燃机热力学的延迟特性，提高了在功率指令变化时暂态响应曲线的拟合度。
（3）总结了微网模式切换的控制方法和策略，分析了不同的控制策略在微网并网和孤岛运行状态相互转换时的动态特性；对传统的P-f和Q-V下垂控制进行改进，在考虑辐射状的低压微网线路压降的基础上，实现了并网运行时基于下垂控制的间接恒功率控制方式；提出了控制参数自动调节机制，在微网模式切换等剧烈动态过程中，提高了电压响应速度；分析了基于频率和幅值参考值反馈的同步并网控制的原理，实现了利用公共连接点两端电压幅值和相位信息进行孤岛微网系统运行点移动的微网平滑同步并网过程。
（4）研究了微网系统中风力发电系统的暂态仿真建模方法；基于自主开发的暂态仿真程序TSDG，针对中低压微网典型案例系统，对含多种分布式电源的微网算例进行了仿真验证。通过与商业仿真软件包的比较，验证了本文采用的电机模型的正确性和有效性。
In the distributed energy resources powered micro-grid with a large number ofDG sources and power electronics devices, the AC distributed energy resources suchas microturbine generation system and wind power system are very important. Thetransient modeling methods of machines in distributed generation systems, the modelimprovement of microturbine generation system and micro-grid control strategies arestudied in this dissertation for the transient simulation of micro-grid, and the transientsimulation is achieved. The work in this dissertation is summarized as follows:
1) The mathematical modeling methods and iterative solutions for various typesof machines are studied, focusing on the decoupling of electrical equations andmechanical equations in the different modeling coordinate system and solvingframework. The dynamic simulation results of the different machine models in thesame simulation scenario is compared using a variety of simulation softwarepackagescontaining PSCAD, EMTP, MATLAB/SimPowerSystems and self-developed TSDG.
2) The microturbine generation system is modeled and simulated in the paper,which is composed of microturbine, high speed permanent magnet synchronousgenerator, converter, inverter, controller and filter. The simulation model is improvedboth in steady operating points and transient process with the experimental data of apractical microturbine generation system. The relevant parameters of microturbineinput can be calculated through data fitting based on the input-output relationship toenhance the microturbine output accuracy in steady state. The rate limiter, whichreflects the delay characteristic of thermodynamic process, is applied in the powercommands of the microturbine and inverter to improve the dynamic characteristics.
3) The micro-grid control strategies when operating modes change aresummarized. And the typical droop control based on P-f and Q-V characteristics isimproved to achieve constant power control. And the parameter automatic adjustmentis applied to reduce the voltage fluctuation caused by the power mismatch in themicrogrid. At the same time, the method of grid synchronization control based on thepositive feedback is analyzed to achieve micro-grid reconnection to the network whilemaintaining the output power of DGs, using the information of voltage applitude andphase at the PCC to move the micro-grid operating point.
4) The transient simulation modeling methods of wind power system is studied.Based on self-developed transient simulation program TSDG, the transient simulationof micro-grid with various DG sources is achieved in a typical medium-voltage andlow-voltage micro-grid system. The results comparision with the commercialsimulation tool have verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the machine modelsused in this dissertation.
引文
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